NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
____________
No. 14-3952
____________
JOHN P. SENESE,
Appellant
v.
LIBERTY MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY
____________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
(E.D. Pa. No. 2-13-cv-05139)
Honorable Berle M. Schiller, U.S. District Judge
____________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
September 30, 2016
Before: AMBRO, SMITH and FISHER, Circuit Judges.
(Filed: October 3, 2016)
____________
OPINION*
____________
FISHER, Circuit Judge
*
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7
does not constitute binding precedent.
John P. Senese filed this diversity action for uninsured motorist benefits after he
was involved in a motor vehicle accident. Having failed to prevail at trial, he appeals the
District Court’s orders entering final judgment and denying Senese’s motion for a new
trial. For the reasons that follow, we will affirm.
I.
We write principally for the parties, who are familiar with the factual context and
legal history of this case. Therefore, we will set forth only those facts that are necessary
to our analysis.
On September 2, 2009, Senese was injured when he collided with a parked car.
He was insured under his employer’s insurance policy with Liberty Mutual Insurance
Company (“Liberty Mutual”) and sought recovery under that policy, claiming the
collision was caused by the negligence of an unidentified driver, who was speeding as
Senese turned left, forcing him to accelerate into his turn to avoid a collision. The parties
disputed whether Senese was entitled to recover under a provision that provided that
Liberty Mutual would pay “all sums the insured is legally entitled to recover as
compensatory damages from the owner or driver of an uninsured motor vehicle,”1 and
Senese filed suit for damages in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. He maintained that,
because he would have been able to recover damages from the uninsured motor vehicle
for the driver’s negligence, he was entitled to recover those damages from Liberty
1
J.A. 21.
2
Mutual. By contrast, Liberty Mutual argued that it was not liable under the policy
because Senese could not establish that an unidentified motorist existed, was negligent, or
was the factual cause of his accident.
After summary judgment was denied, the case proceeded to trial, where both
parties sought to present experts in accident reconstruction. Senese retained Steven
Rickard, an accident reconstructionist, who prepared two expert reports. In the first
report, Rickard relied on a site investigation four and a half years after the accident and
Senese’s deposition testimony to conclude that “Mr. Senese has no responsibility for the
occurrence of this accident”; “Mr. Senese’s actions were reasonable and appropriate”;
and “the collision in this case was caused by the actions of the unidentified motorist.”2 He
also stated that: (1) 1.6 seconds usually elapse between when a driver perceives a
stimulus on the road and when he reacts to it by accelerating or steering; and (2)
centrifugal forces likely forced Senese’s van to make a wider left turn than he expected.3
Prior to trial, Liberty Mutual filed a motion in limine to preclude Rickard’s
proposed expert testimony under Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509
U.S. 579 (1993). In an order entered on May 8, 2014 the District Court granted that
motion and limited Rickard’s testimony to statements about the measurements taken at
2
Id. at 104-17. The second report offered similar conclusions, and was founded on
similar information. J.A. 167-180.
3
Id. at 111, 116.
3
the scene of the accident and the posted speed limit.4 Senese filed a motion for
reconsideration, which the court denied on May 12, 2014, noting that Rickard’s proposed
testimony was unhelpful and lacked an adequate basis in science or specialized
knowledge.5 The District Court added that it would not hold a Daubert hearing because
“Plaintiff has had ample opportunity to explain to the Court the basis for Rickard’s
opinions, through the submission of two expert reports and two briefs.”6
The Court bifurcated the liability and damages portions of the trial, and liability
was tried before a jury on May 13, 2014. The jury heard testimony from Sensese as well
as defense expert Steven Schorr. In a special verdict form, the jury found that: (1) there
was an unidentified motorist; (2) the unidentified motorist was negligent; and (3) the
unidentified motorist’s negligence was not a factual cause of any harm to Senese. The
District Court accordingly entered judgment in favor of Liberty Mutual.
Senese filed a post-trial motion under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(a) and
sought a new trial based on arguments that: (1) the District Court abused its discretion
when it granted Liberty Mutual’s Daubert motion and precluded Rickard from providing
his opinion on causation; and (2) the jury’s verdict was irreconcilably inconsistent in its
findings that the unidentified motorist was negligent but that this negligence was not a
4
Id. at 14.
5
Id. at 16-18. On May 12, 2014, the District Court also granted a motion in limine
to preclude lay opinion testimony by Senese regarding the speed of the alleged oncoming
vehicle. That order has not been challenged on appeal.
6
Id. at 17.
4
factual cause of the accident. In an opinion and order dated August 19, 2014, the District
Court denied Senese’s motion for a new trial. In its opinion, the Court reaffirmed its
earlier findings that Rickard’s proposed testimony would not have been reliable or
helpful to a jury and concluded that the jury’s answers to the interrogatories were
consistent. This appeal followed.
II.
The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332, and we have
jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review a district court’s denial of a Rule
59(a) motion for a new trial for abuse of discretion.7 We exercise plenary review over a
district court’s interpretation of Federal Rule of Evidence 702, and “we review the court’s
decision to admit or reject testimony [for] an abuse of discretion . . . .”8 Under that
standard, “we will affirm a reasoned decision by a district court regardless of how we
might have decided the issue if we had been making the original determination,”9 and we
“will not interfere with the district court’s exercise of discretion ‘unless there is a definite
and firm conviction that the court below committed a clear error of judgment in the
conclusion it reached upon a weighing of the relevant factors.’”10
7
Thabault v. Chait, 541 F.3d 512, 532 (3d Cir. 2008).
8
Oddi v. Ford Motor Co., 234 F.3d 136, 146 (3d Cir. 2000) (internal quotation
marks omitted).
9
Waldorf v. Shuta, 142 F.3d 601, 627 (3d Cir. 1998).
10
Oddi, 234 F.3d at 146 (quoting Hanover Potato Prods., Inc. v. Shalala, 989 F.2d
123, 127 (3d Cir. 1993)).
5
III.
On appeal, Senese raises two issues. First, he argues that the District Court abused
its discretion in precluding Rickard’s expert testimony. Second, he asserts that the Court
abused its discretion when it concluded that the jury’s verdict form was reconcilable
based on the evidence presented at trial. We consider each argument, in turn, and will
affirm for the reasons stated below.
A.
Senese first argues that the District Court abused its discretion when it granted
Liberty Mutual’s Daubert motion and limited Rickard’s testimony to statements about
the measurements taken at the scene of the accident and the posted speed limit. More
specifically, he maintains that Rickard’s proposed testimony met the requirements of
Federal Rule of Evidence 702 because accident reconstruction testimony is routinely
utilized by courts and Rickard’s opinions were based on the information available to him
as well as the principles employed by experts in his field. We disagree.
Under Rule 702, expert testimony must meet three separate requirements to be
admissible. First, the witness must be qualified to testify as an expert by possessing
specialized expertise.11 Second, the expert’s testimony must be reliable—it “must be
based on the ‘methods and procedures of science’ rather than on ‘subjective belief or
unsupported speculation,’” and “the expert must have ‘good grounds’ for his or her
11
See Calhoun v. Yamaha Motor Corp. U.S.A., 350 F.3d 316, 321 (3d Cir. 2003).
6
belief.”12 Third, “‘the expert’s testimony must be relevant for the purposes of the case
and must assist the trier of fact.’”13 Expert testimony is not helpful “when the untrained
layman would be qualified to determine . . . the particular issue without enlightenment
from those having a specialized understanding of the subject involved in the dispute,”14
and expert testimony may be based on experience so long as that experience provides
appropriate validation for the proposed testimony.15
Here, the District Court did not abuse its discretion in excluding Rickard’s
proposed testimony under Rule 702. First, the District Court reached a reasoned judgment
that Rickard’s proposed testimony was not reliable where it was replete with legal
conclusions that parroted Senese’s deposition testimony without any independent basis.
While it is permissible for an expert to rely on deposition testimony to form an opinion,
rather than explaining how his experience or scientific facts reinforced Senese’s
testimony, Rickard merely accepted Senese’s testimony as true, and, without any
scientific or technical basis to verify that conclusion, the District Court acted well within
its discretion to conclude that Rickard’s proposed testimony was merely an “unsupported
speculation” or “subjective belief” that Senese’s version of the accident was correct.
12
In re Paoli R.R. Yard PCB Litig., 35 F.3d 717, 742 (3d Cir. 1994) (quoting
Daubert, 509 U.S. at 590).
13
Calhoun, 350 F.3d at 321 (quoting Schneider ex rel. Estate of Schneider v.
Fried, 320 F.3d 396, 405 (3d Cir. 2003)).
14
Fed. R. Evid. 702 advisory committee’s note 1972 proposed rules.
15
See Daubert, 509 U.S. at 590 (noting that to qualify as scientific, technical, or
specialized “knowledge,” “[p]roposed testimony must be supported by appropriate
validation —i.e., ‘good grounds,’ based on what is known.”).
7
Second, because Rickard’s proposed testimony about how the accident occurred
rested on a subjective belief that Senese was telling the truth, far from being helpful to
the jury as required by Rule 702, his testimony would have intruded on the jury’s
province to assess the credibility of witnesses.16 Third, the District Court did not commit
a “clear error of judgment”17 when it concluded that Rickard’s statements about response
time and centrifugal force would not have been helpful for the jury. As the Court noted,
any “untrained layman” would know that: (1) there is a slight delay between when a
driver perceives a stimulus and when he reacts to it; and (2) that a heavy van would be
difficult to control when accelerating on a sharp turn.
Finally, the District Court did not abuse its discretion in declining to hold a
Daubert hearing before deciding to exclude Rickard’s testimony. This Court has upheld a
district court’s decision not to hold a Daubert hearing where the basis for the expert’s
testimony was clear and the record was adequate to support a determination on
admissibility.18 Here, the District Court had all the evidence it needed to resolve the
evidentiary issues before it because Senese had more than “ample opportunity to explain
to the Court the basis for Rickard’s opinions, through the submission of two expert
16
See, e.g., Bhaya v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 832 F.2d 258, 262 (3d Cir. 1987)
(“Evaluation of witness credibility is the exclusive function of the jury.”).
17
Oddi, 234 F.3d at 146.
18
See id. at 154-55.
8
reports and two briefs.”19 Moreover, as we noted in Oddi, plaintiffs are not entitled to an
open-ended and never-ending opportunity to overcome a Daubert challenge.20
B.
Similarly, the District Court did not abuse its discretion in finding that the jury’s
verdict was consistent. “It is the duty of the courts to attempt to harmonize the [jury’s]
answers [to special interrogatories]”21 and “it is well established that a verdict must be
molded consistently with a jury’s answers to special interrogatories when there is any
view of the case which reconciles the various answers.”22 The District Court properly did
so when it set forth two theories upon which it could reconcile those findings,23 and,
while Senese argues that neither of those theories is supported by his testimony in this
case, that argument is irrelevant. It was well within the jury’s prerogative to reject a
portion of Senese’s testimony as not credible (i.e., that he stopped and carefully looked
for oncoming vehicles) and to find another portion credible (i.e., that there was a
negligent driver on the road). In such circumstances, as the District Court concluded, it
was entirely consistent for the jury to have found that an unidentified car was being
operated negligently, but that it was the way that Senese was operating his car, rather
than the unidentified motorist’s negligence, that caused the accident.
19
J.A. 17.
20
See Oddi, 234 F.3d at 154.
21
Gallick v. B & O. R. R., 372 U.S. 108, 119 (1963).
22
Bradford-White Corp. v. Ernst & Whinney, 872 F.2d 1153, 1159 (3d Cir. 1989).
23
J.A. 30.
9
Accordingly, there is a view of this case that can reconcile the jury’s findings and
the District Court properly denied Senese’s motion for a new trial on that basis.
IV.
For the reasons set forth above, we will affirm the orders of the District Court.
10