IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
C3 __»
In the Matter of the Detention of ]1 No. 74038-5-1
4. ^
--' (:..r
M.M., 1 DIVISION ONE \
GO
^
';
*T7»
Appellant. ] UNPUBLISHED OPINION
o
FILED: October 3, 2016
CO
Mann, J. — M.M. seeks reversal of a decision revoking a least restrictive
alternative order and remanding him for inpatient treatment. He contends that the State
did not cite to, or comply with, the law in effect at the time it sought to revoke the least
restrictive alternative order. He contends further that the trial court then erred by
applying the outdated statute and failing to consider all of the factors set forth in the
amended and recodified statute. Review of the record and the trial court's final order
indicates that all of the statutorily mandated factors were considered by the trial court
even though the State's petition erroneously cited the outdated version of the applicable
statute, RCW 71.05.590. Therefore, we affirm.
No. 74038-5-1/2
FACTS
M.M. was diagnosed with unspecified psychosis and epilepsy. On July 8, 2015,
Designated Mental Health Professional (DMHP)1 Charlene McKinley filed a petition to
place M.M. on an involuntary treatment hold pursuant to chapter 71.05 RCW. After
evaluating M.M., Fairfax Hospital filed a petition for 14-day involuntary treatment on July
10, 2015, and the court ordered M.M. to be held at Fairfax Hospital for a period not to
exceed 14 days. The court found that M.M. presented a likelihood of serious harm to
others and that treatment in a less restrictive alternative setting was not in the best
interest of M.M. or others. RCW 71.05.240. On July 22, 2015, Fairfax Hospital
petitioned for an additional 90-day restrictive involuntary treatment ("Commitment
Petition").2
On August 12, 2015, M.M. entered into an agreed Less Restrictive Alternative,
and an order was entered to that effect (LRO). The LRO was set to expire on
November 10, 2015. The LRO specified in part that M.M. would:
A. Reside at mental health treatment provider approved housing and
follow all house rules and regulations.
B. Attend all appointments with and follow treatment recommendations of
Jessie Leone....
C. Take all medications as prescribed, including medications prescribed
while in or being discharged from the hospital.[3]
M.M. was released from the hospital that same day. On August 23, 2015, DMHP
Jared Lathrop-Weber filed a petition to revoke M.M.'s LRO. M.M. was homeless and
had presented himself at Harborview Medical Center. The petition alleged that M.M.
1 "Designated mental health professional[s]" are "mental health professionals]
designated by the county or other authority authorized in rule to perform the duties specified in
[chapter 71.05 RCW]," which deals with evaluation, treatment and commitment of individuals
with mental illness. RCW 71.05.020(11).
2 Clerk's Papers (CP) at 23.
No. 74038-5-1/3
was failing to adhere to the terms and conditions of his LRO, demonstrated substantial
deterioration of functioning, showed evidence of substantial decompensation, and
posed a likelihood of serious harm. M.M. was making psychotic statements regarding
the medication he received from Fairfax. He reported that he was not taking his
medication—including needed medication for epilepsy—while continuing to drive. M.M.
was unable to care for his health and safety in the community. The record does not
indicate whether any action was taken on this petition, but M.M. was apparently taken
into custody and then released from the hospital on September 2, 2015, still subject to
the terms of the LRO.
On September 14, 2015, DMHP Julie Gamble filed a second petition to revoke
the LRO ("Revocation Petition"). The Revocation Petition cited to RCW 71.05.320
and/or RCW 71.05.340, RCW 71.05.340(3)(a), and included allegations that M.M.: (1) is
failing to adhere to the terms and conditions of the LRO; and/or (2) demonstrating a
substantial deterioration of functioning; and (3) poses a likelihood of serious harm.
Gamble alleged that M.M. was referred for evaluation by his family and by his
case manager at Downtown Emergency Services Center (DESC), the agency
supervising M.M.'s LRO. She further alleged that M.M. was refusing to take his
psychiatric medications since his release on September 2 and refusing to participate in
mental health treatment. She alleged that M.M. "presents as substantially deteriorated
[and] poses a likelihood of serious harm in that he has a history of serious assault on
family ... (in 2013 he beat his brother and broke his nose)."4 Thus, Gamble alleged
that continued release was not in the best interest of M.M. or the community. In support
3 CP at 32.
4 CP at 49.
No. 74038-5-1/4
of the Revocation Petition, Gamble attached a declaration written by Avery Fisher,
M.M.'s DESC case manager. Fisher stated that M.M. was failing to comply with the
terms and conditions of the LRO by refusing to take medication as prescribed and
declining to participate in mental health treatment, and that he presents evidence of
substantial decompensation, and poses a likelihood of serious harm. She noted that
M.M. "has a history of violence against others per Harborview records."5 She stated
that she offered M.M. "one-on-one mental health case management and medications"
for his psychiatric disorder, but he declined.6
At the revocation hearing on September 18, 2015, four witnesses testified as to
events occurring both prior and subsequent to entry of the LRO. Angela McGrath,
M.M.'s mother, testified that she did not believe M.M. was taking his psychiatric
medications because on September 4, 2015, she found a prescription bottle full of 30
pills inside the trailer where M.M. was staying. She also testified regarding events
occurring before entry of the LRO on August 12, 2015. She testified that in July 2015,
M.M. had been violent with her, blocked her passage out of the kitchen, grabbed her by
the waist, and pulled her out onto the deck. McGrath fled and secured an order of
protection preventing M.M. from coming within 50 feet of her.
Jan Rose Ottaway Martin was M.M.'s DESC case manager. She testified at the
revocation hearing by reading M.M.'s progress notes into the record. The notes
indicated that M.M. was not following through with DESC's mental health treatment plan
or taking his medications. Specifically, M.M. failed to appear for his pre-arranged intake
appointment on August 21, and he was hospitalized at Harborview on September 2,
5 CP at 52.
6 CP at 52.
No. 74038-5-1/5
2015, where case manager Avery Fischer evaluated him. M.M. declined the services
offered by DESC. M.M. wanted to switch to a different mental health agency in Auburn,
but a Harborview social worker relayed that no local mental health facility would take
M.M.'s case so he needed to continue to work with DESC in Seattle. M.M. met briefly
with his case manager on September 9, but declined to schedule a follow-up
appointment. M.M. said he would find his own housing and did not show up for another
appointment. Ottaway Martin did not call the DMHP because she did not believe M.M.
was a danger to himself or others.
On September 21, 2015, Alexandra Hughes, Licensed Mental Health Counselor
and court evaluator for Navos Hospital, testified. At this point, M.M. was an inpatient at
Navos, and Hughes testified as to her evaluation of him based on her personal interview
with him, review of his medical chart, discussions with his treatment team, and the
testimony of the two prior witnesses. She testified that M.M.'s diagnosis of unspecified
psychosis had a substantial adverse effect on his cognitive and volitional functions. She
testified that M.M. had told her he was taking his medications but was hospitalized for
not going to "psychology," which Hughes interpreted to mean as failing to attend his
appointments with his outpatient provider.7 M.M. showed Hughes a piece of paper that
named two agencies, one in Auburn and one in Tacoma, that M.M. attempted to contact
in order to obtain treatment. He told Hughes that he had been unable to get an
appointment with either agency before being hospitalized.
Hughes then read M.M.'s progress notes from his current Navos hospitalization
into the record. The notes indicated that M.M. was previously hospitalized at Navos in
2013 after he assaulted his brother by punching and attempting to choke him. On
No. 74038-5-1/6
September 14, 2015, M.M. was observed to be weak in insight, physical health,
knowledge of medication and illness, self-care, motivation for treatment, and
independent living skills. M.M. was found to be very resistant to the mental health
system and adamant about not taking medications. M.M. admitted blocking his mom
into a room and fighting with his brother, but he stated that his prior hospitalizations
were because his mom went "super crazy."8 As to treatment with DESC, M.M. stated
that he would not talk to "that weirdo again."9
Hughes testified that on September 16, 2015, M.M. was delusional, expressed
paranoia about a peer pacing in his room and about his mother, and was sexually
inappropriate with a female staff member by attempting to sit on her lap. On September
17, 2015, M.M. exhibited poor hygiene, was irritable and angry, had rapid and
pressured speech, tangential thought processes, a persecutory delusional mood,
hallucinations, and paranoia, and acknowledged that his mood was "very unstable right
now."10 On September 18, M.M. blocked staff's path with his arm and body after being
told several times to move away. He stood in front of the elevator and refused to move,
forcing another staff member to intervene. On September 20, M.M. exhibited poor
hygiene and suspicion, his mood was irritable and angry, and his speech was rapid and
pressured. He continued to exhibit paranoia and hallucinations. His judgment and
insight were impaired.
Hughes recommended further inpatient treatment. She opined that M.M. should
not be released in accordance with the LRO because his symptoms were unstable, he
7 Report of Proceedings (RP) (Sept. 21, 2015) at 8.
8 RP (Sept. 21, 2015) at 10.
9 RP (Sept. 21, 2015) at 11.
10 RP (Sept. 21, 2015) at 13.
No. 74038-5-1/7
lacked insight, and he would be unable to follow the conditions of the LRO. She
acknowledged that, since being hospitalized, M.M. was largely medication compliant,
had periods of calm, and he had not exhibited behavioral issues the previous weekend.
Nonetheless, she recommended further inpatient treatment so his medications could be
monitored.
M.M. then testified, claiming that he was taking his medications as prescribed
but, because he kept losing the pills, he had filled five prescriptions. He explained that
the pills at his mother's house were quick release and they caused him nightmares. On
cross-examination, he said he had three bottles of pills, not five, and he was unable to
explain where he had each prescription filled or which doctor prescribed each one. He
admitted he was not taking his seizure medication and acknowledged that he had been
without his pills for "probably six" days.11 He claimed that if the trial court modified the
LRO but allowed him to be discharged from the hospital, he would follow through with
the other providers.
The trial court issued its ruling revoking the LRO. The court found clear, cogent,
and convincing evidence that M.M. had violated the terms and conditions of the LRO by
failing to take all the medications as prescribed and by not attending all appointments
and following the treatment recommendations of DESC. The court also found that there
was insufficient evidence for a finding by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence that
M.M. was demonstrating substantial deterioration or posed a likelihood of serious harm.
The trial court ordered that M.M. be remanded to Navos inpatient services for a period
not to exceed 90 days from entry of the LRO. M.M. appeals.
No. 74038-5-1/8
ANALYSIS
A. Failure to Raise Issue Below
During the hearing, M.M. failed to raise the issue of whether the Revocation
Petition invoked the correct law, and the State now argues that his failure to do so
means that this court should refuse to review his claim. See RAP 2.5(a) ("appellate
court may refuse to review any claim of error which was not raised in the trial court");
Washburn v. Brett Equip. Co.. 120 Wn.2d 246, 290, 840 P.2d 860 (1992) (recognizing
that arguments or theories not presented to the trial court will not be considered on
appeal). M.M. maintains that he is entitled to raise this issue for the first time on appeal
because the trial court is obligated to follow the applicable law. See generally. Mavnard
Inv. Co. v. McCann. 77 Wn.2d 616, 621, 465 P.2d 657 (1970) (noting that when the
question is "of such a character as to render the judgment of the lower court void," an
appellate court will consider the issue even though it was not raised below); In re
Dependency of G.C.B.. 73 Wn. App. 708, 716-17, 870 P.2d 1037 (1994) (appellate
court had duty to apply dispositive statute despite parties' failure to call the court's
attention to that statute when application of the statute directly affected, and invalidated,
the trial court's findings and decision). We disagree that the trial court's obligation to
follow the applicable law warrants an exception to the usual waiver rule in this case
because there is nothing in the trial court's decision that is contrary to, or invalidated by,
existing law.
Even though we are unpersuaded that M.M.'s appeal raises an issue that could
render the trial court's judgment void, we also understand M.M. to argue that there was
insufficient evidence to support the trial court's decision. We agree with M.M. that a
11 RP (Sept. 21, 2015) at 34.
8
No. 74038-5-1/9
challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence may be raised at any time. See RAP
2.5(a)(2) (party may raise 'lailure to establish facts upon which relief can be granted" for
the first time on appeal).12 Under these circumstances, we exercise our discretion to
decide M.M.'s appeal on the merits.
B. Order of Involuntary Commitment
In general, this court will review an order requiring involuntary treatment to
determine whether substantial evidence supports the findings and, if so, whether the
findings in turn support the trial court's conclusions of law and the judgment. In re
Detention of LaBelle, 107 Wn.2d 196, 209, 728 P.2d 138 (1986). An individual who has
been involuntarily committed for a 14-day period of intensive treatment may be
committed for an additional 90 days if that person, after being taken into custody, has
threatened, attempted, or inflicted physical harm upon himself or herself or another and,
as a result of a mental disorder, presents a likelihood of serious injury, is gravely
disabled, or is in need of assisted mental health treatment. RCW 71.05.280(1), (2), (4),
(5); RCW 71.05.320. The individual may be ordered to a less restrictive alternative than
institutional commitment if it is in that person's best interest. RCW 71.05.320(2). In this
case, M.M. was initially committed because he presented a likelihood of serious harm to
others. He then voluntarily entered into the LRO.
In order to revoke the LRO, the State had to introduce clear, cogent, and
convincing evidence showing that: "(a) [t]he person is failing to adhere to the terms and
12 In addition, although the 90-day commitment order has long since expired, the State
concedes that this case is not moot in that the trial court's order may have adverse
consequences on future involuntary treatment determinations. See In re Pet, of M.K., 168 Wn.
App. 621, 626, 279 P.3d 897 (2012) (recognizing that an order of involuntary commitment may
be evidence in a subsequent commitment proceeding, and therefore "[a]n individual's release
from [involuntary] detention does not render an appeal moot").
No. 74038-5-1/10
conditions of the court order; (b) [substantial deterioration in the person's functioning
has occurred; (c) [t]here is evidence of substantial decompensation with a reasonable
probability that the decompensation can be reversed by further evaluation, intervention,
or treatment; or (d) [t]he person poses a likelihood of serious harm." RCW
71.05.590(1); RCW 7.05.310; see In re Detention of LaBelle. 107 Wn.2d at 209 (stating
burden of proof for involuntary commitment). Under the former law, RCW
71.05.340(3)(a) (2009), the same evidentiary showing was required. It specified that a
conditional release could be modified or revoked if, (i) the "conditionally released person
is failing to adhere to the terms and conditions of his or her release; (ii) [substantial
deterioration in a conditionally released person's functioning has occurred; (iii) [t]here is
evidence of substantial decompensation with a reasonable probability that the
decompensation can be reversed by further inpatient treatment; or (iv) [t]he person
poses a likelihood of serious harm."
When RCW 71.05.340(3) was recodified and replaced with RCW 71.05.590(1),
the grounds for revoking a LRO or conditional release did not change. However, the
recodified statute added language outlining factors that should be applied, and a range
of actions that should be considered, in determining whether to enforce, modify, or
revoke a least restrictive alternative or conditional release order. RCW 71.05.590(2),
(5). Even though the statutory grounds for revocation have not changed, but only
recodified, M.M. argues that the Revocation Petition was defective and the trial court
erred in its analysis because neither the Petition nor the trial court recognized the
changes in the law. We disagree.
Section 71.05.590(2) provides in part that:
10
No. 74038-5-1/11
(2) Actions taken under this section must include a flexible range of
responses of varying levels of intensity appropriate to the circumstances
and consistent with the interests of the individual and the public in
personal autonomy, safety, recovery, and compliance. Available actions
may include, but are not limited to, any of the following: (a) To counsel,
advise, or admonish the person as to their rights and responsibilities under
the court order, and to offer appropriate incentives to motivate compliance;
(b) To increase the intensity of outpatient services provided to the person
by increasing the frequency of contacts with the provider, referring the
person for an assessment for assertive community services, or by other
means;
RCW 71.05.590(2).
There was ample evidence set forth in the Revocation Petition and at the
revocation hearing regarding the "flexible range of responses" taken by mental
health personnel. First, there was an earlier petition to revoke the LRO that did
not result in revocation, but instead M.M. was discharged pursuant to the LRO.
In addition, Ottaway Martin testified that she did not initially consider revocation
of the LRO because M.M. was not considered to be a danger to himself or
others. Furthermore, case management services were offered to M.M. but he
declined, and Fisher made efforts to counsel and admonish M.M. to continue
treatment.
After considering the written record and hearing testimony, the trial court
carefully examined the alternatives open to it. It reflected that M.M.'s condition
had not significantly worsened since the LRO was entered. It also noted that
M.M. was admittedly failing to follow the terms and conditions of the LRO. The
trial court then observed that M.M. was compliant now that he was hospitalized
and, if he continued to be so, he might be eligible for release before the end of
the 90-day period specified in the LRO.
11
No. 74038-5-1/12
Turning to RCW 71.05.590(5), the State and the trial court are now
instructed that:
In determining whether or not to take action under this section the
designated mental health professional, agency, or facility must consider
the factors specified under RCW 71.05.212 and the court must consider
the factors specified under RCW 71.05.245 as they apply to the question
of whether to enforce, modify, or revoke a court order for involuntary
treatment.
M.M. argues that the trial court failed to consider the factors specified
under RCW 71.05.212 and RCW 71.05.245, but we disagree. RCW 71.05.212
requires consideration of "all reasonably available information from credible
witnesses and records regarding" matters such as prior recommendations about
the need for civil commitment when that recommendation is made pursuant to
chapter 10.77 RCW (addressing criminal insanity procedures), historical
behavior, "[p]rior determinations of incompetency .. . under chapter 10.77 RCW,"
and "[p]rior commitments under this chapter." RCW 71.05.212(1 )(a)-(d).
RCW 71.05.212 applies whenever a professional "is conducting an
evaluation under" chapter 71.05 RCW, not just solely or specifically to petitions to
modify or revoke an LRO. RCW 71.05.212(1). Thus, information from "credible
witnesses and records" was relevant in the Commitment Petition.13 Because
M.M. entered into the agreed LRO, the court did not need to consider this
information in ruling on the Commitment Petition. At the revocation hearing,
testimony from credible witnesses as to prior commitments and historical
behavior was introduced and considered.
13 CP at 23.
12
No. 74038-5-1/13
Turning next to the factors set forth in RCW 71.05.245, this section applies
to all determinations of grave disability, likelihood of serious harm, or need of
assisted outpatient treatment. It also requires that all available evidence about
the person's historical behavior be considered. RCW 71.05.245. These factors
were taken into account because the State introduced, and the trial court
considered evidence about M.M.'s historical behavior in the form of the
Revocation Petition and attachments and testimony from the State's witnesses.
The Revocation Petition addressed M.M.'s history of serious assaults. M.M.'s
mother described his behavior prior to hospitalization. The trial court heard about
M.M.'s previous hospitalizations. Ottaway Martin testified regarding M.M.'s
behavior prior to the Revocation Petition. Hughes testified as to the historical
information contained in M.M.'s hospital records.
Consideration of the written record and testimony led the trial court to
specifically find that M.M. did not present a likelihood of serious harm or
substantial deterioration. However, this information also supported the trial
court's decision to revoke the LRO based upon M.M.'s failure to take his
prescriptions and attend mental health appointments. To summarize, the written
record and hearing proceedings indicate that the factors and considerations
required by RCW 71.05.590(2) and (5) were taken into account and satisfied in
this case.
C. Effect of Incorrect Citation
Finally, M.M. claims he was prejudiced because the Revocation Petition cited to
RCW 71.05.340(3) instead of RCW 71.05.590, the latter of which took effect July 24,
13
No. 74038-5-1/14
2015. Because M.M. did not raise this issue below, we review his contentions to
determine whether or not he was prejudiced by any errors in the Revocation Petition.
Cf. State v. Hopper. 118 Wn. 2d 151, 155-56, 822 P.2d 775, (1992) (when a deficiency
in a charging instrument is raised for the first time on appeal, "this court should examine
the document to determine if there is any fair construction by which the elements are all
contained in the document" and whether the defendant has suffered any prejudice due
to the deficiencies); see e^g., State v. Borrero. 97 Wn. App. 101,107-08, 982 P.2d 1187
(1999) (holding that error in criminal information is not a basis for reversal absent
prejudice).14
While M.M. is correct that a court must apply the law in effect at the time it
renders its decision, there is no indication that he was prejudiced by any error
because he has failed to identify any evidence or criteria that was not
considered, but should have been. Cf. Hopper, 118 Wn.2d at 156 ("If the
information contains allegations that express the crime which was meant to be
charged, it is sufficient even though it does not contain the statutory language.").
In Hopper, the defendant argued that the criminal information was
insufficient because it cited to the wrong statute. Hopper. 118 Wn.2d at 159
(noting that the information cited to a statute not yet in effect on the date of the
crime). Our Supreme Court disagreed and held that "[ejrror in the citation or its
omission shall not be ground for dismissal of the indictment or information or for
reversal of a conviction if the error or omission did not mislead the defendant to
the defendant's prejudice." Hopper. 118 Wn.2d at 159-60 (quoting CrR 2.1(b)).
14 While Hopper and Borrero are criminal cases, we agree with the State that the effect
of an error in citation in a criminal information is analogous to the situation here.
14
No. 74038-5-1/15
The Court noted that it had "consistently upheld convictions based on charging
documents which contained technical defects such as this one." Hopper. 118
Wn.2dat160.
M.M. relies on this court's decision in In re Dependency of A.M.M.. 182
Wn. App. 776, 332 P.3d 500 (2014), to support his claim of prejudice but that
reliance is misplaced. In A.M.M.. this court reversed an order terminating an
incarcerated father's parental rights because the trial court failed to apply the law
in effect at the time of its ruling. A.M.M.. 182 Wn. App. at 789-90. The
applicable statute required an explicit finding by the trial court as to whether the
incarcerated parent maintained a meaningful role in the children's lives, and it
required the trial court to consider whether the State made reasonable efforts to
facilitate such contact. A.M.M.. 182 Wn. App. at 786-87; see RCW
13.34.180(1)(f). In A.M.M.. there was no evidence in the record suggesting that
the Department of Social Services and Health presented such evidence in
satisfaction of its burden or that the trial court made any such findings. A.M.M..
182 Wn. App. at 788-90. Thus, the termination order was reversed. A.M.M.. 182
Wn. App. at 790.
In this case, there was ample evidence that the State and the trial court
considered all relevant information from credible witnesses and records, and
M.M. has failed to identify any missing information. Moreover, although M.M.
contends that there were mitigating circumstances regarding the violations of the
LRO such as the fact that he accidentally lost his medication and that he had
15
No. 74038-5-1/16
been trying to make appointments with other providers, that information was
considered by the trial court and found to be unpersuasive.
CONCLUSION
Based upon the foregoing, we affirm the order revoking M.M.'s LRO and
remanding him for treatment at Navos.
/PJmk^j V
WE CONCUR:
*/-&0UC^. » ~£ <-
T^'^v, ftCP
16
In Re The Detention Of Marshall Mcgrath
Combined Opinion