SUPREME COURT OF MISSOURI
en banc
WILLIAM DIESER, ) Opinion issued October 4, 2016
)
Respondent/Cross-Appellant, )
)
v. ) No. SC95022
)
ST. ANTHONY’S MEDICAL CENTER, )
)
Appellant/Cross-Respondent. )
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF ST. LOUIS COUNTY
The Honorable Michael D. Burton, Judge
William Dieser filed an action against St. Anthony’s Medical Center alleging that
St. Anthony’s provided negligent medical care that caused him to develop a stage IV
pressure ulcer. The jury ultimately awarded Mr. Dieser $883,000 in compensatory
damages. On appeal, Mr. Dieser asserts that the trial court erred by entering a judgment
without post-judgment interest because he was entitled to post-judgment interest pursuant
to section 408.040.1. 1 Mr. Dieser further asserts that the trial court’s application of section
538.300, to deny him post-judgment interest, violated his constitutional rights to equal
protection, open courts, and a trial by jury. St. Anthony’s cross-appealed, asserting
multiple points of error.
1
All statutory citations to section 408.040 are to RSMo Noncum. Supp. 2014. All other
statutory citations are to RSMo Supp. 2013.
This Court finds that the trial court did not err in entering its judgment without post-
judgment interest. While section 408.040.1 does provide that judgments shall accrue
interest, it does so in the context of “the judgment balance as set forth in this section.”
Subsections 2 and 3 of section 408.040 then govern the accrual of post-judgment interest.
But section 538.300 prohibits the application of subsections 2 and 3 of section 408.040 in
medical negligence actions against health care providers. When the relevant statutes are
read together, in pari materia, Mr. Dieser was not statutorily entitled to post-judgment
interest pursuant to section 408.040.
Furthermore, the application of section 538.300 does not violate Mr. Dieser’s
constitutional rights. Mr. Dieser failed to preserve the equal protection argument he now
raises on appeal because it was not raised before trial court, and the fact that section
538.300 prevented him from obtaining interest on his judgment did not affect his access to
the courts. Likewise, the trial court’s application of section 538.300 did not violate
Mr. Dieser’s right to a trial by jury because it does not curtail the jury’s determination of
damages in that post-judgment interest has never been assessed by a jury.
On cross-appeal, St. Anthony’s cannot establish that the cross-examination of an
expert regarding the term “never event” affected the outcome of the case nor can it show
that it was prejudiced by counsel’s discussion of the burden of proof during voir dire.
Additionally, no reversible error resulted from Mr. Dieser’s testimony that St. Anthony’s
is a Catholic institution or from counsel’s closing argument regarding acceptable medical
care in the community. Finally, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
2
verdict, the compensatory damages award was not excessive. Accordingly, the trial court
did not abuse its discretion in overruling the motion for remittitur of damages.
Factual and Procedural Background
On January 28, 2008, Mr. Dieser was admitted to St. Anthony’s for surgery to
remove a pancreatic pseudocyst. Two days later, Mr. Dieser developed a pressure wound
on his buttocks. The wound developed into a stage IV pressure ulcer extending from the
surface of Mr. Dieser’s skin to the bone. Surgery had to be performed to cut and remove
dead tissue from the wound. Mr. Dieser was released from St. Anthony’s on February 7,
2008.
Following his release, the dressings on Mr. Dieser’s pressure wound had to be
changed multiple times a day. While home health care nurses made weekly visits, the
majority of the dressings were changed by Mr. Dieser’s wife. To manage the pain during
the dressings, Mr. Dieser’s surgeon prescribed lidocaine to numb the area around the
wound.
The wound initially healed in five months. Mr. Dieser later began experiencing
severe pain at the wound site when bending over or sitting down. A plastic surgeon
determined the pain resulted from a band of scar tissue that had formed as the wound
healed. In October 2008, Mr. Dieser had a second surgery to remove the scar tissue and
replace it with a skin graft taken from his thigh. The skin graft was only partially
successful. By February 2009, the wound had completely healed.
In 2012, Mr. Dieser filed a medical negligence action against St. Anthony’s. In his
second amended petition, Mr. Dieser alleged that St. Anthony’s negligently failed to
3
adequately follow its own policies, procedures, and protocols regarding pressure injury
prevention when it allowed his body to be exposed to pressure sufficient to create the ulcer.
St. Anthony’s denied the allegations, and the case proceeded to trial.
The jury returned its verdict in favor of Mr. Dieser. It awarded him $33,000 for past
economic damages, $750,000 for past noneconomic damages, and $100,000 for future
noneconomic damages for a total of $883,000 in compensatory damages. Both parties filed
post-trial motions regarding whether Mr. Dieser was entitled to post-judgment interest
under section 408.040. The trial court entered its judgment without post-judgment interest.
Mr. Dieser appeals, and St. Anthony’s cross-appeals.
This Court Has Jurisdiction
Prior to addressing the merits of Mr. Dieser’s appeal, the Court must first determine
whether it has jurisdiction. Alumax Foils, Inc. v. City of St. Louis, 939 S.W.2d 907, 910
(Mo. banc 1997). Article V, section 3 of the Missouri Constitution provides this Court
with exclusive appellate jurisdiction in all cases involving the validity of a statute of this
state. This Court’s exclusive appellate jurisdiction “is invoked when a party asserts that a
state statute directly violates the constitution either facially or as applied.” McNeal v.
McNeal-Sydnor, 472 S.W.3d 194, 195 (Mo. banc 2015). “The constitutional issue must be
real and substantial, not merely colorable.” Id.
In his jurisdictional statement, Mr. Dieser asserts that this Court has exclusive
jurisdiction over this appeal because the trial court’s application of section 538.300, to
overrule his motion for post-judgment interest, violated his constitutional rights to equal
protection, open courts, and a jury trial. St. Anthony’s asserts that there is no basis for
4
jurisdiction in this Court because Mr. Dieser waived his constitutional challenges to section
538.300 by not asserting them at the earliest opportunity. In particular, St. Anthony’s
contends that Mr. Dieser waived his constitutional challenges by raising them in a post-
trial motion instead of in a reply to the answer St. Anthony’s filed. Under the facts and
circumstances of this case, Mr. Dieser did not waive his constitutional challenges by raising
them for the first time in a post-trial motion.
In its answer, St. Anthony’s alleged, as an affirmative defense, that it intended “to
rely upon and obtain the benefits of Chapter[] 538[.]” Mr. Dieser did not file a reply to the
answer filed by St. Anthony’s. Following the verdict, St. Anthony’s filed a post-trial
motion “to Apply Sections of Chapter 538 of the Missouri Revised Statutes.” In its motion,
St. Anthony’s alleged that Mr. Dieser was not entitled to post-judgment interest because
section 538.300 prohibits the award of post-judgment interest in medical negligence cases
against health care providers. Mr. Dieser also filed a post-trial motion, which was titled
“Plaintiff’s Motion for Entry of Judgment Which Includes Post Judgment Interest.” In his
motion, Mr. Dieser alleged that he was entitled to post-judgment interest pursuant to
section 408.040.1 and asserted, for the first time, that section 538.300’s restriction on post-
judgment interest violates his constitutional rights to equal protection, open courts, and a
trial by jury. The trial court entered its judgment without post-judgment interest.
This Court has long held that “in so grave a matter as a constitutional question it
should be lodged in the case at the earliest moment that good pleading and orderly
procedure will admit under the circumstances of the given case, otherwise it will be
waived.” Lohmeyer v. St. Louis Cordage Co., 113 S.W. 1108, 1110 (Mo. 1908), overruled
5
on other grounds by City of St. Louis v. Butler Co., 219 S.W.2d 372 (Mo. banc 1949).
Nevertheless, this Court has recognized that “there can be no fixed rule as to when or how
or at what stage of the proceedings the [constitutional] question should be raised in each
case.” Hohlstein v. St. Louis Roofing Co., 42 S.W.2d 573, 578 (Mo. 1931).
St. Anthony’s asserts that Mr. Dieser should have raised his constitutional
challenges in a reply because, if the defense relies upon a statute in its answer, “then the
reply would be the first open door” to raise a constitutional challenge to the statute.
McGrath v. Meyers, 107 S.W.2d 792, 794 (Mo. 1937). If the defendant grounds an
affirmative defense on a statute that plaintiff contends is unconstitutional, “it would seem
he should plead its unconstitutionality in the reply[.]” Lohmeyer, 113 S.W. at 1110; see
also Hanks v. Hanks, 117 S.W. 1101, 1102 (Mo. 1909). It typically follows, therefore, that
if a defendant asserts a statute as an affirmative defense, constitutional challenges to that
statute should be raised in a reply.
Section 538.300, however, is not an affirmative defense under the circumstances of
this case. An “affirmative defense” is “[a] defendant’s assertion of facts and arguments
that, if true, will defeat the plaintiff’s or prosecution’s claim, even if all the allegations in
the complaint are true.” Black’s Law Dictionary 509 (10th ed. 2014). An “affirmative
defense” is a procedural tool “that allows the defendant to defeat or avoid the plaintiff’s
cause of action and avers that even if the allegations of the petition are taken as true, the
plaintiff cannot prevail because there are additional facts that permit the defendant to avoid
the legal responsibility alleged.” Dorris v. State, 360 S.W.3d 260, 268 (Mo. banc 2012)
(internal quotation omitted).
6
Section 538.300 does not permit St. Anthony’s to avoid or defeat Mr. Dieser’s
medical negligence claim. Section 538.300 provides, in pertinent part, that “subsections 2
and 3 of section 408.040 shall not apply to actions under sections 538.205 to 538.230.”
Section 538.210.1 addresses actions “against a health care provider 2 for damages for
personal injury or death arising out of the rendering of or the failure to render health care
services[.]” Section 538.300, therefore, applies to medical negligence actions against
health care providers such as St. Anthony’s. Subsections 2 and 3 of section 408.040
address the accrual of post-judgment interest. It follows that section 538.300 does not
permit a health care provider to avoid legal liability in a medical negligence action; rather,
section 538.300 simply provides that subsections 2 and 3 of the post-judgment interest
statute do not apply in medical negligence actions against health care providers. Because
section 538.300 does not permit St. Anthony’s to avoid or defeat the legal liability alleged
by Mr. Dieser, it does not act as an affirmative defense in this case. 3
Moreover, even if section 538.300 could be construed as an affirmative defense,
St. Anthony’s failed to properly plead it. “A pleading that sets forth an affirmative defense
. . . shall contain a short and plain statement of the facts showing that the pleader is entitled
to the defense[.]” Rule 55.08. The pleading requirements for affirmative defenses serve
to ensure that an opposing party is informed of and prepared to address the issues being
2
Hospitals are included in the definition of “health care provider” for purposes of section
538.210.1. See section 538.205(5).
3
At oral argument, counsel for St. Anthony’s acknowledged that it was raising the medical
malpractice provisions of chapter 538 as affirmative defenses “even though they’re not
really affirmative defenses” because “it’s been the practice for years to raise [the medical
malpractice provisions of chapter 538] as affirmative defenses.”
7
raised by the defense. Id. at 383. Here, St. Anthony’s simply stated that it intended “to
rely upon and obtain the benefits of Chapter[] 538,” which has many sections.
St. Anthony’s did not specifically identify section 538.300. Such a bare assertion fails to
inform Mr. Dieser that section 538.300 would be an issue in the case. Accordingly, the
pleadings filed by St. Anthony’s were insufficient to assert section 538.300 as an
affirmative defense.
Given that section 538.300 was neither an affirmative defense nor properly pleaded
by St. Anthony’s, a reply was not the earliest moment that good pleading and orderly
procedure would allow Mr. Dieser’s constitutional challenges to be raised. And while
orderly and proper procedure typically results in constitutional issues being raised prior to
post-trial motions, Mr. Dieser timely raised his constitutional challenges to section 538.300
under the facts and circumstances of this case.
This Court has reasoned that “[a]n attack on the constitutionality of a statute is of
such dignity and importance that the record touching such issues should be fully developed
and not raised as an afterthought in a post-trial motion or on appeal.” Land Clearance for
Redevelopment Auth. of Kansas City, Mo. v. Kan. Univ. Endowment Ass’n, 805 S.W.2d
173, 176 (Mo. banc 1991). Nevertheless, the purpose of requiring a constitutional question
to be raised at the earliest opportunity is “to prevent surprise to the opposing party and
accord the trial court an opportunity to fairly identify and rule on the issue.” Dodson v.
Ferrara, 491 S.W.3d 542, 552 (Mo. banc 2016).
The record reflects that, once St. Anthony’s raised the application of section 538.300
in its post-trial motion, Mr. Dieser raised his constitutional challenges to section 538.300
8
in his post-trial motion. The trial court subsequently heard oral argument on whether the
judgment should include post-judgment interest and took the matter under advisement.
Following the hearing, St. Anthony’s filed a written response to the constitutional issues
raised in Mr. Dieser’s motion. Consequently, St. Anthony’s suffered no surprise by
Mr. Dieser raising the constitutional challenges in a post-trial motion, and the trial court
had a fair opportunity to identify and rule upon the constitutional issues. Therefore, the
manner in which Mr. Dieser raised his constitutional challenges satisfies the purpose for
requiring constitutional issues to be raised at the earliest opportunity. It follows that, under
the facts and circumstances of this case, Mr. Dieser timely raised his constitutional
challenges to the application of section 538.300.
Alternatively, St. Anthony’s asserts that Mr. Dieser’s constitutional challenges to
the validity of section 538.300 are merely colorable. St. Anthony’s bases its assertion
solely on its belief that Mr. Dieser’s constitutional claims lack merit. “In the context of the
‘not merely colorable’ test, the word ‘colorable’ means feigned, fictitious or counterfeit,
rather than plausible.” Rodriguez v. Suzuki Motor Corp., 996 S.W.2d 47, 52 (Mo. banc
1999). “One clear indication that a constitutional challenge is real and substantial and
made in good faith is that the challenge is one of first impression with this Court.” Id. This
Court has not squarely addressed the constitutional validity of section 538.300. Mr. Dieser,
therefore, raises sufficiently real and substantial constitutional claims to invoke this Court’s
9
jurisdiction. Accordingly, this Court has exclusive appellate jurisdiction over this appeal. 4
Mo. Const. art. V, sec. 3.
Section 408.040.1 Does Not Mandate Post-Judgment Interest on All Judgments
In his first point, Mr. Dieser asserts that the trial court erred in overruling his motion
for post-judgment interest because he was entitled to post-judgment interest under section
408.040.1, which he asserts mandates that all judgments accrue post-judgment interest.
This Court reviews questions of statutory interpretation de novo. Macon Cnty. Emergency
Servs. Bd. v. Macon Cnty. Comm’n, 485 S.W.3d 353, 355 (Mo. banc 2016). “The primary
rule of statutory construction is to ascertain the intent of the legislature from the language
used, to give effect to that intent if possible, and to consider words used in the statute in
their plain and ordinary meaning.” Howard v. City of Kansas City, 332 S.W.3d 772, 779
(Mo. banc 2011).
Mr. Dieser asserts that he is entitled to post-judgment interest because section
538.300 does not prohibit an award of post-judgment interest mandated by section
408.040.1. He argues that the prohibition in section 538.300 is only that “subsections 2
and 3 of section 408.040 shall not apply to” medical negligence actions against health care
providers. Consequently, section 538.300 does not prohibit the application of section
408.040.1.
Section 408.040.1 provides that “[j]udgments shall accrue interest on the judgment
balance . . . .” This language, read in isolation, might be construed to authorize post-
4
The cross-appeal filed by St. Anthony’s was transferred to this Court prior to opinion on
the Court’s own motion. Mo. Const. art. V, sec. 10.
10
judgment interest on all judgments, but Mr. Dieser’s interpretation of section 408.040.1 is
not supported when section 408.040 is read as a whole and together with section 538.300.
“In determining the intent and meaning of statutory language, the words must be
considered in context and sections of the statutes in pari materia, as well as cognate
sections, must be considered in order to arrive at the true meaning and scope of the words.”
State ex rel. Evans v. Brown Builders Elec. Co., 254 S.W.3d 31, 35 (Mo. banc 2008)
(internal quotation omitted). “The provisions of a legislative act are not read in isolation
but construed together, and if reasonably possible, the provisions will be harmonized with
each other.” Id.
Section 408.040.1 provides:
1. Judgments shall accrue interest on the judgment balance as set forth in this
section. The “judgment balance” is defined as the total amount of the
judgment awarded on the day judgment is entered including, but not limited
to, principal, prejudgment interest, and all costs and fees. Post-judgment
payments or credits shall be applied first to post-judgment costs, then to post-
judgment interest, and then to the judgment balance.
The first sentence of section 408.040.1 instructs that judgments accrue interest on the
judgment balance. The remainder of section 408.040.1 defines “judgment balance” and
explains the order in which post-judgment payments and credits are to be applied. Section
408.040.1, therefore, mandates that post-judgment interest accrue on the “judgment
balance,” defines what the “judgment balance” is, and instructs on the application of post-
judgment payments and credits.
More importantly, while section 408.040.1 does state that judgments shall accrue
interest, it does so in the context of stating that judgments shall accrue interest “on the
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judgment balance as set forth in this section.” (Emphasis added). The first sentence of
section 408.040.1, therefore, directs that post-judgment interest accrues on the judgment
balance as set forth elsewhere in section 408.040. Accordingly, under its plain terms,
section 408.040.1 must be construed in accordance with section 408.040 as a whole.
In addition to subsection 1, there are two other subsections of section 408.040 that
address post-judgment interest – subsections 2 and 3. They provide, in pertinent part:
2. In all nontort actions, interest shall be allowed on all money due upon any
judgment or order of any court from the date judgment is entered by the trial
court until satisfaction be made by payment, accord or sale of property; all
such judgments and orders for money upon contracts bearing more than nine
percent interest shall bear the same interest borne by such contracts, and all
other judgments and orders for money shall bear nine percent per annum until
satisfaction made as aforesaid.
3. Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection 2 of this section, in tort
actions, interest shall be allowed on all money due upon any judgment or
order of any court from the date judgment is entered by the trial court until
full satisfaction. All such judgments and orders for money shall bear a per
annum interest rate equal to the intended Federal Funds Rate, as established
by the Federal Reserve Board, plus five percent, until full satisfaction is
made. The judgment shall state the applicable interest rate, which shall not
vary once entered.
Subsections 2 and 3, therefore, control the judgments on which interest is allowed and the
rate at which interest accrues on those judgments. Accordingly, when read as a whole,
section 408.040.1 provides that post-judgment interest accrues on the judgment balance as
prescribed in subsections 2 and 3.
It follows that section 408.040.1 does not allow interest on all judgments but,
instead, speaks to which part of the judgment interest accrues. It is subsections 2 and 3
that allow the accrual of interest on judgments. And because section 538.300 provides that
12
subsections 2 and 3 do not apply to medical negligence cases against health care providers,
the accrual of post-judgment interest is prohibited in this case. 5 The trial court did not err
in overruling Mr. Dieser’s motion for post-judgment interest.
Mr. Dieser Waived His Equal Protection Claim
In his second point, Mr. Dieser asserts that the legislative prohibition on post-
judgment interest in section 538.300 violated his constitutional right to equal protection.
This Court reviews constitutional challenges to the validity of a statute de novo. Hill v.
Boyer, 480 S.W.3d 311, 313 (Mo. banc 2016). “Statutes are presumed constitutional and
will be found unconstitutional only if they clearly contravene a constitutional provision.”
Id. at 313-14. The party raising the constitutional challenge bears “the burden of proving
the act clearly and undoubtedly violates the constitutional limitations.” Id. at 314.
The equal protection clause of the Missouri Constitution provides that “all persons
are created equal and are entitled to equal rights and opportunity under the law[.]” Mo.
Const. art. I, sec. 2. In determining whether an equal protection violation has occurred,
“this Court first determines whether the statute contains a classification that operates to the
disadvantage of some suspect class or impinges upon a fundamental right explicitly or
implicitly protected by the Constitution.” Ambers-Phillips v. SSM DePaul Health Ctr., 459
5
It should also be noted that, by arguing that he was entitled to post-judgment interest
under section 408.040, Mr. Dieser is asserting that the general post-judgment interest
statute should control over the more specific medical negligence statute. It is a well-settled
principle of statutory interpretation, however, that “[w]here there is no clear intention
otherwise, a specific statute will not be controlled or nullified by a general one, regardless
of the priority of enactment.” Earth Island Inst. v. Union Elec. Co., 456 S.W.3d 27, 33
(Mo. banc 2015).
13
S.W.3d 901, 909 (Mo. banc 2015) (internal quotation omitted). “If the challenged law
draws a distinction on the basis of a suspect classification or curtails the exercise of a
fundamental right, then strict scrutiny applies.” Labrayere v. Bohr Farms, 458 S.W.3d
319, 331 (Mo. banc 2015). “If there is no suspect classification or fundamental right at
issue, a court will apply rational-basis review to determine whether the challenged law is
rationally related to some legitimate end.” Amick v. Dir. of Revenue, 428 S.W.3d 638, 640
(Mo. banc 2014).
Mr. Dieser concedes that victims of medical negligence are not a suspect class. See
Ambers-Phillips, 459 S.W.3d at 912. Nevertheless, he asserts that strict scrutiny applies in
this case because the legislative denial of post-judgment interest unreasonably impinges on
his fundamental right to property. In particular, Mr. Dieser equates the denial of post-
judgment interest to a taking, in that he has a property interest in his court judgment that
should be free from any arbitrary governmental interference. This is not the equal
protection claim Mr. Dieser raised before the trial court.
“An issue that was never presented to or decided by the trial court is not preserved
for appellate review.” State v. Davis, 348 S.W.3d 768, 770 (Mo. banc 2011). “[A] party
seeking the correction of error must stand or fall on the record made in the trial court[;]
thus it follows that only those objections or grounds of objection which were urged in the
trial court, without change and without addition, will be considered on appeal.” Id.
In his motion for post-judgment interest, Mr. Dieser alleged that “[d]enying post
judgment interest to prevailing malpractice litigants while allowing it for all others has no
rational basis, and interferes with fundamental property rights by lessening the value of the
14
verdict and judgment the longer it goes unpaid.” Mr. Dieser did not object to the
application of section 538.300 on grounds that it amounted to arbitrary governmental
interference with his property interest in a court judgment. Mr. Dieser changed the grounds
of his objection on appeal by arguing a taking had occurred and strict scrutiny applied.
Consequently, Mr. Dieser failed to preserve the grounds for equal protection that he now
raises on appeal.
Section 538.300 Does Not Violate the Open Courts Provision
In his third point, Mr. Dieser asserts that the trial court violated the open courts
provision of the Missouri Constitution by overruling his request for post-judgment interest.
Article I, section 14 of the Missouri Constitution provides “[t]hat the courts of justice shall
be open to every person, and certain remedy afforded for every injury to person, property
or character, and that right and justice shall be administered without sale, denial or delay.”
“[S]tatutes that impose procedural bars to access of the courts are unconstitutional, and any
law that arbitrarily or unreasonably bars individuals or classes of individuals from
accessing our courts in order to enforce recognized causes of action for personal injury
violates the open courts provision.” Weigland v. Edwards, 296 S.W.3d 453, 461 (Mo. banc
2009) (internal citation, quotation, and emphasis omitted).
To establish an open courts violation, it must be shown that: (1) the “party has a
recognized cause of action”; (2) “the cause of action is being restricted; and (3) the
restriction is arbitrary or unreasonable.” Ambers-Phillips, 459 S.W.3d at 909. “[T]he right
of access to the courts set out in the open courts provision of the Missouri Constitution
15
means simply the right to pursue in the courts the causes of action the substantive law
recognizes.” Id. at 909-10 (internal quotation omitted).
Mr. Dieser asserts that section 538.300’s restriction on post-judgment interest is an
arbitrary and unreasonable interference with the value of a court’s judgment because “[t]he
fact that a dollar today is not the same thing as a dollar payable some years from now . . .
is the matter of plainest fact[.]” Anglim v. Mo. Pac. R.R. Co., 832 S.W.2d 298, 308 (Mo.
banc 1992). The fact that section 538.300 prohibited the accrual of post-judgment interest
in this case does not violate the open courts provision.
No procedural bar prevented Mr. Dieser from bringing his medical negligence claim
in a Missouri court. Likewise, Mr. Dieser was not unreasonably or arbitrarily denied access
to Missouri courts. Rather, Mr. Dieser brought his recognized, medical negligence cause
of action in a Missouri court and obtained a favorable judgment. The fact that section
538.300 prevented him from obtaining post-judgment interest on that judgment does not
affect his access to Missouri courts. Mr. Dieser’s right to open courts, therefore, is not
violated by the application of section 538.300.
Section 538.300 Does Not Violate Mr. Dieser’s Right to a Trial by Jury
In his final point, Mr. Dieser asserts that the trial court’s failure to award him post-
judgment interest violates his constitutional right to a trial by jury. Article I, section 22(a)
of the Missouri Constitution provides “[t]hat the right of trial by jury as heretofore enjoyed
shall remain inviolate[.]” This means that Missouri citizens “are entitled to a jury trial in
all actions to which they would have been entitled to a jury when the Missouri Constitution
16
was adopted in 1820.” Watts v. Lester E. Cox Med. Ctrs., 376 S.W.3d 633, 638 (Mo. banc
2012) (internal quotation omitted).
Mr. Dieser contends that section 538.300’s restriction on post-judgment interest
violates his constitutional right to a trial by jury in light of this Court’s opinion in Watts.
In Watts, this Court held that the statutory cap on noneconomic damages in medical
malpractice cases violated the plaintiff’s right to a jury trial. Id. at 641. In finding the
statutory cap unconstitutional, this Court explained that “Missouri law long has recognized
that one of the jury’s primary functions is to determine the plaintiff’s damages.” Id. at 639.
This Court went on to reason that, “[l]ike any other type of damages, the amount of
noneconomic damages is a fact that must be determined by the jury and is subject to the
protections of the article I, section 22(a) right to trial by jury.” Id. at 640. The Court
concluded that the statutory noneconomic damages cap “directly curtails the jury’s
determination of damages and, as a result, necessarily infringes on the right to trial by jury
when applied to a cause of action to which the right to jury trial attaches at common law.”
Id.
Mr. Dieser argues that section 538.300’s restriction on post-judgment interest
infringes on the right of a jury to determine damages just like the statutory cap held to be
unconstitutional in Watts. Unlike the statutory cap in Watts, however, the restriction on
post-judgment interest in section 538.300 does not curtail the jury’s determination of
damages.
Post-judgment interest “is not a measure of damages.” 47 C.J.S. Interest & Usury
§ 61 (2014). In fact, post-judgment interest has never been assessed by the jury at common
17
law. Rather, the right to post-judgment interest is purely statutory “because at common
law there was no right to interest on any type of damages.” Id. § 9. It follows that, because
an individual has no right to have a jury assess post-judgment interest at common law,
section 538.300’s restriction on post-judgment interest in medical negligence cases against
health care providers does not directly curtail a jury’s determination of damages.
Consequently, section 538.300 does not infringe on the right to a trial by jury.
No Error from the Cross-Examination about “Never Events”
In its first point on cross-appeal, St. Anthony’s asserts that the trial court abused its
discretion by permitting Dr. Diane Krasner to be cross-examined about stage III and IV
pressure ulcers being classified as “never events.” The trial court has sound discretion with
respect to the admissibility of evidence and over the extent and scope of cross-examination
in civil actions. Nelson v. Waxman, 9 S.W.3d 601, 603-04 (Mo. banc 2000). “The trial
court abuses its discretion when its ruling is clearly against the logic of the circumstances
then before the trial court and is so unreasonable and arbitrary that the ruling shocks the
sense of justice and indicates a lack of careful deliberate consideration.” Id. at 604.
Prior to trial, St. Anthony’s filed a motion in limine to prevent any witness from
referencing a pressure ulcer as a “never event.” In its motion, St. Anthony’s explained that
the term “never event” references proposed guidelines from the Centers for Medicare and
Medicaid Services and would inject evidence of insurance and collateral source payments
into the case. St. Anthony’s also contended that the term should be excluded because the
proposed guidelines did not exist at the time of Mr. Dieser’s injury and should not be used
to define the standard of care in this case. The trial court overruled the motion in limine
18
but ordered that the term “never event” not be used during jury selection or in opening
statements.
On the final day of trial, St. Anthony’s called its expert, Dr. Krasner, who opined
that Mr. Dieser’s pressure wound was an unavoidable ulcer. During her direct
examination, the following colloquy occurred:
Q: Okay. And does the [National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel] have a
definition for unavoidable ulcers?
A: It does.
Q: Okay. How long has it had that definition?
A: It published its definition in 2010, which was a refinement of the
definition that was put out by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid
in 2004.
On cross-examination, counsel for Mr. Dieser argued, outside the presence of the jury, that
Dr. Krasner’s reference to the 2004 definition by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid
Services opened the door for evidence regarding the term “never event.” The trial court
agreed and permitted cross-examination on the issue. The following colloquy occurred on
cross-examination of Dr. Krasner:
Q: And when you were on direct exam and you were explaining to this
jury the basis for your opinion that this ulcer was not preventable, you
mentioned the 2010 regulations – or not regulations, consensus
statement?
A: Correct, consensus statement.
Q: Were based on a 2004 statement by the Centers for Medicare and
Medicaid Services. Isn’t that what you said, ma’am?
A: No. I said that they included the definition that came from [the
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services] for unavoidable.
19
Q: Right. And what you left out, ma’am, is that in 2007 or 2008, the
Centers for Medicaid Services declared that Stage III or IV pressure
ulcers acquired in the hospital are to be considered never events; isn’t
that correct?
A: No. That’s – that’s not correct.
Q: What’s wrong with it?
A: Well, it’s complicated.
Q: Answer me this one: Is a Stage III or IV hospital acquired pressure
ulcer a never event?
Dr. Krasner went on to testify that a proposed regulation for the Centers for Medicare and
Medicaid Services identified some conditions as “never events” that would not be
reimbursed beginning in 2008. She further testified that, although pressure ulcers were not
reimbursed, the “never event” language was not included in the final rule and the term is
no longer used with respect to pressure ulcers.
St. Anthony’s asserts that the trial court erred in permitting cross-examination of
Dr. Krasner regarding the term “never event” because such testimony was legally and
logically irrelevant and prejudiced St. Anthony’s by changing the case into one of strict
liability or negligence per se. In support of its assertion, St. Anthony’s points out that, in
closing, Mr. Dieser’s counsel argued that a stage IV pressure ulcer “is what is known as a
never event or a serious reportable event, and that’s what happened here.”
St. Anthony’s, however, cannot establish that the cross-examination of Dr. Krasner
resulted in reversible error. This Court will not “reverse any judgment unless it finds that
error was committed by the trial court against the appellant materially affecting the merits
20
of the action.” Rule 84.13(b); see also Lewis v. Wahl, 842 S.W.2d 82, 84-85 (Mo. banc
1992). “An erroneous evidentiary ruling warrants reversal . . . only when it affects the
result or the outcome of the case[.]” Lozano v. BSFN Ry. Co., 421 S.W.3d 448, 452 (Mo.
banc 2014) (internal quotation omitted).
While St. Anthony’s asserts that the “never event” testimony turned the case into
one of strict liability or negligence per se, the jury was properly instructed as to the standard
of care in this case. 6 This Court presumes that the jury follows the instructions given by
the trial court. State v. McFadden, 369 S.W.3d 727, 752 (Mo. banc 2012); see also Graves
v. Atchison-Holt Elec. Co-op., 886 S.W.2d 1, 4 (Mo. App. 1994). The fact that Mr. Dieser’s
counsel used the term “never event” once in closing argument is insufficient to overcome
the presumption that the jury followed the standard of care instruction given by the trial
court. St. Anthony’s, therefore, fails to establish that Dr. Krasner’s testimony regarding
“never events” affected the outcome of the case. Accordingly, the trial court did not
commit reversible error when it permitted the cross-examination of Dr. Krasner regarding
the term “never event.”
No Prejudice Resulted from Counsel’s Discussion of the Burden of Proof
In its second point, St. Anthony’s asserts that the trial court erred in overruling its
motion for a new trial because Mr. Dieser’s counsel misstated the burden of proof during
voir dire. “This Court reviews the overruling of a motion for a new trial for abuse of
6
Instruction No. 6 reads: “The term ‘negligent’ or ‘negligence’ as used in this [sic] these
instructions means the failure to use that degree of skill and learning ordinarily used under
the same or similar circumstances by the members of defendant’s employees’ profession.”
21
discretion.” Dodson, 491 S.W.3d at 552. An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial
court’s “ruling is clearly against the logic of the circumstances then before the trial court
and is so unreasonable and arbitrary that the ruling shocks the sense of justice and indicates
a lack of careful deliberate consideration.” Id. “A new trial is available only when trial
error or misconduct of the prevailing party incited prejudice in the jury.” Id. The trial
court also has “broad discretion” in “determining the propriety of questions during the voir
dire.” Callahan v. Cardinal Glennon Hosp., 863 S.W.2d 852, 866 (Mo. banc 1993). An
individual alleging that the trial court abused its discretion during voir dire “has the burden
of showing a real probability that he [or she] was thereby prejudiced.” State v. Nicklasson,
967 S.W.2d 596, 608 (Mo. banc 1998) (internal quotation omitted).
“The purpose of voir dire is to determine which persons harbor bias or prejudice
against either party which would make them unfit to serve as jurors.” Id. Counsel is
afforded wide latitude in questioning “the venire panel to determine preconceived
prejudices which would prevent them from following the court’s instructions.” Id. (internal
quotation omitted).
During voir dire, counsel for Mr. Dieser pursued a line of questioning about the
applicable burden of proof. In doing so, counsel discussed the burden of proof in terms of
percentages:
Well, in a civil case, the jury can go back and talk about what is more likely
true than not true, which is more likely true than not true. Just more likely,
just a little bit more likely.
If you believe what we’re telling you is 51 percent more likely true
and they are, you know, 49 or 52, you know, under the law, that’s enough for
us to win.
....
22
So you don’t have to be 90 percent convinced what we’re saying is
true or 80 percent convinced or 70 or 60, just 51 percent more likely true than
not true.
Is there anybody in the box who thinks that that is just not – that that
is just a little too easy for us? That 51 percent ought to be – you know, it
ought to be more like 60, 70, 80 percent in order to hold the hospital
responsible for the injury that happened to this patient? Anybody believe it
is too easy, 51 percent? I saw maybe some nods.
St. Anthony’s objected to counsel’s use of percentages. The trial court sustained the
objection and told counsel to use the language set out in the jury instruction to discuss the
burden of proof.
Counsel continued explaining the burden of proof:
I anticipate that the Judge is going to give you an instruction at the end of
this case that tells you that if you believe certain propositions that will be
submitted to you by A, B, C and D are – if you believe that such propositions
that we submit in support of our case are more likely to be true than not true,
then you can find in favor of the plaintiff.
What I’m trying to ask is if anybody would have a problem finding in
favor of the patient if all they believe was what we said was more likely true
than not true? Would anybody hold us to a higher standard than that, that
you would need to 80, 90 percent sure? Anybody in the box?
St. Anthony’s again objected to the use of percentages to explain the burden of proof. The
trial court overruled the objection. Counsel for Mr. Dieser then stated:
I anticipate – You know, I anticipate that if you’re on the jury that the Court
will give you an instruction at the end that will say things like – to the effect
of, your verdict must be for plaintiff if you believe A, B, C is more likely true
than not true. And what I’m trying to understand, more likely true, you know,
like a scale. You know, more likely true. It could be like this, and I think
we will show you more like this.
St. Anthony’s objected to counsel’s analogy to scales, but the trial court overruled the
objection.
23
St. Anthony’s asserts that counsel’s line of questioning went beyond a limited
inquiry into whether the prospective jurors could follow the law. This Court has held that
it is preferable “for counsel to ask the members of the panel whether, if the court later
instructs them in a specified manner, they have any opinion or conscientious scruples such
as would prevent them from returning a verdict accordingly.” Duensing v. Huscher, 431
S.W.2d 169, 172 (Mo. 1968) (internal quotation omitted). Here, counsel’s extended
discussion of the burden of proof in terms of percentages went beyond the preferred format
of asking whether the jurors had any scruples about the applicable law that would prevent
them from returning a verdict in accordance with the given instructions. Nevertheless,
counsel’s discussion of the burden of proof did not prejudice St. Anthony’s.
Although St. Anthony’s contends that it was prejudiced because counsel’s
discussion of the burden of proof created an incorrect impression as to which party had the
burden of proof, St. Anthony’s subsequently explained to the panel that Mr. Dieser has
“the burden of proof in this case, and so [he has] the burden to show you and prove more
likely than not that what [he] say[s] occurred here.” In fact, St. Anthony’s reiterated to the
panel several times that Mr. Dieser bore the burden of proof in this case. Moreover, the
jury was properly instructed by the trial court as to the burden of proof at the close of the
case. 7 Given that the jury was otherwise properly instructed as to the burden of proof
7
Instruction no. 5 reads:
In these instructions, you are told that your verdict depends on whether or
not you believe certain propositions of fact submitted to you. The burden is
upon the party who relies upon any such proposition to cause you to believe
that such proposition is more likely to be true than not true. In determining
whether or not you believe any proposition, you must consider only the
24
during voir dire and at the close of evidence, St. Anthony’s cannot establish it was
prejudiced by Mr. Dieser’s counsel’s extended discussion of the burden of proof in terms
of percentages. See State v. Anderson, 79 S.W.3d 420, 443 (Mo. banc 2002); Joseph v.
Elam, 709 S.W.2d 517, 523 (Mo. App. 1986).
No Error Resulted from Testimony That St. Anthony’s Is a Catholic Institution
In its third point, St. Anthony’s asserts that the trial court erred in overruling its
motion for a new trial because Mr. Dieser’s testimony about St. Anthony’s being a Catholic
institution was irrelevant and prejudicial. Again, a trial court’s ruling on a motion for new
trial will be reversed only upon a showing that the trial court has abused its discretion.
Dodson, 491 S.W.3d at 552. “A new trial is available only when trial error or misconduct
of the prevailing party incited prejudice in the jury.” Id.
During Mr. Dieser’s direct examination, the following colloquy occurred:
Q: [Mr. Dieser], I wanted to talk about, you know, the impact of this
wound on you. I guess I want to ask if it affected you emotionally?
A: Oh, it has.
Q: Can you explain that a little bit?
A: I felt betrayed. I’m a Catholic. St. Anthony’s is a Catholic institution.
St. Anthony’s then objected on the basis that Mr. Dieser had injected the issue of religion
into the case. The trial court overruled the objection. Mr. Dieser went on to testify:
evidence and the reasonable inferences derived from the evidence. If the
evidence in the case does not cause you to believe a particular proposition
submitted, then you cannot return a verdict requiring belief of that
proposition.
25
A: I was in a Catholic institution. I am a Catholic. I felt deceived. I have
never really found out about what was really going on. I felt like I
didn’t have a real participation with my nursing case. And then as I
find out some of these things, I feel like St. Anthony’s wants to cast
me off to the side and say it’s your fault, you deal with it. Yes, I’m
angry.
St. Anthony’s asserts that Mr. Dieser’s testimony regarding his religious affiliation
was neither legally nor logically relevant to any issue in the case and that the sole purpose
of Mr. Dieser’s testimony was “to prejudice the minds of the jury against [St. Anthony’s]
and portray it as somehow uncaring and possibly failing in its religious or spiritual
mission.” St. Anthony’s further asserts that because the only purpose of introducing such
evidence was to mislead and prejudice the minds of the jurors, prejudice must be presumed.
St. Anthony’s, however, ignores the context in which the testimony arose.
Whether a party was prejudiced by the admission of evidence “depends largely upon
the facts and circumstances of the particular case.” McGuire v. Seltsam, 138 S.W.3d 718,
722 (Mo. banc 2004). The question is whether the evidence “had any reasonable tendency
to influence the verdict of the jury.” Id. Mr. Dieser’s counsel asked him if the pressure
ulcer had affected him emotionally. In explaining that it had, Mr. Dieser stated that he was
Catholic and that St. Anthony’s is a Catholic institution. He went on to express his
dissatisfaction with the nursing staff and explained he was angry because he felt like
St. Anthony’s cast him off and blamed him for the wound. The testimony, therefore, arose
in the context of Mr. Dieser explaining the emotional impact of his wound. It was not
elicited to mislead or prejudice the jurors against St. Anthony’s because of its religious
26
affiliation. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in overruling the
objection to Mr. Dieser’s testimony.
No Error Resulted from Mr. Dieser’s Closing Argument
In its fourth point, St. Anthony’s asserts that the trial court erred in permitting
Mr. Dieser to make the improper and prejudicial argument during closing that the jurors
would be telling the community what constitutes acceptable medical practices. The trial
court has “broad discretion in ruling on the propriety of a closing argument to the jury and
will suffer reversal only for an abuse of discretion.” Moore v. Mo. Pac. R.R. Co., 825
S.W.2d 839, 844 (Mo. banc 1992). The propriety of a statement made during closing
argument “must be interpreted in the light of the entire record rather than in isolation.”
Kelly ex rel. Kelly v. Jackson, 798 S.W.2d 699, 704 (Mo. banc 1990).
During closing argument, counsel for Mr. Dieser made the following statement:
I had thought the hospital admitted that this was a pressure injury sustained
in the hospital, a Stage III or Stage IV crater in his backside all the way down
to the wound sustained in St. Anthony’s Hospital in the course of three days.
That, ladies and gentleman, is not acceptable medical care in this community,
and that’s what your verdict will say. Your verdict becomes a legal
document.
St. Anthony’s objected that counsel’s statement was an improper “send a message to the
community” argument. The trial court overruled the objection, stating it did not hear the
argument that way.
St. Anthony’s contends that the argument was an improper appeal to the jury to
punish St. Anthony’s despite the fact that Mr. Dieser did not request punitive damages. In
support of its argument, St. Anthony’s relies on Smith v. Courter, 531 S.W.2d 743 (Mo.
27
banc 1976), overruled on other grounds by Tune v. Synergy Gas Corp., 883 S.W.2d 10, 21
(Mo. banc 1994).
In Smith, the plaintiff argued in closing that the jury could, “through the adequacy
of [its] verdict,” say to the defendant “and anybody else that reads about it or hears about
it – improve the quality of what you sell[.]” Id. at 745. The trial court subsequently granted
a new trial on grounds that the plaintiff’s closing argument injected the issue of punitive
damages into the case. Id. at 746. On appeal, this Court upheld the trial court’s judgment
and explained:
[J]uries cannot be told directly or in effect that they may consider punishment
or deterrence as an element of damages and include a sum of money in their
verdict so as to punish the defendant or deter others from like conduct unless
the pleadings, evidence and instructions warrant the separate submission of
punitive damages under the law.
Id. at 748.
This case is distinguishable from Smith. Mr. Dieser’s closing argument did not, in
effect, tell the jury it could consider punishment or deterrence as an element of damages.
Mr. Dieser did not argue to the jury that a portion of the verdict should be awarded to
punish or deter such medical care. Instead, the argument merely encouraged the jury to
find the medical care given by St. Anthony’s to be unacceptable. Accordingly, because the
argument was not an improper appeal to punish St. Anthony’s, the trial court did not abuse
its discretion in overruling the objection to Mr. Dieser’s closing argument.
The Verdict Was Not Excessive
In its final point, St. Anthony’s asserts that the trial court erred in overruling its
motion for new trial because the jury’s verdict was excessive and should have been
28
remitted. This Court reviews a trial court’s determination as to remittitur for an abuse of
discretion. Alcorn v. Union Pac. R.R. Co., 50 S.W.3d 226, 249 (Mo. banc 2001), overruled
on other grounds by Badahman v. Catering St. Louis, 395 S.W.3d 29, 40 (Mo. banc 2013).
This Court is hesitant to interfere with a verdict unless it is manifestly unjust. Id. at 249-
50. “To determine whether a verdict is manifestly unjust, an appellate court reviews the
evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict.” Id. at 250.
Before a verdict can be deemed excessive, the party must show both that the amount
of “the verdict is excessive and that some event occurred at trial that incited the bias and
prejudice of the jury.” Giddens v. Kansas City S. Ry. Co., 29 S.W.3d 813, 822 (Mo. banc
2000); see also Callahan, 863 S.W.2d at 872. “[T]he size of the verdict alone will not
establish passion and prejudice by the jury. There must be a showing of some other error
at trial.” Callahan, 863 S.W.2d at 872.
In asserting that it is entitled to remittitur, St. Anthony’s contends that the other trial
errors alleged in its brief incited the bias and prejudice of the jury and resulted in an
excessive verdict. St. Anthony’s, however, has not established that error resulted from the
issues raised in its prior points on appeal. Where the errors alleged are nonmeritorious
“they cannot serve as a predicate for a finding of excessiveness of the verdict.” Giddens,
29 S.W.3d at 822. Accordingly, St. Anthony’s has failed to prove that some trial error
occurred that incited the bias and prejudice of the jury and resulted in an excessive verdict.
Moreover, even if some trial error had occurred, St. Anthony’s cannot establish that
the amount of the verdict is excessive under the facts and circumstances of this case. “[A]
court may order remittitur if, after reviewing the evidence in support of the jury’s verdict,
29
the court finds that the jury’s verdict is excessive because the amount of the verdict exceeds
fair and reasonable compensation for [the] plaintiff’s injury and damages.” Alcorn, 50
S.W.3d at 249 (internal quotation omitted). Because there “is no exact formula for
determining whether an award of compensatory damages is excessive, . . . each case must
be considered on its own set of facts.” Id. at 250.
Here, Mr. Dieser presented evidence that, while being cared for by St. Anthony’s,
he developed a stage IV pressure ulcer on his backside that extended from the surface of
his skin all the way to the bone. The depth and severity of the ulcer required surgery to cut
and remove dead tissue from the wound. Following the surgery, the wound required
multiple daily dressings. Mr. Dieser’s wife did most of the daily dressings, which required
her to wear gloves and insert creams and gauze pads into the deep wound. Mr. Dieser
testified that the dressings were incredibly painful and required a prescription for lidocaine
to numb the area around the wound. Mr. Dieser testified that it was upsetting and
embarrassing to have his wife treat the wound on his backside multiple times a day.
Despite their efforts, the wound failed to heal properly and required additional
surgery. It was more than a year before the wound completely healed. Mr. Dieser testified
that, during the course of the year, he became depressed because caring for the pressure
ulcer had taken over his and his family’s lives.
Mr. Dieser introduced further evidence that the treatment of his pressure ulcer
interfered with his normal daily life. Mr. Dieser testified that the wound required frequent
doctor visits in which he would have to bare his backside to multiple people who would
poke and prod on a sensitive part of the body. The record also reflects that Mr. Dieser had
30
to purchase or use special equipment to accommodate his injury and had limited mobility,
which restricted his ability to mow, fish, and attend his daughter’s band concerts.
Finally, the record reflects that the ulcer has lasting effects on Mr. Dieser’s life.
Mr. Dieser testified that he still experiences pain when he bends and lifts and has to shift
from side to side to get comfortable when sitting. Evidence was also introduced that
Mr. Dieser is more susceptible to pressure ulcers of increased severity in the future. As a
result, Mr. Dieser has developed a fear of hospitals.
St. Anthony’s attempts to discredit such evidence by focusing on Mr. Dieser’s
preexisting health conditions and downplaying the lasting effects of his injury. The jurors,
however, are responsible for weighing the evidence and determining the credibility of
witnesses. Cox v. Kansas City Chiefs Football Club, Inc., 473 S.W.3d 107, 126 (Mo. banc
2015). Accordingly, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, the
compensatory damages award was not excessive; therefore, the trial court did not abuse its
discretion by overruling the motion for remittitur of damages.
Conclusion
Mr. Dieser was neither entitled to post-judgment interest under section 408.040.1,
nor did the trial court’s application of section 538.300 violate Mr. Dieser’s constitutional
rights to equal protection, open courts, or a trial by jury. Moreover, St. Anthony’s cannot
establish that reversible error resulted from the questioning of its expert about “never
events,” counsel’s discussion of the burden of proof during voir dire, Mr. Dieser’s
testimony that St. Anthony’s is a Catholic institution, or counsel’s closing argument.
Likewise, because the verdict was not excessive, the trial court did not abuse its discretion
31
in overruling the motion for remittitur of damages. Accordingly, this Court affirms the
trial court’s judgment.
___________________________________
PATRICIA BRECKENRIDGE, CHIEF JUSTICE
All concur.
32
William Dieser, Respondent/Cross-Appellant v. St. Anthony's Medical Center, Appellant/Cross-Respondent.
Combined Opinion