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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
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No. 15-12605
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 1:14-cr-20017-KMW-7
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
CHRISTIAN RAMIREZ,
a.k.a. Joker,
Defendant-Appellant.
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(October 7, 2016)
Before ED CARNES, Chief Judge, TJOFLAT, and WILLIAM PRYOR, Circuit
Judges.
PER CURIAM:
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Christian Ramirez pleaded guilty to conspiring to possess with intent to
distribute 28 grams or more of crack cocaine and detectable amounts of marijuana
and Methylenedioxymethcathinone (MDMC), in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, and
was sentenced to 121 months imprisonment. He contends that his guilty plea was
not knowing and voluntary, that the government breached its plea agreement, and
that the sentence is substantively unreasonable.
I.
A second superseding indictment charged Ramirez with conspiracy to
possess with intent to distribute 280 grams or more of crack cocaine and detectable
amounts of marijuana and MDMC, substantive possession with intent to distribute
crack cocaine, and possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking
crime. Four months later, without a written plea agreement, he entered into a plea
deal with the government. Under the terms of the deal, the government dismissed
the second superseding indictment and filed a superseding information charging
Ramirez with a single offense: conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute 28
grams or more of crack cocaine and detectable amounts of marijuana and MDMC.
Ramirez agreed to and signed the government’s factual proffer, stipulating that he
distributed “over 28 grams” of crack cocaine and was “responsible [for] up to 840
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grams of cocaine base, based on the reasonably foreseeable actions of his co-
conspirators.” He pleaded guilty that same day.
The presentence investigation report (PSR) calculated Ramirez’s guidelines
range as 121 to 151 months imprisonment, finding him responsible for 280 grams
or more of crack cocaine for sentencing purposes. Ramirez objected to that
finding, arguing that he should be responsible for only 28 to 112 grams. The
government opposed Ramirez’s objection, and the district court overruled it. If the
court had attributed 28 grams to Ramirez, instead of 280, it would have reduced his
base offense level by four levels.
II.
Ramirez contends that the district court plainly erred by finding that his
guilty plea was knowing and voluntary because he did not understand the
sentencing consequences of the plea. Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11
requires that the judge ascertain in open court that the defendant’s plea is knowing
and voluntary before accepting the plea. Because Ramirez did not raise a Rule 11
challenge or move to withdraw his guilty plea in district court, we review only for
plain error.
“An appellate court may not correct an error the defendant failed to raise in
district court unless there is: (1) error, (2) that is plain, and (3) that affects
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substantial rights.” United States v. Rodriguez, 398 F.3d 1291, 1298 (11th Cir.
2005) (quoting United States v. Cotton, 535 U.S. 625, 631, 122 S. Ct. 1781, 1785
(2002)). Even if all three of those conditions are met, we may consider a forfeited
error only if it “seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of
judicial proceedings.” Id. (quoting Cotton, 535 U.S. at 631, 122 S. Ct. at 1785).
Ramirez contends that he did not understand the consequences of his plea
because the district court never explained to him that he could be accountable for
the conduct of his co-conspirators. That is simply not true. During the plea
colloquy the court told him that the superseding information he was pleading guilty
to charged him with possession of 28 grams or more “as a result of [his] own
conduct, as well as the conduct of other co-conspirators or conspirators reasonably
foreseeable to the defendant.” And in the factual proffer Ramirez stipulated that he
was “responsible [for] up to 840 grams of cocaine base, based on the reasonably
foreseeable actions of his co-conspirators.” The district court did not err by
accepting Ramirez’s plea as knowing and voluntary.
III.
Ramirez also contends that the government breached its plea deal when it
opposed his objection to the PSR. Because he did not raise this issue in district
court, it too is reviewed only for plain error. Rodriguez, 398 F.3d at 1298.
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Ramirez asserts that the factual proffer submitted with his plea established that he
was responsible for only 28 grams of crack cocaine. He argues that the
government, by accepting that plea deal, was bound to support — or at least not
oppose — his objection to the PSR finding that he was responsible for 280 grams
or more. This argument fails because the factual proffer actually stipulated that
Ramirez was responsible for “over 28 grams” and “up to 840 grams, based on the
reasonably foreseeable actions of his co-conspirators.”
Along the same lines, he asserts that he received no benefit from his bargain
because at sentencing the government argued that he was responsible for 280
grams of crack cocaine — the same amount charged in the second superseding
indictment. Not so. First of all, when the government dismissed that indictment
and charged him by information, his mandatory minimum sentence was lowered.
That is because the crime charged in the superseding information, conspiracy to
possess 28 grams or more of crack cocaine, has a mandatory minimum of only five
years, compared to a mandatory minimum of ten years for conspiracy to possess
280 grams or more. Second, by dismissing the second superseding indictment the
government dropped an 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) charge that carried the possibility of a
life sentence. Because the government’s actions complied with the plea deal and
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Ramirez did receive significant benefits from the deal, he has not shown that the
district court erred, plainly or otherwise. 1
IV.
Ramirez’s final contention is that his sentence is substantively unreasonable.
We review the substantive reasonableness of a sentence for abuse of discretion.
United States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 1160, 1188–89 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc). We will
vacate a sentence as substantively unreasonable “if, but only if, we are left with the
definite and firm conviction that the district court committed a clear error of
judgment in weighing the [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a) factors by arriving at a sentence
that lies outside the range of reasonable sentences dictated by the facts of the case.”
Id. at 1190 (quoting United States v. Pugh, 515 F.3d 1179, 1191 (11th Cir. 2008)).
In determining Ramirez’s sentence, the court reasonably considered the
§ 3553(a) factors. The court noted that Ramirez had a history of violent crime,
including attempted murder, and firearms offenses. As part of the factual proffer,
Ramirez admitted to being a member of a violent drug-dealing gang. And even
1
Ramirez filed a Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(j) letter brief contending that
our recent decision in United States v. Hunter, — F.3d —, No. 15-12640, 2016 WL 4490490
(11th Cir. Aug. 26, 2016), supports his claim that the government breached its plea deal.
Although we did hold in Hunter that the government breached its plea deal, that case is factually
distinct because the government had promised to request on specific grounds a two-level
reduction in the applicable sentencing guidelines range, and then at sentencing moved for an
upward variance instead. By contrast, the government here fulfilled its promises by dropping
two charges and reducing the mandatory minimum applicable to Ramirez.
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though he took steps to become employed, selling crack cocaine remained his
principal occupation until his arrest. Ramirez asserts that it was unreasonable for
the district court to take into account the conduct of his co-conspirators when
determining his sentence. But Ramirez himself stipulated that he was responsible
for “over 28 grams” and “up to 840 grams of cocaine base, based on the reasonably
foreseeable actions of his co-conspirators.” It was not a clear error of judgment for
the district court to determine that 121 months imprisonment, which was at the
bottom of Ramirez’s guidelines range, was an appropriate sentence. The district
court did not abuse its discretion.2
AFFIRMED.
2
Nearly five months after filing his reply brief, Ramirez requested leave to file a
supplemental brief. In this brief Ramirez would argue that he is entitled to a “mitigating role
adjustment” under Amendment 794 to the sentencing guidelines. A party abandons a claim if he
does not “plainly and prominently” raise it in his briefs. Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co.,
739 F.3d 678, 680–81 (11th Cir. 2014) (quoting Cole v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 712 F.3d 517, 530
(11th Cir. 2013)). Amendment 794 became effective in November 2015, well before Ramirez
filed his opening brief, and he made no mention of this argument in either his opening brief or
his reply brief. It is therefore abandoned and we will not consider it. Ramirez’s motion to file a
supplemental brief is DENIED.
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