[Cite as Eighth Floor Promotions, L.L.C. v. Cincinnati Ins. Cos., 2016-Ohio-7259.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
MERCER COUNTY
EIGHTH FLOOR PROMOTIONS,
PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT, CASE NO. 10-15-19
v.
THE CINCINNATI INSURANCE
COMPANIES, OPINION
DEFENDANT-APPELLEE.
Appeal from Mercer County Common Pleas Court
Trial Court No. 13-CIV-009
Judgment Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part and Cause Remanded
Date of Decision: October 11, 2016
APPEARANCES:
Stuart E. Scott and Daniel Frech for Appellant
Nancy K. Tordai and D. Wesley Newhouse for Appellee
Case No. 10-15-19
ROGERS, J.
{¶1} Plaintiff-Appellant, Eighth Floor Promotions, L.L.C. (“Eighth Floor”),
appeals the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Mercer County granting
summary judgment in favor of Defendant-Appellee, The Cincinnati Insurance
Companies (“Cincinnati Insurance”). On appeal, Eighth Floor argues that the trial
court erred in finding that Cincinnati Insurance did not have a duty to defend it
against allegations of copyright infringement. For the reasons that follow, we affirm
in part, and reverse in part, the judgment of the trial court, and remand for further
consideration.
{¶2} This case arises out of an insurance coverage dispute between Eighth
Floor and Cincinnati Insurance. Eighth Floor is a Nevada limited liability company
with its principle place of business in Celina, Ohio. It manufactures and sells sports
awards and business gifts. It is managed by a few officers, some of whom also sit
on its board of directors.
{¶3} Eighth Floor’s Operating Agreement provides that it will “indemnify
and hold harmless” its officers and directors “[i]n any “threatened * * * claim, action
or proceeding to which any officer or any [director] * * * is [a] party or is threatened
to be made a party by reason of its or his activities on behalf of [Eighth Floor].”
(Docket No. 35, Ex. 2, p. 15).
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{¶4} In 2010, Eighth Floor purchased an insurance policy from Cincinnati
Insurance (“the Policy”). The Policy provided that Cincinnati Insurance would “pay
on behalf of the ‘company’ all ‘loss’ which the ‘company’ [was] required to pay as
indemnification to the ‘individual insureds’ resulting from any ‘claim’ first made
during the ‘policy period’ * * * for a ‘wrongful act’ ”. (Docket No. 33, Ex. 1-A, p.
12). The Policy defined “company” as “the ‘insured entity’ and any ‘subsidiary’ ”
and “individual insureds” as “[a]ll persons who were, now are, or shall become
directors, officers or employees, of the ‘company’ ”. (Id. at p. 14).
{¶5} On May 11, 2011, Eighth Floor’s Chief Executive Officer, Dave Willis,
received the following letter from the Business Software Alliance (“the BSA”):
Dear Mr. Willis:
This firm represents [the BSA] in connection with its investigation of
possible instances of illegal duplication of certain software
companies’ proprietary software products. The BSA represents the
interests of [17 software companies].
We recently have been advised that [Eighth Floor] has installed on its
computers more copies of [22 software programs] than it is licensed
to use.
Unauthorized duplication of computer software products constitutes
copyright infringement. The Copyright Act (17 U.S.C. § 101 et seq.)
provides that copyright owners may recover actual damages or
statutory damages. In cases where the infringement is willful
statutory damages can reach $150,000 for each copyrighted product
that has been infringed. The copyright owner can also seek attorneys
[sic] fees.
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However, [the] BSA member companies have determined that
litigation may not be necessary in this case, especially as senior
management may not have had an opportunity to investigate or
consider the ramifications of using unlicensed software. The BSA
member companies instead wish to resolve this matter amicably by
providing Eighth Floor with an opportunity to conduct its own
company-wide investigation. To take advantage of this opportunity,
Eighth Floor’s investigation must include an audit of all of the
software published by [the] BSA members (see above) on all of its
computers and a review of the software licenses and proofs of
purchase for those licenses.
Please understand that while we are contacting you in an effort to
avoid litigation, the BSA member companies are not waiving their
right to litigate to protect their copyrights if this effort is not
successful. We therefore must insist that you contact us by May 31,
2011. At that time we will provide you with specific guidance on how
to conduct your audit.
In addition, please do not destroy or replace any copies of any of the
computer software products published by the above-mentioned
companies that are currently installed on Eighth Floor’s computers.
The software programs installed on Eighth Floor’s computers are
evidence and therefore must be preserved in case this matter does
proceed to litigation. In the meantime, you should not attempt to enter
into any negotiations with sales representatives of these companies to
purchase computer software products prior to the resolution of this
matter.
We look forward to your cooperation.
Sincerely,
Troutman Sanders LLP
***
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(Emphasis sic.) (Docket No. 35, Ex. 4). The letter (“the audit request”) was
forwarded to Eighth Floor’s insurance agent, who forwarded it to Cincinnati
Insurance.
{¶6} On May 20, 2011, Eighth Floor retained counsel to conduct a software
compliance audit and prepare a summary of the results; assist it in its efforts to
comply with all applicable software licensing requirements; attempt to negotiate a
favorable settlement with the BSA; review its applicable insurance policies; and
review proposed software license purchases.
{¶7} On May 26, 2011, Cincinnati Insurance denied coverage for losses
incurred in connection with the audit request. It explained that the audit request did
not constitute a “claim” under the Policy because it was neither a “written demand
for monetary damages or non-monetary relief” nor a “civil proceeding commenced
by filing a complaint or similar pleading.” (Docket No. 33, Ex. 1-C, p. 2). It agreed,
however, to treat the audit request as a “notice of circumstances” that may give rise
to a claim covered under the Policy but warned that “based on the information
currently known,” coverage for a future claim may be limited or precluded under
one of the Policy’s exclusions. (Id.)
{¶8} On November 9, 2011, after Eighth Floor’s software compliance audit
revealed numerous unauthorized software installations, Eighth Floor’s counsel
received the following letter from the BSA:
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Dear Mr. Barnett:
Thank you for investigating the installation and licensing of certain
computer software products at [Eighth Floor]. [The] BSA appreciates
Eighth Floor’s cooperation in this matter.
As you may know, unauthorized duplication of computer software
products constitutes copyright infringement for which the Federal
Copyright Act, specifically 17 U.S.C. § 504(c), allows the recovery of
statutory damages ranging up to $150,000 per product for willful
conduct. Even if willful conduct cannot conclusively be established,
Section 504 permits the copyright owner to elect an award of non-
willful statutory damages of as much as $30,000 for each work
infringed without the necessity of demonstrating actual damages.
Additionally, 17 U.S.C. § 505 permits the court to award to the
prevailing party its costs and reasonable attorneys’ fees.
Often when the BSA investigates [sic] company for copyright
infringement and discovers unauthorized activity, [the] BSA will seek
in settlement an amount equal to several times the full retail value of
all unauthorized copies of software products published by the
software companies whose interests are represented by [the] BSA.
In this case, however, [the] BSA member companies believe that it is
the best interest of all parties to resolve this matter short of litigation.
To that end, we have formulated a settlement proposal which takes
into account the manufacturer’s suggested retail price (“MSRP”) of
the unlicensed installations, the cooperation Eighth Floor has
exhibited, and all underlying facts. While the amount to be derived
from the BSA falls well below Eighth Floor’s maximum exposure as
set out above, [the] BSA’s approach does serve a similar purpose – to
deter infringement.
After all, if it were possible simply to become compliant once
infringement was discovered, there would be no reason to obey the
copyright laws in the first place. To the contrary, such a system would
create substantial incentive to copy software. Accordingly, I have
been authorized to extend a settlement offer on the following terms,
which are documented in the attached Settlement Agreement:
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1. Eighth Floor will certify through one of its corporate officers,
that (a) the software inventory report(s) provided during the
negotiation of this settlement is true and accurate and contains a
complete and accurate list of all copies of all Computer Software
Products installed on its computers as of May 11, 2011; (b) all
Computer Software Products installed on Eighth Floor’s computers
for which it does not have a license have been destroyed; (c) a
sufficient number of licenses for the remaining Computer Software
Programs have been purchased to ensure legal use; and (d) only
licensed copies of the Computer Software Products are now and will
in the future be installed on Eighth Floor’s computers.
Documentation of compliance with these provisions will be provided
along with the certificate described above.
2. Eighth Floor will agree to execute a Software Code of Ethics and
to circulate it to all employees, personnel and affiliated companies.
3. Eighth Floor will agree to permit the BSA to conduct two
inspections per year for three years of Eighth Floor’s computers to
confirm the absence of copyright infringement. The inspections will
be at the BSA’s option and expense absent any discovery of
infringement, and at Eighth Floor’s expense if infringement is found
to any Computer Software Product.
4. Eighth Floor will make a payment to the BSA in the amount of
$179,393.48, a three-time multiplier of the MSRP owed plus
attorney’s fees. This payment is to resolve Eighth Floor’s potential
liability for copyright infringement and is in addition to any costs
incurred by Eight Floor in complying with item 1 above.
5. [sic] The BSA member companies will forego the filing any
lawsuit against Eighth Floor and will release Eighth Floor from any
liability related to past infringement of the copyrights in the software
products listed below due to Eighth Floor’s use and/or installation of
those products on Eighth Floor’s computers.
***
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This offer is made with the assumption that this case will settle
quickly. If it does not, costs will only increase and the potential for a
non-litigation resolution will decrease.
The remaining terms of [the] BSA’s settlement offer are set out in the
enclosed settlement agreement. * * *
Sincerely,
[Troutman Sanders]
(Docket No. 33, Ex. 1-D, p. 3-7. Attached to the letter was a “Settlement
Agreement,” offering to release “Eighth Floor, its officers, directors, employees,
shareholders, attorneys and assigns” from any and all claims relating to the alleged
copyright infringement in exchange for Eighth Floor’s compliance with the above-
mentioned terms. (Id. at p. 9).
{¶9} The letter and settlement agreement (collectively “the settlement offer”)
was forwarded to Eighth Floor’s insurance agent, who forwarded it to Cincinnati
Insurance.
{¶10} On December 8, 2011, Cincinnati Insurance denied coverage for
losses incurred in connection with the settlement offer. It acknowledged that the
settlement offer constituted a “claim” under the Policy but stated that it had no
obligation to defend or indemnify Eighth Floor under Exclusion K of the Policy.
(Docket No. 35, p. Ex. 15, p. 4). It explained,
The Policy includes a copyright infringement exclusion[.] Part V.
Section I. – Exclusion K provides that Cincinnati [Insurance] is not
liable to pay, indemnify or defend any ‘claim’;
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* * * Based upon, arising out of, or in consequence of, or in any way
involving actual or alleged infringement of copyright, patent,
trademark, trade secret, service mark, trade name, or misappropriation
of ideas or trade secrets or other intellectual property rights. . .
(Id.)
{¶11} Later that month, Eighth Floor entered into a settlement agreement
with the BSA whereby Eighth Floor and its officers and directors were released
from any and all claims relating to the alleged copyright infringement.
{¶12} On January 22, 2013, Eighth Floor filed a complaint in the Court of
Common Pleas of Mercer County seeking declaratory relief regarding the terms of
the Policy and asserting breach of contract and bad faith claims against Cincinnati
Insurance. Cincinnati Insurance filed a timely answer, and eventually, both parties
moved for summary judgment.
{¶13} In its motion for summary judgment, Cincinnati Insurance argued that
it did not have a duty to defend Eighth Floor under the terms of the Policy.
Specifically, it argued that the audit request was not a “claim” within the meaning
of the Policy, and even if it was, the audit request and the settlement offer were
excluded from coverage under Exclusion K because they were “claims” concerning
copyright infringement against Eighth Floor.
{¶14} Conversely, Eighth Floor argued that Cincinnati Insurance had a duty
to defend it under the terms of the Policy. Specifically, it argued that the audit
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request was a “claim” within the meaning of the Policy because it demanded an
audit and the preservation of software and threatened litigation. It further argued
that the audit request and the settlement offer were not excluded under Exclusion K
because that exclusion did not apply to a “ ‘claim’ against any ‘individual
insureds’.” (Docket No. 35, p. 10). It explained, “the BSA [sic] allegations
constituted a copyright ‘claim’ against the ‘individual insureds’ (the [o]fficers and
[d]irectors) because the [o]fficers and [d]irectors were by law both vicariously liable
for the infringement, and jointly and severally liable with the company for the
damages.” (Id.)
{¶15} Both parties later filed briefs in opposition of summary judgment and
reply briefs in support of summary judgment.
{¶16} On November 23, 2015, the trial court granted Cincinnati Insurance’s
motion for summary judgment, denied Eighth Floor’s motion for summary
judgment, and dismissed Eighth Floor’s complaint. In doing so, it made the
following findings of fact and conclusions of law:
1. Eighth Floor’s claims against [Cincinnati Insurance] are for the
costs and expenses for resolving the claims made by [the] BSA against
Eighth Floor for copyright infringement.
2. [The audit request] from [the] BSA to Eighth Floor does not
satisfy the [Policy’s] definition of a ‘claim’ against any insureds as set
forth in the [P]olicy.
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3. The [settlement offer] from [the] BSA * * * is a claim against
Eighth Floor only, despite the potential liability of its officers and
directors under the federal copyright infringement protection statute.
4. Despite the proposed settlement agreement explicitly releasing
the directors and officers from liability to [the] BSA, [the] BSA never
made any claim against those persons who are the named insureds as
defined in the exception to Exclusion K of the [Policy] that excluded
coverage for the losses Eighth Floor may incur for violating the
copyright infringement statute.
5. Because [the] BSA never made a written demand against an
individual officer or director for whom the exception to Exclusion K
of the [Policy] provides coverage, [the] BSA never made a claim
against those individuals insured by the [P]olicy * * *.
6. Although [the] BSA could have made claims against the officers
and directors of Eighth Floor for violations of the copyright
infringement law, which claims would have been covered under the
[P]olicy, the fact remains that it did not; and because [the] BSA made
its claims only against Eighth Floor, despite the language of the
proposed settlement agreement that released the officers and directors
of Eighth Floor for any claims of [the] BSA, no claim was ever made
by [the] BSA against Eighth Floor that is covered by the terms of the
[P]olicy * * *.
(Docket No. 63, p. 6-7).
{¶17} It is from this judgment that Eighth Floor appeals, presenting the
following assignment of error for our review.
Assignment of Error
THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED REVERSIBLE ERROR
WHEN IT HELD THAT THE LETTERS SENT TO EIGHTH
FLOOR THROUGH ITS DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS,
WHEN CONSIDERING THE SURROUNDING
CIRCUMSTANCES, DID NOT GIVE RISE TO A DUTY FOR
CINCINNATI INSURANCE COMPANY TO PROVIDE A
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DEFENSE TO THE DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS UNDER
THE BLUE CHIP POLICY.
{¶18} In its sole assignment of error, Eighth Floor argues that the trial court
erred in finding that Cincinnati Insurance did not have a duty to defend it against
the BSA’s allegations of copyright infringement. Specifically, Eighth Floor argues
that the trial court erred in finding that (1) the audit request was not a “claim” under
Part I, Section IV of the Policy and (2) that the settlement offer was excluded from
coverage under Exclusion K of the Policy. We agree, in part.
{¶19} An appellate court reviews a summary judgment order de
novo. Hillyer v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 131 Ohio App.3d 172, 175 (8th
Dist.1999). However, a reviewing court will not reverse an otherwise correct
judgment merely because the lower court utilized different or erroneous reasons as
the basis for its determination. Diamond Wine & Spirits, Inc. v. Dayton Heidelberg
Distrib. Co., Inc., 148 Ohio App.3d 596, 2002-Ohio-3932, ¶ 25 (3d Dist.), citing
State ex rel. Cassels v. Dayton City School Dist. Bd. of Edn., 69 Ohio St.3d 217, 222
(1994). Summary judgment is appropriate when, looking at the evidence as a whole:
(1) there is no genuine issue as to any material fact, and (2) the moving party is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Civ.R. 56(C). In conducting this analysis,
the court must determine “that reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion
and that conclusion is adverse to the party against whom the motion for summary
judgment is made, [the nonmoving] party being entitled to have the evidence or
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stipulation construed most strongly in the [nonmoving] party’s favor.” Id. If any
doubts exist, the issue must be resolved in favor of the nonmoving party. Murphy
v. City of Reynoldsburg, 65 Ohio St.3d 356, 358-359 (1992).
{¶20} The party moving for summary judgment has the initial burden of
producing some evidence which demonstrates the lack of a genuine issue of material
fact. Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 292 (1996). In doing so, the moving party
is not required to produce any affirmative evidence, but must identify those portions
of the record which affirmatively support his argument. Id. at 292. The nonmoving
party must then rebut with specific facts showing the existence of a genuine triable
issue; he may not rest on the mere allegations or denials of his pleadings. Id.; Civ.R.
56(E).
The Policy
{¶21} Part I of the Policy is titled “DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS
LIABILITY AND COMPANY COVERAGE.” (Docket No. 33, Ex. 1-A, p. 12).
Part I, Section I, titled “INSURING AGREEMENTS”, provides that Cincinnati
Insurance will “pay on behalf of the ‘company’ all ‘loss’ which the ‘company’ is
required to pay as indemnification to the ‘individual insureds’ resulting from any
‘claim’ first made during the ‘policy period’ * * * for a ‘wrongful act’ ”. (Id.)
{¶22} Part I, Section IV, titled “DEFINITIONS”, provides the following
definitions:
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A. ‘Claim’ means:
1. A written demand for monetary damages or non-monetary
relief; or
2. A civil proceeding commenced by filing of a complaint or
similar pleading;
***
B. ‘Company’ means the ‘insured entity’ and any ‘subsidiary’.
C. ‘Individual insureds’ means:
1. All persons who were, now are, or shall become directors,
officers or employees, of the ‘company’;
***
D. ‘Insureds’ means the ‘company’ and the ‘individual insureds’.
E. ‘Loss’ means ‘defense costs’ and the total amount of monetary
damages which the ‘insured’ becomes legally obligated to pay on
account of any ‘claim’ for a ‘wrongful act’ with respect to which
coverage hereunder applies, including damages, judgments,
settlements * * *.
***
H. ‘Wrongful act’ means any actual or alleged error, misstatement,
misleading statement, act, omission, neglect or breach of duty
committed, attempted, or allegedly committed or attempted on or after
the Retroactive Date, if any, * * * and prior to the end of the ‘policy
period’ by:
1. Any of the ‘individual insureds’ in the discharge of their
duties solely in their capacity as a director, officer, or
employee of the ‘company’;
***
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3. The ‘company’.
(Docket No. 33, Ex. A-1, p. 13-14).
{¶23} Part V of the Policy is titled “GENERAL PROVISIONS
APPLICABLE TO ALL COVERAGE PARTS FORMING THIS POLICY.” Part
V, Section I, titled “EXCLUSIONS”, provides that
[Cincinnati Insurance] [is] not liable to pay, indemnify or defend any
‘claim’:
***
K. Based upon, arising out of, or in consequence of, or in any way
involving actual or alleged infringement of copyright, patent,
trademark, trade secret, service mark, trade name, or misappropriation
of ideas or trade secrets or other intellectual property rights; provided,
however, this exclusion shall not apply to any ‘claim’ against any
‘individual insureds’;
(Id. at p. 27).
The Audit Request
{¶24} The Policy’s definition of a “claim” includes a “written demand for *
* * non-monetary relief.” (Docket No. 33, Ex. A-1, p. 13). None of these terms
are defined.
{¶25} When a term in an insurance policy is undefined, it is given its “plain
and ordinary meaning unless manifest absurdity results, or unless some other
meaning is clearly intended from the face or overall contents of the instrument.”
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Case No. 10-15-19
Alexander v. Buckeye Pipe Line Co., 53 Ohio St.2d 241, 245-46 (1978), citing First
Natl. Bank v. Houtzer, 96 Ohio St. 404, 406-407 (1917). When an undefined term
has a plain and ordinary meaning, it is “unnecessary and impermissible for a court
to resort to construction of that language.” Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v. Guman
Bros. Farm, 73 Ohio St.3d 107, 108 (1995), citing Karabin v. State Auto. Mut. Ins.
Co., 10 Ohio St.3d 163, 166-167 (1984). However, “[w]hen interpreting a contract,
we will presume that words are used for a specific purpose and will avoid
interpretations that render portions meaningless or unnecessary.” Wohl v. Swinney,
118 Ohio St.3d 277, 2008-Ohio-2334, ¶ 22, citing State v. Bethel, 110 Ohio St.3d
416, 2006-Ohio-4853, ¶ 50.
{¶26} “Demand” is defined as “[t]he assertion of a legal right or procedural
right.” Black's Law Dictionary 522 (10th Ed.2014).
{¶27} “Non” is defined as “[n]ot; no.” Id. at 1212. “Monetary” is defined
as “[o]f, relating to, or involving money.” Id. at 1158.
{¶28} “Relief” is defined as “[t]he redress or benefit, esp. equitable in nature
(such as injunction or specific performance), that a party asks of a court. Also termed
remedy.” (Emphasis sic.) Id. at 1482. “Remedy” is defined as “[t]he means of
enforcing a right or preventing or redressing a wrong; legal or equitable relief.” Id.
at 1485.
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{¶29} In interpreting “relief” as used herein, we will look to the plain and
ordinary meaning of “remedy.” This is necessary because if we looked to the plain
and ordinary meaning of “relief” then the Policy’s second definition of a “claim”
(“a civil proceeding commenced by filing of a complaint or similar pleading”)
would be rendered meaningless and unnecessary, as a civil complaint or similar
pleading necessarily requires a party to ask something of a court.
{¶30} Here, Cincinnati Insurance argues that the audit request is not a written
demand for non-monetary relief because it only advised Eighth Floor that the BSA
was investigating possible instances of copyright infringement and gave Eighth
Floor an opportunity to conduct its own company-wide investigation to determine
whether any copyright infringement had occurred. It maintains that “Eighth Floor’s
investigation would not provide redress or benefit to the BSA, particularly if no
copyright infringement was found.” Appellee’s Brief, p. 15-16.
{¶31} In support, Cincinnati Insurance relies on the first sentence of the audit
request which provides, “[Troutman Sanders] represents [the BSA] in connection
with its investigation of possible instances of illegal duplication of certain software
companies’ proprietary software products.” (Emphasis added). (Docket No. 35, Ex.
4, p. 1). While this sentence, standing alone, could support Cincinnati Insurance’s
argument, the rest of the audit request does not.
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{¶32} The second paragraph of the audit request states, “We have recently
been advised that [Eighth Floor] has installed on its computers more copies of [19
software programs] than it is licensed to use.” (Emphasis added.) (Id.). The audit
request does not state that the BSA was advised that Eighth Floor may have installed
on its computers more copies of the programs than it was licensed to use.
{¶33} The fourth paragraph of the audit request states, “However, [the] BSA
member companies have determined that litigation may not be necessary in this
case, especially as senior management may not have had an opportunity to
investigate or consider the ramifications of using unlicensed software.” (Emphasis
added.) (Id. at p. 1-2). The audit request does not state that senior management
may not have had an opportunity to investigate or consider whether Eighth Floor
had committed copyright violations.
{¶34} And to the extent that the word “investigate” could be read broadly,
the final paragraph of the audit request states, “The software programs installed on
Eighth Floor’s computers are evidence and therefore must be preserved in case this
matter does proceed to litigation.” (Emphasis added.) (Id. at p. 2). The audit
request does not state that the software programs installed on Eighth Floor’s
computers may be evidence.
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{¶35} Thus, contrary to Cincinnati Insurance’s claim, the audit request
sought to determine the extent of Eighth Floor’s copyright violations—not whether
Eighth Floor had committed copyright violations.
{¶36} That being said, although the audit request gave Eighth Floor the
“opportunity” to conduct a company-wide software audit, it implied that if Eighth
Floor did not take up this “opportunity,” then the matter would proceed to litigation,
where the BSA could have achieved the same result. The audit request also sought
the preservation of evidence and stated that Willis should not attempt to purchase
any software from sales representative of these companies until the matter was
resolved.
{¶37} These measures were the BSA’s “means of enforcing a right” and
“preventing a wrong” within the plain and ordinary meaning of “remedy.” See Gold
Tip, LLC v. Carolina Cas. Ins. Co., D. Utah No. 2:11-CV-00765-BSJ, 2012 WL
3638538, *4 (Aug. 23, 2012) (a written demand for non-monetary relief can
encompass a letter that coerces conduct of the policyholder through the threat of
using the legal process to compel that conduct.).
{¶38} For these reasons, we find that the audit request was a “claim” within
the meaning of the Policy.
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The Settlement Offer
{¶39} Unlike the audit request, the parties do not dispute that the settlement
offer was a “claim” under the Policy. The parties do dispute whether coverage was
excluded under Exclusion K of the Policy.
{¶40} An insurer’s duty to defend is broader than the duty to indemnify.
Ohio Govt. Risk Mgt. Plan v. Harrison, 115 Ohio St.3d 241, 2007-Ohio-4948, ¶ 19,
citing Socony-Vacuum Oil Co. v. Continental Cas. Co., 144 Ohio St. 382 (1945).
The duty of an insurance company to defend an action against an insured is
determined by the scope of the allegations of the claim. Motorists Mut. Ins. Co. v.
Trainor, 33 Ohio St.2d 41 (1973), paragraph two of the syllabus. “[W]here the
complaint brings the action within the coverage of the policy, the insurer is required
to make the defense, regardless of the ultimate outcome of the action or its liability
to the insured.” Id. “[W]here the insurer’s duty to defend is not apparent from the
pleadings in the case against the insured, but the allegations do state a claim which
is potentially or arguably within the policy coverage * * * the insurer must accept
defense of the claim.” Willoughby Hills v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., 9 Ohio St.3d 177,
180 (1984). “Only if there is no possibility of coverage under the policy based on
the allegations in the complaint will the insurer not have a duty to defend the action.”
Erie Ins. Exchange v. Colony Dev. Corp., 136 Ohio App.3d 406, 413 (1999), citing
Wedge Products, Inc. v. Hartford Equity Sales Co., 31 Ohio St.3d 65 (1987).
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{¶41} However, where an insurance contract excludes coverage for the claim
against the insured, no duty to defend will arise. Zanco v. Michigan Mut. Ins. Co.,
11 Ohio St.3d 114, 116 (1984). In such cases, there is no duty to defend because
the allegations in the pleadings fall squarely within an area of activity specifically
excluded from coverage. Id.
{¶42} The duty of the insurance company to defend is separate from the duty
of the insurance company to indemnify. Motorist Mut. Ins. at paragraph one of the
syllabus. Once a duty to defend is recognized, “speculation about the insurer’s
ultimate obligation to indemnify is premature until facts excluding coverage are
revealed during the defense of the litigation and the insurer timely reserves its rights
to deny coverage.” Erie Ins. Exchange at 413, citing Motorists Mut. Ins.
{¶43} “One who seeks to recover on an insurance policy generally has the
burden of demonstrating coverage under the policy and then proving a loss.”
Chicago Title Ins. Co. v. Huntington Natl. Bank, 87 Ohio St.3d 270, 273 (1999),
citing Inland Rivers Service Corp. v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 66 Ohio St.2d 32
(1981). However, when an insurer denies coverage under a policy exclusion, the
insurer bears the burden of demonstrating the applicability of the exclusion.
Continental Ins. Co. v. Louis Marx & Co., 64 Ohio St.2d 399, 401 (1980).
{¶44} Furthermore, “an exclusion in an insurance policy will be interpreted
as applying only to that which is clearly intended to be excluded.” (Emphasis sic.)
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Case No. 10-15-19
Hybud Equip. Corp. v. Sphere Drake Ins. Co., Ltd., 64 Ohio St.3d 657, 665 (1992),
citing Moorman v. Prudential Ins. Co., 4 Ohio St.3d 20, 21 (1983). “The insurer,
being the one who selects the language in the contract, must be specific in its use;
an exclusion from liability must be clear and exact in order to be given effect.” Lane
v. Grange Mut. Cos., 45 Ohio St.3d 63, 65 (1989), citing Am. Fin. Corp. v.
Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co., 15 Ohio St.2d 171 (1968).
{¶45} Here, Eighth Floor does not dispute the fact that the settlement offer
did not make a written demand for monetary relief against its offices or directors or
contain any language that could potentially or arguably be construed as a written
demand for monetary (or non-monetary) relief against its officers and directors. It
argues instead that the settlement offer is potentially or arguably a “claim” against
its officers and directors insofar as its officers and directors could have been liable
for copyright infringement if the BSA had filed suit against it. It explains,
Vicarious ‘liability for copyright infringement may be imposed upon
an officer, directors, or shareholder so long as [1] the individual ‘has
the right and ability to supervise the infringing activity’ and also [2]
has a direct financial interest in such activities. Jobete Music Co., Inc.
v. Media Broad. Corp., 713 F.Supp. 174, 177-78 (M.D.N.C. 1988).
As such, the Eighth Floor [o]fficers and [d]irectors were jointly and
severally liable on [the] BSA’s claim. As [o]fficers and [d]irectors,
they necessarily had the right and ability to supervise the infringing
activity and as shareholders in a closely held corporation, the
[o]fficers and [d]irectors had a direct financial interest in such
infringement.1
1
Eighth Floor’s officers and directors do not actually own stock in the company. “The companies that do
hold that stock, Renoir Visions and Degonda Corporation, are owned in whole or in part by Eighth’s Floor’s
Board of Directors * * *.” Appellant’s Reply Brief, p. 2-3.
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Case No. 10-15-19
Had the matter not settled, the BSA would have named the [o]fficers
and [d]irectors in its [c]omplaint because Eighth Floor was not solvent
to the full extent of the potential damages. Because copyright
infringement allows for joint and several liability, because the BSA
was aware that Eighth Floor was closely held, and because the
[d]irectors and [o]fficers constituted a viable source of recovery who
necessarily shared equally in the liability, any lawyer drafting the
[c]omplaint would be obligated to include the [d]irectors and
[o]fficers as [d]efendants. Indeed, [the] BSA would be motivated to
name as many parties as possible to ensure that it would collect on its
judgment.
Appellant’s Reply Brief, p. 8-9.
{¶46} In support, Eighth Floor points to the Ohio Supreme Court’s decision
in Willoughby Hills where the court found that “[w]here the insurer’s duty to defend
is not apparent from the pleadings in the case against the insured, but the allegations
do state a claim which is potentially or arguably within the policy coverage * * *
the insurer must accept defense of the claim.” (Emphasis added.) 9 Ohio St.3d at
180. In doing so, the court noted the reasoning of the Seventh Circuit Court of
Appeals, “ ‘[S]ince the advent of notice pleading, in a case where there is doubt as
to whether a theory of recovery within the policy coverage has been pleaded in the
underlying complaint, the insurer must defend, and its defense obligations will
continue until such time as the claim against the insured is confined to a recovery
that the policy does not cover.’ ” Id. at p. 179, quoting Solo Cup Co. v. Federal Ins.
Co., 619 F.2d 1178, 1185 (7th Cir.1980).
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{¶47} We do not believe that Willoughby Hills stands for the proposition that
an insurer has a duty to defend an otherwise excluded “claim” where the allegations
in that “claim” could potentially or arguably lead to another “claim” which may be
within the policy’s coverage. Indeed, Eighth Floor cites no case law indicating that
its officers and directors would have definitely been liable for copyright
infringement if the BSA had filed suit against it.
{¶48} The only real “claim” at issue here is the settlement offer which did
not demand any monetary relief from Eighth Floor’s officers or directors or contain
any language that could potentially or arguably be construed as a written demand
for monetary (or non-monetary) relief against Eighth Floor’s officers and directors.
It included a provision offering to release Eighth Floor’s officers and directors from
liability if Eighth Floor complied with its demands, but this provision cannot
potentially or arguably be construed as a written demand for monetary (or non-
monetary) relief against Eighth Floor’s officers and directors
{¶49} For these reasons, we find that the settlement offer was excluded from
coverage under Exclusion K of the Policy.
{¶50} Accordingly, because the trial court erred in finding that the audit
request was not a “claim” under the Policy, but did not err in finding that the
settlement offer was excluded from coverage under Exclusion K of the Policy,
Eighth Floor’s assignment of error is sustained, in part, and overruled, in part.
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Because the trial court incorrectly determined that the audit request was not a
“claim,” it did not determine whether that claim gave rise to duty to defend or
whether coverage was excluded under Exclusion K of the Policy. Therefore, the
matter must be remanded to the trial court for resolution of these issues.
{¶51} Having found error prejudicial to the appellant, in some of the
particulars assigned and argued, we affirm, in part, and reverse, in part, the judgment
of the trial court, and remand the matter for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.
Judgment Affirmed in part,
Reversed in Part and
Cause Remanded
SHAW, P.J. and PRESTON, J., concur.
/jlr
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