In re the Termination of the Parent-Child Relatinship of A.C. (Minor Child), and D.C. (Mother) v. The Indiana Department of Child Services (mem. dec..)

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be Oct 21 2016, 8:24 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
CLERK
court except for the purpose of establishing Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
the defense of res judicata, collateral and Tax Court

estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Kimberly A. Jackson Gregory F. Zoeller
Indianapolis, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Robert J. Henke
Abigail R. Recker
Deputy Attorneys General
Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In re the Termination of the October 21, 2016
Parent-Child Relationship of Court of Appeals Case No.
A.C. (Minor Child), 49A02-1604-JT-784
and Appeal from the Marion Superior
Court
D.C. (Mother)
The Honorable Marilyn A.
Appellant-Respondent, Moores, Judge

v. The Honorable Larry E. Bradley,
Magistrate

The Indiana Department of Trial Court Cause No.
49D09-1601-JT-58
Child Services,
Appellee-Petitioner

Mathias, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1604-JT-784 | October 21, 2016 Page 1 of 16
[1] The Marion Superior Court entered an order terminating the parental rights of

D.C. (“Mother”) to her minor child, A.C. (“Child”). Mother appeals and

presents one issue, which we restate as whether the Indiana Department of

Child Services (“DCS”) presented evidence sufficient to support the trial court’s

termination order.

[2] We affirm.

Facts and Procedural History

[3] Mother gave birth to Child in late October 2014. On January 1, 2015, DCS filed

a petition alleging that Child was a child in need of services (“CHINS”).1 The

CHINS petition alleged that Child had been removed from Mother after the

police had found Mother in a hotel room, unconscious from drug use, while

Child was sleeping. The petition also alleged that Child had been born with

fetal alcohol syndrome or with a controlled substance in her system. The

petition further alleged that Mother had tested positive for marijuana and

methamphetamine, admitted to using ecstasy, had a history of prostitution, and

lacked stable housing. Child was placed with Mother’s mother and stepfather.

[4] The court held a detention hearing the following day and authorized Child’s

removal from Mother. The court also ordered Mother to establish Child’s

paternity. On March 27, 2015, Mother admitted that Child was a CHINS due

1
The CHINS petition also named a putative father, T.S. Paternity testing later revealed that T.S. was not
Child’s father. As of the date of the termination hearing, Child’s father had still not been identified.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1604-JT-784 | October 21, 2016 Page 2 of 16
 to Mother’s untreated substance abuse problem, and the trial court adjudicated

Child to be a CHINS. A dispositional hearing was held on April 24, 2015, at

the conclusion of which the trial court entered a dispositional decree and

ordered Mother to participate in services, which included home-based case

management, a substance abuse assessment, random drug screens, and

visitation with Child.

[5] DCS referred Mother for home-based therapy at least twice, but Mother failed

to participate in the service. DCS also referred Mother to home-based case

management on two separate occasions, but Mother met with the case manager

only twice during the two referrals. DCS also referred Mother for substance

abuse treatment twice. Mother eventually completed a substance abuse

assessment in September 2015 and was recommended to participate in an

intensive outpatient program and a relapse-prevention program. Mother

attended a few of the outpatient classes but was discharged from the program

without successfully completing it. She was terminated from the outpatient Life

Recovery program because she showed up to a meeting under the influence of

some intoxicating substance.

[6] Mother was also inconsistent in her visitation with Child, failing to attend over

half of the scheduled visitation sessions.2 Despite the trial court’s order to

undergo random drug screening, Mother failed to submit to any random

2
The DCS case manager testified that Mother attended “maybe 50%” of the scheduled visitations. Tr. p. 11.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1604-JT-784 | October 21, 2016 Page 3 of 16
 screening. When Mother gave birth to another child in October 2015, the

newborn tested positive for amphetamine and methamphetamine. Mother also

failed to provide DCS with any “concrete answer” when DCS attempted to

obtain her address. Tr. p. 13.

[7] Eleven months after the initial CHINS determination, on December 5, 2015,

the trial court held a permanency hearing and changed Child’s permanency

plan from reunification with Mother to termination of Mother’s parental rights

and adoption by Mother’s mother and stepfather. At this time, Mother had

failed to submit to any drug screens, had not complied with the substance abuse

treatment offered to her, and had only recently begun to attend visitations on a

consistent basis.

[8] On January 14, 2016, DCS filed a petition to terminate Mother’s parental rights

to Child. The trial court scheduled a hearing for the following day, at which it

appointed a Court Appointed Special Advocate (“CASA”) for Child. The court

continued the hearing twice so that Mother could be served. Mother was served

but still did not appear at the February 12, 2016 hearing. At this hearing, the

court scheduled a pretrial conference and ordered all parties to appear. Mother

did not appear for the pretrial conference, nor did she appear at the March 17,

2016 evidentiary hearing.

[9] On March 24, 2016, after hearing evidence at the termination evidentiary

hearing, the trial court entered an order terminating Mother’s parental rights to

Child. The trial court’s order provided in relevant part:

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1604-JT-784 | October 21, 2016 Page 4 of 16
 8. Services were ordered and referred to address [Mother’s]
issues of substance abuse and unstable housing.
9. Home based case management services were referred two
times but [Mother] did not engage, having met with her case
manager twice since August 2015.
10. Multiple home based therapy referrals were made but
[Mother] failed to engage.
11. [Mother] participated in a second referral for a substance
abuse assessment but attended only a few of the intensive
outpatient treatment program that was recommended.
12. [Mother] was still using drugs, having tested positive less
than on month ago.
13. There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that
resulted in [Child]’s removal and continued placement
outside the home will not be remedied by her mother who
has demonstrated by her lack of participation in services and
court, and inconsistent exercise of parenting time, that she is
unable or unwilling to address issues of drug abuse and
instability. Ms. [A] has shown a pattern of not parenting her
children by the fact that she has three other children who
have been given up for adoption.
14. Continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a threat
to [Child]’s well-being in that it would pose a barrier to
obtaining permanency for her through adoption when her
mother cannot provide a safe and stable environment to
parent and offer permanency.
15. [Child] has been placed with her grandparents since her
release from the hospital. This placement is appropriate and
pre-adoptive.
16. Termination of the parent-child relationship is in the best
interests of [Child]. Termination would allow her to be
adopted into a stable and permanent home where her needs
will be safely met.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1604-JT-784 | October 21, 2016 Page 5 of 16
 17. There exists a satisfactory plan for the future care and
treatment of [Child], that being adoption.
18. The Guardian ad Litem agrees with the permanency plan of
adoption as being in [Child]’s best interests.

Appellant’s App. pp. 11-12.

[10] Mother now appeals.

Termination of Parental Rights

[11] The purpose of terminating parental rights is not to punish parents but instead

to protect their children. In re S.P.H., 806 N.E.2d 874, 880 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004).

Although parental rights have a constitutional dimension, the law allows for

their termination when the parties are unable or unwilling to meet their

responsibilities as parents. Id. Indeed, parental interests must be subordinated to

the child’s interests in determining the proper disposition of a petition to

terminate parental rights. In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1259 (Ind. 2009).

[12] Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2) provides that a petition to terminate

parental rights must allege:

(B) that one (1) of the following is true:
(i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions
that resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for
placement outside the home of the parents will not be
remedied.
(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the
continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a
threat to the well-being of the child.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1604-JT-784 | October 21, 2016 Page 6 of 16
 (iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been
adjudicated a child in need of services;
(C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and
(D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment
of the child.

[13] DCS must prove each element by clear and convincing evidence. Ind. Code §

31-37-14-2; In re A.K., 924 N.E.2d 212, 220 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010). However,

because Indiana Code section 4(b)(2)(B) is written in the disjunctive, the trial

court is required to find that only one prong of subsection (b)(2)(B) has been

established by clear and convincing evidence. A.K., 924 N.E.2d at 220.

[14] Clear and convincing evidence need not establish that the continued custody of

the parent is wholly inadequate for the child’s very survival. Bester v. Lake Cnty.

Office of Family & Children, 839 N.E.2d 143, 147 (Ind. 2005). It is instead

sufficient to show by clear and convincing evidence that the child’s emotional

and physical development are put at risk by the parent’s custody. Id. If the court

finds the allegations in a petition are true, the court shall terminate the parent-

child relationship. Ind. Code § 31-35-2-8(a).

[15] We have long had a highly deferential standard of review in cases involving the

termination of parental rights. In re D.B., 942 N.E.2d 867, 871 (Ind. Ct. App.

2011). We neither reweigh the evidence nor assess witness credibility. Id. We

consider only the evidence and reasonable inferences favorable to the trial

court’s judgment. Id. In deference to the trial court’s unique position to assess

the evidence, we will set aside a judgment terminating a parent-child

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1604-JT-784 | October 21, 2016 Page 7 of 16
 relationship only if it is clearly erroneous. Id. Clear error is that which leaves us

with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made. J.M. v. Marion

Cnty. Office of Family & Children, 802 N.E.2d 40, 44 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans.

denied.

I. Trial Court’s Findings of Fact

[16] Mother attacks several of the trial court’s factual findings as being unsupported

by the record. When the trial court enters findings of fact and conclusions

thereon,3 we apply a two-tiered standard of review: we first determine whether

the evidence supports the findings and then determine whether the findings

support the judgment. In re D.B., 942 N.E.2d at 871.

A. Finding 13

[17] Mother first directs our attention to the trial court’s finding number 13. Mother

initially notes that the trial court referred to her “Ms. [A],” substituting Child’s

first name for Mother’s last name. This is an obvious scrivener’s error and does

not constitute any reversible error. See Barker v. City of W. Lafayette, 894 N.E.2d

1004, 1010 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (holding that trial court’s use of the word

“unreasonable” instead of “reasonable” was a harmless scrivener’s error).

[18] Mother also claims that Finding 13 is erroneous because it states that Mother

had not “addressed” the issues of drug abuse and instability. Mother claims that

3
See Ind. Code § 31-35-2-8(c) (amended effective July 1, 2012 to require the court to enter findings of fact
when terminating parental rights or dismissing a petition to terminate parental rights).

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1604-JT-784 | October 21, 2016 Page 8 of 16
 this is incorrect because she did “address” her substance abuse by undergoing a

substance abuse assessment and participating unsuccessfully in substance abuse

treatment. However, Mother is playing word games. There was evidence that

Mother had not successfully addressed her substance abuse problem, which is

obviously to what the trial court was referring. Indeed, Mother’s most recent

child tested positive for amphetamine and methamphetamine at birth. Also, just

a few weeks before the termination hearing, Mother was dismissed from the

drug treatment program for showing up for a meeting under the influence.

Given Mother’s unsuccessful participation in the substance abuse treatment

program and her continued abuse of illicit drugs, the trial court was well within

its discretion to conclude that Mother had failed to adequately address her

substance abuse problem.

[19] Mother makes a similar argument with regard to her “instability,” which she

takes as referring to her housing instability. She argues that there was no

evidence as to where she was living. However, Mother refused to give DCS her

address or allow DCS access to her home. From this, the trial court could infer

that Mother lacked stable housing or that her housing was not adequate for

Child. Thus, the trial court’s finding of instability is not clearly erroneous.

[20] Mother also claims the trial court’s Finding 13 effectively penalized her for

consenting to the adoption of three of her other children. Mother does not deny

that her other three children were adopted with her consent. Mother argues,

however, that the trial court’s consideration of her consent to these adoptions

when deciding to terminate her parental rights has the potential to create a

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1604-JT-784 | October 21, 2016 Page 9 of 16
 “chilling effect” on parents’ desire to consent to adoptions if they knew such

consent could later be held against them. Under the particular facts and

circumstances of this case, we disagree.

[21] First, the termination of Mother’s parental rights is not designed to punish the

parent but to protect the child. In re S.P.H., 806 N.E.2d at 880. Nor can we fault

the trial court for considering the fact that Mother has either been unable or

unwilling to care for her other children when considering the termination of her

parental rights vis-à-vis Child. See In re D.G., 702 N.E.2d 777, 780 (Ind. Ct.

App. 1998) (holding that specific instances of a parent’s character, including

evidence regarding a previous termination of parental rights, is admissible

character evidence at a subsequent termination hearing). Although consenting

to adoption is generally a laudable act, given Mother’s substance abuse

problems, we cannot say that Mother’s consent to the adoption of all of her

other children was irrelevant to Mother’s ability to parent Child.

B. Finding 14

[22] Mother next attacks the trial court’s Finding 14 that “[c]ontinuation of the

parent-child relationship poses a threat to [Child]’s well-being in that it would

pose a barrier to obtaining permanency for her through adoption when her

mother cannot provide a safe and stable environment to parent and offer

permanency.” Appellant’s App. p. 12. Mother claims this finding is erroneous

because it suggests that Child could not be adopted unless her parental rights

were terminated, whereas the evidence indicated that Mother had consented to

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1604-JT-784 | October 21, 2016 Page 10 of 16
 the adoption of her other children. However, Finding 14 is not simply about

adoption; it explains Mother’s inability to provide a safe and stable

environment in which to care for and raise Child. Although Mother now claims

that there was no evidence that she was asked to consent to the adoption of

Child, the trial court still properly noted that the termination of Mother’s

parental rights would facilitate the adoption of Child by her grandparents.

[23] Moreover, we agree with the State that if Mother desired to consent to the

adoption of Child, she could have expressed such a desire at the hearing.

Instead of appearing at the hearing to either contest the termination of her

parental rights or consent to the adoption, Mother repeatedly failed to appear.

This failure to appear demonstrates ambivalence toward Child and Mother’s

parental rights. See A.F. v. Marion Cty. Office of Family & Children, 762 N.E.2d

1244, 1252 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002); In re B.D.J., 728 N.E.2d 195, 201 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2000). We therefore reject Mother’s argument that she should have been

allowed to participate in the decision regarding the adoption of Child.

C. Finding 15

[24] Mother next attacks the trial court’s Finding 15 that “[Child] has been placed

with her grandparents since her release from the hospital. This placement is

appropriate and preadoptive.” Appellant’s App. p. 12. Mother claims, and DCS

admits, that Child was actually not placed with her grandparents until she was

removed from Mother’s care after Mother was found unconscious in the hotel

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1604-JT-784 | October 21, 2016 Page 11 of 16
 room. Although this finding is inaccurate, we cannot say it constitutes

reversible error. The fact remains that Child has been in the care of her

grandparents since being removed from Mother’s care and that the

grandparents wish to adopt Child into a caring, loving home.4

[25] We also reject Mother’s claim that there was no reason for DCS intervention in

this case. Mother is clearly addicted to illicit drugs and has shown an inability

to care for Child, having been found unconscious in a hotel room with Child.

Mother has failed to adequately address her substance abuse problem, failed to

take advantage of the services offered by DCS, frequently missed scheduled

visitations with Child, and failed to appear at the termination hearing.

II. Conditions that Resulted in Removal

[26] Interspersed with her attacks on the trial court’s findings, Mother also claims

that the trial court erred in determining that the conditions which led to Child’s

removal from Mother or her placement outside Mother’s home will not be

remedied. When deciding whether there is a reasonable probability that the

conditions resulting in a child’s removal or continued placement outside of a

parent’s care will not be remedied, the trial court must determine a parent’s

fitness to care for the child at the time of the termination hearing while also

taking into consideration evidence of changed circumstances. A.D.S. v. Ind.

4
We likewise reject Mother’s argument that Findings 16 and 17 are erroneous because they state that
adoption into grandparent’s home is a satisfactory plan for the future care and treatment of Child. As
discussed more fully below, the trial court properly found that adoption by the maternal grandparents was a
satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of Child.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1604-JT-784 | October 21, 2016 Page 12 of 16
 Dep’t of Child Servs., 987 N.E.2d 1150, 1156-57 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013). However,

the trial court may disregard efforts made only shortly before termination and

weigh more heavily a parent’s history of conduct prior to those efforts. In re

K.T.K., 989 N.E.2d 1225, 1234 (Ind. 2013).

[27] Here, the trial court could reasonably conclude that the conditions that resulted

in Child’s removal from Mother and her placement outside of Mother’s home,

i.e., Mother’s drug abuse, would not be remedied. Mother’s substance abuse

problems continued unabated throughout this case. She gave birth to another

child who tested positive for amphetamine and methamphetamine, and she

failed to successfully complete the substance abuse treatment offered to her. In

fact, she was removed from an outpatient treatment program when she showed

up under the influence. Accordingly, the trial court properly concluded that

DCS proved by clear and convincing evidence that there was a reasonable

probability that the reasons for Child’s removal from Mother and her placement

outside Mother’s home would not be remedied. See In re A.S., 17 N.E.3d 994,

1005 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014) (concluding that evidence supported trial court’s

finding that the conditions that led to children’s removal, specifically parents’

substance abuse, would not be remedied, where mother’s substance abuse

worsened when children were returned to her for a trial home visit, mother

failed to participate in substance abuse treatment, and father abused drugs when

the children were placed with him and failed to complete substance abuse

treatment), trans. denied.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1604-JT-784 | October 21, 2016 Page 13 of 16
 III. Continuation of Parent-Child Relationship

[28] Mother also argues that the trial court erred in determining that the

continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to Child’s well-

being. Because we conclude that DCS proved that there was a reasonable

probability that the conditions which resulted in Child’s removal from Mother’s

care would not be remedied, we need not address Mother’s arguments directed

at the “threat” prong of Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B). See In re A.K.,

924 N.E.2d at 220 (noting that section 4(b)(2)(B) is written in the disjunctive

and that the trial court is required to find that only one prong of subsection

(b)(2)(B) has been established).5

IV. Best Interests of the Child

[29] The trial court also reasonably concluded that termination of Mother’s parental

rights was in the best interests of Child. In determining what is in the best

interests of the child, the trial court must look beyond the factors identified by

DCS and to look to the totality of the evidence. A.D.S., 987 N.E.2d at 1158.

5
Even if we addressed this issue on the merits, Mother would not prevail. In addressing the “threat” prong of
section 4(b)(2)(B), the trial court must consider the parent’s habitual patterns of conduct to determine the
probability of future neglect or deprivation of the child. A.D.S., 987 N.E.2d at 1157. The trial court may
consider evidence of a parent’s prior history of neglect, failure to provide support, and lack of adequate
housing and employment. Id. DCS is not required to provide evidence ruling out all possibilities of change.
Id. Instead it needs to establish only that a “reasonable probability” exists that the parent’s behavior will not
change. Id.
As noted above, Mother failed to adequately address her substance abuse problem, failed to engage in the
home-based case management, failed to provide random drug screens, and failed to consistently visit with
Child. Child has spent all but a few weeks of her life in the care and custody of her maternal grandparents,
who wish to adopt her. Mother has shown no willingness or ability to change her behavior and lifestyle to
make her a suitable parent. Accordingly, the trial court did not clearly err in determining that the
continuation of the parent-child relationship posed a threat to Child’s well-being.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1604-JT-784 | October 21, 2016 Page 14 of 16
 The trial court must subordinate the interests of the parent to those of the child,

and the court need not wait until the child is irreversibly harmed before

terminating the parent-child relationship. Id. Moreover, the recommendation by

the case manager or child advocate to terminate parental rights, in addition to

evidence that the conditions resulting in removal will not be remedied, is

sufficient to show by clear and convincing evidence that termination is in the

child’s best interests. Id.

[30] Here, Mother repeatedly demonstrated her unwillingness or inability to parent

Child. She failed to fully participate in services, failed to complete the substance

abuse therapy offered to her, failed to attend most of the scheduled visitations,

and failed to even appear at the termination hearing. The family case manager

testified that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in Child’s best

interests. Mother’s mother and stepfather currently have custody of Child and

plan to adopt her. Under these facts and circumstances, the trial court could

reasonably conclude that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in Child’s

best interests.

V. Satisfactory Plan for Care and Treatment of Child

[31] Mother also briefly claims that the trial court erred in finding that there was a

satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of Child. Such a plan need not be

detailed, so long as it offers a general sense of the direction in which the child

will be going after the parent-child relationship is terminated. In re J.C., 994

N.E.2d 278, 290 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013). Here, Child had been in the custody of

her maternal grandparents since her removal from Mother, and the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1604-JT-784 | October 21, 2016 Page 15 of 16
 grandparents plan to adopt the child. This is sufficient to establish that there

was a satisfactory plan for Child’s care. See id. (affirming trial court’s conclusion

that there was a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of the children

where the children were in pre-adoptive placement with their paternal

grandmother, who had cared for them for approximately one year).

Conclusion

[32] Mother has demonstrated no reversible error in the trial court’s factual findings,

even though the findings contained one scrivener’s error and one minor

inaccuracy. Given Mother’s continuing substance abuse problems, the trial

court did not clearly err in determining that DCS had proven by clear and

convincing evidence that there was a reasonable probability that the conditions

which resulted in Child’s removal from Mother’s care would not be remedied

and that the continuation of the parent child relationship posed a threat to

Child’s well-being. Moreover, the trial court did not clearly err in determining

that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in Child’s best interests and

that there was a satisfactory plan for Child’s care and treatment, i.e., adoption

by her maternal grandparents. In short, the evidence is sufficient to support the

trial court’s order terminating Mother’s parental rights to Child.

[33] Affirmed.

Robb, J., and Brown, J., concur.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1604-JT-784 | October 21, 2016 Page 16 of 16