United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 16-8012
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Carla Gibson; Windel Lawson; Joyce Powell; Jeff Rogers; Kathy Wood; Lillie Woods
lllllllllllllllllllllRespondents
v.
Clean Harbors Environmental Services, Inc.
lllllllllllllllllllllPetitioner
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the Western District of Arkansas - El Dorado
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Submitted: August 4, 2016
Filed: October 24, 2016
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Before WOLLMAN, LOKEN, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
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WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.
The district court granted respondents’ motion to remand their putative class-
action complaint to state court, holding that petitioner’s motion to remove the action
to federal court was untimely filed. We grant petitioner’s petition for permission to
appeal, reverse the district court’s judgment, and remand the case to the district court
for further proceedings.
I. Background
Respondents Carla Gibson, Windel Lawson, Joyce Powell, Jeff Rogers, Kathy
Wood, and Lillie Woods filed their class-action complaint in the Circuit Court of
Union County, Arkansas, in January 2013, amending their complaint in February 2013
to name petitioner Clean Harbors Environmental Services, Inc. (Clean Harbors) as the
proper defendant. Respondents alleged state tort claims related to a chemical release
from a hazardous waste storage and treatment facility operated by Clean Harbors in
El Dorado, Arkansas. The complaint stated that the “exact number of class members
[was] unknown,” but that “as many as 400 persons (and perhaps more)” may have
been affected by Clean Harbors’s chemical release. With respect to the amount in
controversy, respondents stipulated that “[n]o plaintiff’s or class member’s individual
claim [was] equal to or greater than” $75,000; that the “total damages of the plaintiffs
and the class . . . [did] not exceed” $5,000,000; and thus that the federal courts had
“neither diversity nor Class Action Fairness Act jurisdiction” over the case.1
The case proceeded in state court, and on March 11, 2016, Clean Harbors
received a letter from respondents’ counsel (the March 11 letter) that “recommend[ed]
a total payment of $6,500,000 to resolve” the case and asserting the following basis
for the settlement recommendation:
[C]ounsel for plaintiffs received contact from almost 2,100 individuals
[affected by the chemical release] within a short time of the occurrence.
1
Respondents filed their complaint before the U.S. Supreme Court issued its
March 19, 2013, opinion in Standard Fire Insurance Co. v. Knowles, 133 S. Ct. 1345,
1347 (2013), in which the Court held that a class-action plaintiff cannot prevent
removal to federal court under the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 (CAFA) by
stipulating, prior to class certification, that he and the class will not seek damages in
excess of CAFA’s $5,000,000 jurisdictional limit. Knowles abrogated our February
2, 2012, holding to the contrary in Rolwing v. Nestle Holdings, Inc., 666 F.3d 1069,
1072-73 (8th Cir. 2012).
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***
The area defined in plaintiffs’ class certification motion contains an
estimated 5,653 total residents. This does not account for those who
were present in the impact area for work or other reasons. If we estimate
another 500 class members for this latter group, we are dealing with over
6,000 potential claims. Defendant’s expert has suggested the area of
impact to be smaller than plaintiffs believe it is. However, given the
number of contacts that were received from those present in the area of
impact and the consistency of the experiences they related, we believe
the number of valid claims will be closer to 6,000. If this many claims
are presented, then the average amount paid would be right at $700 (after
deduction for fees and costs). However, even if this estimate is high and
there are 5,000 claims presented, the average amount paid per claim
(again after deduction for fees and costs) in this case would be less than
$850 per claim. Again, given the reaction people experienced from
being exposed to a more severe irritant, we do not believe this amount
to be excessive.
On April 21, 2016, Clean Harbors received respondents’ expert report, which set forth
the scientific methodology on which respondents based their determination of the
geographical area allegedly affected by the chemical release.
Clean Harbors removed the case to the United States District Court for the
Western District of Arkansas on May 9, 2016, citing the Class Action Fairness Act of
2005 (CAFA), under which a federal district court has jurisdiction to hear a class
action if, among other requirements, the class exceeds one hundred members and the
amount in controversy exceeds $5,000,000 in the aggregate. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(2),
(d)(5)(B); see also id. § 1453(b) (noting that a class action may be removed by a
defendant to federal court “in accordance with” the removal provisions set forth in 28
U.S.C. § 1446). If the case as pled in the initial complaint satisfies CAFA’s
jurisdictional requirements, 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(1) requires that the defendant remove
the case within thirty days after receiving a copy of the complaint. If, on the other
hand, the case as pled in the initial complaint does not satisfy CAFA’s jurisdictional
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requirements, 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(3) requires that the defendant remove the case
within thirty days after receiving “an amended pleading, motion, order or other paper
from which it may first be ascertained that the case is one which is or has become
removable.”
Clean Harbors’s notice of removal argued that neither the initial complaint nor
the March 11 letter set forth a basis for removal because the allegations in those
documents concerning the number of class members and the associated amount in
controversy had been “based on unscientific and subjective information compiled by
respondents’ counsel’s staff” from phone calls to counsel by individuals allegedly
affected by the chemical release and “inquiring about filing suit.” Thus, according to
Clean Harbors, its notice of removal was timely because it was filed within thirty days
after its April 21, 2016, receipt of the expert report, which constituted the “other
paper” from which it could “first be ascertained that the case [was] one which . . .
ha[d] become removable” under CAFA. See id. § 1446(b)(3).
Respondents filed a motion to remand, arguing that Clean Harbors’s notice of
removal was untimely because it was filed more than thirty days after Clean Harbors
received the March 11 letter, which respondents argued constituted “other paper”
under § 1446(b)(3). Respondents pointed to counsel’s statement in the letter that it
“recommends a total payment of $6,500,000 to resolve” the case, a sum exceeding
CAFA’s $5,000,000 amount-in-controversy requirement. Respondents also pointed
to the passage quoted at length above because it set forth the number of claimants and
the average sum to be awarded to each claimant, which, they argued, provided the
basis for counsel’s settlement recommendation. Thus, respondents argued, Clean
Harbors’s attempted May 9, 2016, removal was untimely, requiring that the case be
remanded to state court.
The district court, adopting the report and recommendation of the magistrate
judge, agreed with respondents and concluded that Clean Harbors’s removal was
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untimely under § 1446(b)(3) because it occurred more than thirty days after Clean
Harbors received the March 11 letter, which “provided the information necessary for
[Clean Harbors] to determine that this matter was removable under CAFA.”
Clean Harbors then filed a timely petition for permission to appeal the district
court’s remand order under 28 U.S.C. § 1453(c)(1), which confers discretion on courts
of appeals to review an order “granting or denying a motion to remand a class action
to the State court from which it was removed if application [to appeal] is made . . . not
more than 10 days after entry of the [remand] order.” Clean Harbors argues, as it did
in the district court, that the removal period did not begin to run until Clean Harbors’s
April 21 receipt of respondents’ expert report, from which it could first ascertain that
the case had become removable under CAFA. According to Clean Harbors, the
March 11 letter did not constitute “other paper” from which it could ascertain that the
case was removable because the letter was speculative, did not provide objective
evidence indicating with the requisite degree of specificity that the case was
removable, “was an outline without scientific support or evidence, and [stated]
arbitrary dollar amounts with no itemization.” Thus, Clean Harbors argues, the
district court erred in concluding that removal was untimely and in remanding the case
to state court. We now grant the petition for permission to appeal to consider whether,
in the CAFA context, the letter or the expert report constituted “other paper” sufficient
to trigger the thirty-day removal period under § 1446(b)(3) and whether Clean
Harbors’s removal was timely.
II. Discussion
The question before us is the standard to be applied in determining when the
§ 1446(b)(3) thirty-day removal period is triggered with respect to CAFA cases and
whether, applying that standard, Clean Harbors’s removal was timely. We hold that,
in the CAFA context, the thirty-day removal period set forth in § 1446(b)(3) does not
begin to run until the defendant receives from the plaintiff an amended pleading,
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motion, order, or other paper “from which the defendant can unambiguously
ascertain” that the CAFA jurisdictional requirements have been satisfied. Graiser v.
Visionworks of Am., Inc., 819 F.3d 277, 285 (6th Cir. 2016). Although a defendant
has a duty to “apply a reasonable amount of intelligence to its reading” of any such
document received from the plaintiff, a defendant has no duty “to search its own
business records or ‘perform an independent investigation into a plaintiff’s
indeterminate allegations to determine removability.’” Id. (quoting Cutrone v. Mortg.
Elec. Registration Sys., Inc., 749 F.3d 137, 145 (2d Cir. 2014)). “If removability is
not apparent from the allegations of . . . [such] document sent from the plaintiff,”
§ 1446(b)(3)’s thirty-day time period does not begin to run. Cutrone, 749 F.3d at 143.
This approach is consistent with the “bright-line approach” adopted by the other
circuit courts that have considered the issue, each of which, in determining whether
the thirty-day removal period has been triggered, has limited the inquiry to the
contents of the “amended pleading, motion, order or other paper” provided by the
plaintiff, and has required that the relevant document set forth a sufficiently detailed
and unequivocal statement from which the defendant may unambiguously ascertain
that the CAFA jurisdictional requirements have been satisfied. See Graiser, 819 F.3d
at 285 (holding in CAFA case that § 1446(b)(3) time period begins to run when the
plaintiff serves the defendant with a document “from which the defendant can
unambiguously ascertain CAFA jurisdiction”; the defendant need not “search its own
business records or perform an independent investigation” to determine removability
(citation omitted)); Romulus v. CVS Pharmacy, Inc., 770 F.3d 67, 75 (1st Cir. 2014)
(holding in CAFA case that § 1446(b) time periods begin to run “if plaintiff’s paper
includes a clear statement of the damages sought or . . . sets forth sufficient facts from
which the amount in controversy can easily be ascertained by the defendant by simple
calculation”; the defendant has no duty to investigate or supply facts outside the
plaintiff’s paper); Cutrone, 749 F.3d at 145 (holding in CAFA case that § 1446(b)
time periods begin to run when the plaintiff serves the defendant with “an initial
pleading or other document that explicitly specifies the amount of monetary damages
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sought or sets forth facts from which an amount in controversy in excess of
$5,000,000 can be ascertained”; although the defendant must use a “reasonable
amount of intelligence” to read the plaintiff’s documents, an “independent
investigation into a plaintiff’s indeterminate allegations” is not required (citation
omitted)); Walker v. Trailer Transit, Inc., 727 F.3d 819, 824 (7th Cir. 2013) (holding
in CAFA case that § 1446(b)(3) time period begins to run when the defendant receives
“other paper that affirmatively and unambiguously reveals that the predicates for
removal are present”; other paper must “specifically disclose the amount of monetary
damages” for amount-in-controversy inquiry); cf. In re Willis, 228 F.3d 896, 897 (8th
Cir. 2000) (holding in non-CAFA case that § 1446(b) time period begins to run upon
a defendant’s receipt of the initial complaint only if the complaint “explicitly discloses
[that] the plaintiff is seeking damages in excess of the federal jurisdictional amount”).
This approach strikes the appropriate balance between competing interests: it
discourages the use of indeterminate allegations by plaintiffs in their filings and other
papers, and it eliminates the incentive for defendants to file protective removals. In
the absence of such an approach, “plaintiffs would have no incentive to specify
estimated damages early in litigation,” and “[d]efendants would protectively remove
when faced with an indeterminate complaint [or other paper] in order to avoid missing
the mandatory window for removal.” Romulus, 770 F.3d at 75. Such an approach
also eliminates the need for courts to “expend[] copious time determining what a
defendant should have known or have been able to ascertain at the time” that it
received the amended pleading, motion, order, or other paper from the plaintiff.
Cutrone, 749 F.3d at 145 (quoting Mumfrey v. CVS Pharmacy, Inc., 719 F.3d 392,
399 (5th Cir. 2013)); cf. Willis, 228 F.3d at 897 (noting that requirement for
“explicit[] disclos[ure]” of federal jurisdictional damages amount “promotes certainty
and judicial efficiency by not requiring courts to inquire into what a particular
defendant may [have] subjectively know[n] . . . . and prevents a plaintiff from
disguising the amount of damages until after the thirty-day time limit has run to avoid
removal” (citation omitted)).
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Respondents contend that the approach taken here and in other circuits
encourages gamesmanship and delay by defendants. But we agree with the Second
Circuit that this approach addresses “the uncertainties faced by defendants in
determining removability” and allows courts to avoid unnecessary and time-
consuming inquiries into determining what a defendant should have known or should
have been able to ascertain when it received plaintiff’s amended pleading, motion,
order, or other paper. Cutrone, 749 F.3d at 145; see also Graiser, 819 F.3d at 284-85;
Romulus, 770 F.3d at 75. This bright-line approach “promotes clarity and ease of
administration for the courts, discourages evasive or ambiguous statements by
plaintiffs in their pleadings and other litigation papers, and reduces guesswork and
wasteful protective removals by defendants.” Walker, 727 F.3d at 824.
Applying this approach to the matter at hand, we conclude that Clean Harbors’s
removal was timely. We have acknowledged that a settlement letter or similar
correspondence from the plaintiff to the defendant may constitute “other paper” for
purposes of § 1446(b)(3). In Dahl v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 478 F.3d 965, 969
(8th Cir. 2007), we observed that “courts have interpreted the ‘other paper’ term in
§ 1446(b) to apply to papers and documents involved in the case being removed,”
citing Addo v. Globe Life & Accident Insurance Co., 230 F.3d 759, 761-62 (5th Cir.
2000), in which a post-complaint demand letter seeking damages in excess of the
federal jurisdictional amount was “other paper” sufficient to trigger the thirty-day
removal period. In a similar vein, in Atwell v. Boston Scientific Corp., 740 F.3d
1160, 1162 (8th Cir. 2015), we held that oral statements made at a court hearing and
later transcribed constituted “other paper” for purposes of § 1446(b)(3).
Such a document will qualify as “other paper” sufficient to trigger
§ 1446(b)(3)’s thirty-day removal period, however, only if it is the first such
document from which the defendant can unambiguously ascertain that the CAFA
jurisdictional requirements have been satisfied and thus determine that the case is
removable. Accordingly, we disagree with the district court’s conclusion that the
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March 11 letter “provided the information needed for [Clean Harbors] to determine
that this matter was removable under CAFA” and that Clean Harbors’s notice of
removal was thus untimely, for at most, counsel “recommended” that a total payment
in the amount of $6,500,000 would “resolve this matter.” The letter did not
specifically and unambiguously state, however, that respondents were now seeking
to recover that amount in damages or that they would definitively and finally settle the
matter for the recommended sum. The letter also stated that the geographical area
affected by the chemical release contained “5,653 total residents” and “over 6,000
potential claims,” although counsel had only “received contact from . . . 2,100
individuals.” The letter asserted that “even if [the] estimate [of 6,000 claims] is high
and there are 5,000 claims,” counsel did not believe that the recommended settlement
amount was “excessive.” Nowhere did respondents’ counsel offer factual support for
these shifting class-size allegations, other than to suggest that, once notice of the class
action was provided to the community surrounding Clean Harbors’s facility,
thousands of nearby residents and other allegedly affected individuals might attempt
to join the class.
Notably, the “recommended” resolution amount was based on a per individual
award of either $700 or $850, depending on the various class sizes suggested in the
letter, none of which were supported by scientific evidence. Thus, even by application
of a simple calculation, it was not possible for Clean Harbors to ascertain from this
letter that CAFA’s amount-in-controversy requirement had been satisfied. Indeed,
setting aside counsel’s unsupported and shifting class-size estimates, the number of
potential class members who had actually contacted counsel multiplied by the
suggested per-individual dollar amounts suggested in the letter yields $1,470,000
(2,100 x $700) and $1,785,000 (2,100 x $850), respectively, totals that are both well
below CAFA’s $5,000,000 amount-in-controversy requirement. On the whole, the
letter did not provide the necessary detail and clarity from which Clean Harbors could
unambiguously ascertain that CAFA’s class-size and amount-in-controversy
jurisdictional requirements had been satisfied and that the case had become
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removable, and thus it did not constitute “other paper” sufficient to trigger
§ 1446(b)(3)’s thirty-day removal period.
We next consider whether respondents’ expert report constituted “other paper”
from which Clean Harbors could first unambiguously ascertain that CAFA’s
jurisdictional requirements had been satisfied such that § 1446(b)(3)’s thirty-day
removal period was triggered. The affidavit and report of respondents’ expert witness
first set forth respondents’ theory of damages and class size, namely, that the only
method for determining the area impacted by the chemical release was to interview
area residents and witnesses, determine who perceived the vapor, and use that
information to plot the geographical boundaries of the impact area. Although Clean
Harbors disputed its methodology and admissibility under Daubert v. Merrell Dow
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993), the expert report represented respondents’
first objective, scientifically based analysis of the area allegedly affected by the
chemical release, information from which Clean Harbors could then determine the
number of class members and the associated amount of damages with the requisite
degree of specificity and accuracy. Thus, § 1446(b)(3)’s thirty-day removal period
began to run only upon Clean Harbors’s receipt of the report, rendering Clean
Harbors’s May 9, 2016, notice of removal timely.
The petition for permission to appeal is granted, the district court’s order
remanding the case to state court is vacated, and the case is remanded to the district
court for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
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MURPHY, Circuit Judge, dissenting.
Because the majority has misapplied the standard for deciding when the
removal clock begins to run under 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(3), I dissent. A prerequisite
to federal jurisdiction under the Class Action Fairness Act (CAFA) is that the
aggregate amount in controversy exceed $5,000,000. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(2). If a
complaint does not meet this CAFA jurisdictional requirement at the outset, but a
defendant later receives "a copy of an amended pleading, motion, order, or other paper
from which it may first be ascertained that the case is one which is or has become
removable," that defendant has thirty days in which to remove the case. 28 U.S.C.
§1446(b)(3).
CAFA does not specify what information must be included to trigger the thirty
day clock "or how a defendant should 'ascertain' removability." Cutrone v. Mortg.
Elec. Registration Sys., Inc., 749 F.3d 137, 142 (2d Cir. 2014). Here, the majority
concludes that the CAFA thirty day removal period "does not begin to run until the
defendant receives from the plaintiff an amended pleading, motion, order, or other
paper 'from which the defendant can unambiguously ascertain' that the CAFA
jurisdictional requirements have been satisfied." (quoting Graiser v. Visionworks of
Am., Inc., 819 F.3d 277, 285 (6th Cir. 2016)).
The majority concludes that plaintiffs' March 11, 2016 letter did not
unambiguously state that they were seeking more than $5,000,000 in damages by
recommending "a total payment of $6,500,000 to resolve th[e] matter," but this letter
clearly indicates that plaintiffs were seeking damages in excess of the jurisdictional
amount. The majority overlooks the first statement in plaintiffs letter when it
concludes that the letter did not indicate that plaintiffs "would definitively and finally
settle the matter for the recommended sum." Plaintiffs wrote, "as requested, this letter
constitutes plaintiffs' settlement demand."
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Disregard of an explicit settlement demand makes it harder for parties to
determine when the thirty day clock starts and undermines the goals of "promot[ing]
certainty and judicial efficiency." See In re Willis, 228 F.3d 896, 897 (8th Cir. 2000)
(quoting Chapman v. Powermatic, Inc., 969 F.2d 160, 163 (5th Cir.1992)). Since
plaintiffs unambiguously sought damages in excess of CAFA's jurisdictional amount
in their March 11 letter, the district court's order remanding this case to state court
should be affirmed.
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