[Cite as State v. Burkhart, 2016-Ohio-7534.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
ATHENS COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO, : Case No. 16CA8
CITY OF ATHENS, :
:
Plaintiff-Appellant, :
: DECISION AND JUDGMENT
vs. : ENTRY
:
SIDNEY BURKHART, :
:
Defendant-Appellee. : Released: 10/24/16
_____________________________________________________________
APPEARANCES:
Lisa A. Eliason, Athens City Law Director, and James K. Stanley, Athens
City Prosecutor, Athens, Ohio, for Appellant.
R. David McGlade, Magaziner and McGlade, LLC, Zanesville, Ohio, for
Appellee.
_____________________________________________________________
McFarland, J.
{¶1} The State of Ohio/City of Athens appeals the trial court’s
decision granting a motion to suppress filed by Appellee, Sidney Burkhart.
On appeal, Appellant contends that the trial court erred in granting
Appellee’s motion to suppress, which was based upon an allegation that the
arresting officer lacked reasonable, articulable suspicion to expand the scope
of a traffic stop from a speeding investigation into an operating a vehicle
under the influence of alcohol investigation. Having found merit to the sole
Athens App. No. 16CA8 2
assignment of error raised by Appellant, the judgment of the trial court
granting Appellee’s motion to suppress is reversed and this matter is
remanded to the trial court for further proceedings.
FACTS
{¶2} At approximately 1:46 a.m. on February 26, 2016, Sergeant
Christopher Davis of the Ohio State Highway Patrol stopped Appellee,
Sidney Burkhart, for a speeding violation. Appellee, age nineteen at the
time, was traveling forty-three miles per hour in a twenty-five mile per hour
zone. Appellee had a passenger in her vehicle at the time of the stop. Upon
approaching the vehicle, Sergeant Davis noted a strong odor of alcoholic
beverages coming from the vehicle and observed Appellee to have red,
bloodshot and glassy eyes.1 A review of the dash cam video of the traffic
stop indicates that Sergeant Davis, before he even returned to his vehicle
with Appellee’s information, asked Appellee to exit the vehicle. On the
dash cam video, Davis can be heard telling Appellee the purpose of asking
her to exit the vehicle is so he can check her eyes. Although Davis made
1
Appellee disputes that Sergeant Davis noted her eyes to be red, bloodshot and glassy while she was still
inside the vehicle and instead argues that the narrative report prepared by Sergeant Davis suggests he did
not make that observation until after she exited the vehicle. However, the State objected to the admission
of the narrative report during the suppression hearing and it was therefore not admitted or made a part of
the record. Thus, it is not presently before us on appeal. Further, the transcript from the suppression
hearing indicates Sergeant Davis testified that he observed Appellee’s eyes upon the initial approach to
Appellee’s vehicle, as per his normal practice and procedure.
Athens App. No. 16CA8 3
another statement after that, the audio recording is indecipherable due to
intervening dispatch reports coming through on the cruiser radio.
{¶3} Once Appellee exited the vehicle, Sergeant Davis observed a
strong odor of alcoholic beverages on Appellee’s breath. Davis then
administered field sobriety tests to Appellee, the results of which are not
challenged on appeal. Ultimately, Appellee was arrested and charged with
OVI, in violation of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a) and (A)(1)(d), as well as a
speeding violation. The citation issued to Appellee indicates a BAC result
of .160.
{¶4} Appellee filed a motion to suppress in the trial court, alleging
that the evidence against her should be suppressed because Sergeant Davis
did not possess a reasonable, articulable suspicion of driving under the
influence of alcohol, which she claimed was required for him to order her
out of the vehicle for field sobriety tests. A suppression hearing was held on
April 21, 2016. The State’s witness was Sergeant Christopher Davis, the
trooper who stopped and arrested Appellee on the night in question.
Sergeant Davis testified that he stopped Appellee for speeding and that he
did not observe any other erratic driving or behavior on Appellee’s part. He
further testified that because Appellee had a passenger in the car and
because he detected an odor of alcohol coming from the vehicle, along with
Athens App. No. 16CA8 4
observing Appellee’s eyes to be red, bloodshot and glassy, he asked
Appellee to exit the vehicle so he could check her eyes and to perform field
sobriety tests. Davis further testified that he detected a strong odor of
alcohol on Appellee’s breath once she exited the vehicle. Davis testified that
this factor, coupled with his initial examination of her eyes as well as his
training and experience, led him to conduct field sobriety testing. Although
the trial court did not review the dash cam video during the hearing, it was
admitted into evidence for the court’s review prior to issuing a decision.
{¶5} The trial court subsequently issued a decision granting
Appellee’s motion to suppress. It is from this decision that the State now
brings their timely appeal, setting forth one assignment of error for our
review.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
“I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING THE
DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO SUPPRESS BASED UPON AN
ALLEGATION THAT THE ARRESTING OFFICER LACKED
REASONABLE, ARTICULABLE SUSPICION TO EXPAND THE
SCOPE OF THE TRAFFIC STOP FROM A SPEEDING
INVESTIGATION INTO AN OPERATING A VEHICLE UNDER
THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL INVESTIGATION.”
LEGAL ANALYSIS
{¶6} In its sole assignment of error, Appellant, State of Ohio/City of
Athens, contends that the trial court erred to its prejudice when it granted
Athens App. No. 16CA8 5
Appellee’s motion to suppress. Appellant contends that the issue that must
be addressed by this Court is whether the trial court erred in granting the
motion to suppress based upon an allegation that the arresting officer lacked
reasonable, articulable suspicion to expand the scope of the traffic stop from
a speeding investigation into an operating a vehicle under the influence of
alcohol investigation. We initially note that R.C. 2945.67 (Appeal by State)
provides in § (A) that “[a] prosecuting attorney * * * may appeal as a matter
of right any decision of a trial court in a criminal case, * * * which decision
grants * * * a motion to suppress evidence.”
{¶7} “Appellate review of a motion to suppress presents a mixed
question of law and fact. When considering a motion to suppress, the trial
court assumes the role of trier of fact and is therefore in the best position to
resolve factual questions and evaluate the credibility of witnesses.” State v.
Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003–Ohio–5372, 797 N.E.2d 71, ¶ 8; citing
State v. Mills, 62 Ohio St.3d 357, 366, 582 N.E.2d 972 (1992).
“Consequently, an appellate court must accept the trial court's findings of
fact if they are supported by competent, credible evidence.” Id., citing State
v. Fanning, 1 Ohio St.3d 19, 437 N.E.2d 583 (1982). “Accepting these facts
as true, the appellate court must then independently determine, without
deference to the conclusion of the trial court, whether the facts satisfy the
Athens App. No. 16CA8 6
applicable legal standard.” Burnside at ¶ 8; citing State v. McNamara, 124
Ohio App.3d 706, 707 N.E.2d 539 (4th Dist.1997). See also State v. Roberts,
110 Ohio St.3d 71, 2006–Ohio–3665, 850 N.E.2d 1168, ¶ 100. The Fourth
Amendment to the United States Constitution, as applied to the states
through the Fourteenth Amendment, provides: “The right of the people to be
secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable
searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but
upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly
describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.”
Section 14, Article I of the Ohio Constitution also prohibits unreasonable
searches and seizures. Because Section 14, Article I and the Fourth
Amendment contain virtually identical language, the Supreme Court of Ohio
has interpreted the two provisions as affording the same protection. State v.
Orr, 91 Ohio St.3d 389, 391, 2001–Ohio–50, 745 N.E.2d 1036.
{¶8} Searches and seizures conducted without a prior finding of
probable cause by a judge or magistrate are per se unreasonable under the
Fourth Amendment, subject to only a few specifically established and well-
delineated exceptions. Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 357, 88 S.Ct. 507
(1967). Once the defendant demonstrates that he was subjected to a
warrantless search or seizure, the burden shifts to the State to establish that
Athens App. No. 16CA8 7
the warrantless search or seizure was constitutionally permissible. See
Maumee v. Weisner, 87 Ohio St.3d 295, 297, 1999–Ohio–68, 720 N.E.2d
507. In this case, law enforcement did not obtain a warrant for any purpose
prior to arresting Burkhart.
{¶9} “An officer's temporary detention of an individual during a
traffic stop constitutes a seizure of a person within the meaning of the Fourth
Amendment * * *.” State v. Lewis, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 08CA3226, 2008–
Ohio–6691, ¶ 14. “To be constitutionally valid, the detention must be
reasonable under the circumstances.” Id. “A traffic stop is reasonable when
an officer possesses probable cause to believe that an individual has
committed a traffic violation.” State v. Taylor, 4th Dist. Washington No.
07CA11, 2008–Ohio–482, ¶ 15; citing Whren v. United States, 517 U.S.
806, 809, 116 S.Ct. 1769 (1996). “ ‘Probable cause’ is defined as a
reasonable ground of suspicion that is supported by facts and circumstances,
which are sufficiently strong to warrant a prudent person in believing that an
accused person had committed or was committing an offense.” State v.
Jones, 4th Dist. Washington No. 03CA61, 2004–Ohio–7280, ¶ 40; citing
State v. Ratcliff, 95 Ohio App.3d 199, 205, 642 N.E.2d 31 (1994).
{¶10} Although probable cause “is certainly a complete justification
for a traffic stop,” it is not required. State v. Mays, 119 Ohio St.3d 406,
Athens App. No. 16CA8 8
2008–Ohio–4539, 894 N.E.2d 1204, ¶ 23. So long as “an officer's decision
to stop a motorist for a criminal violation, including a traffic violation, is
prompted by a reasonable and articulable suspicion considering all the
circumstances, then the stop is constitutionally valid.” Id. at ¶ 8. Reasonable
and articulable suspicion is obviously a lower standard than probable cause.
Id. at ¶ 23. To conduct an investigatory stop, the officer must be able to
point to specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational
inferences derived from those facts, give rise to a reasonable suspicion that
the individual is engaged or about to be engaged in criminal activity. State v.
Williams, 51 Ohio St.3d 58, 60–61, 554 N.E.2d 108 (1990) (per curiam).
“The propriety of an investigative stop by a police officer must be viewed in
light of the totality of the surrounding circumstances.” State v. Freeman, 64
Ohio St.2d 291, 414 N.E.2d 1044, paragraph one of the syllabus (1980).
{¶11} Once a driver has been lawfully stopped, an officer may order
the driver to get out of the vehicle without any additional justification. State
v. Kilbarger, 4th Dist. Hocking No. 11CA23, 2012–Ohio–1521, ¶ 16; citing
State v. Huffman, 2nd Dist. Clark No. 2010–CA–104, 2011–Ohio–4668, ¶ 8.
See Pennsylvania v. Mimms, 434 U.S. 106, 111, fn. 6, 98 S.Ct. 330 (1977);
See also State v. Alexander-Lindsey, 4th Dist. Lawrence No. 15CA11, 2016–
Ohio–3033, ¶14 (“Officers can order a driver and a passenger to exit the
Athens App. No. 16CA8 9
vehicle, even absent any additional suspicion of a criminal violation.”)
(internal citations omitted). However, “the officer must ‘carefully tailor’ the
scope of the stop ‘to its underlying justification,’ and the stop must ‘last no
longer than is necessary to effectuate the purpose of the stop.’ ” State v.
Marcinko, 4th Dist. Washington No. 06CA51, 2007-Ohio-1166, ¶ 26;
quoting Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 500, 103 S.Ct. 1319 (1983). “An
officer may lawfully expand the scope of the stop and may lawfully continue
to detain the individual if the officer discovers further facts which give rise
to a reasonable suspicion that additional criminal activity is afoot.” Id.
{¶12} Thus, “[a]n officer conducting a routine traffic stop may * * *
expand the stop's scope in order to investigate whether the individual
stopped is under the influence of alcohol and may continue to detain the
individual to confirm or dispel his suspicions if the officer observes
additional facts during the routine stop which reasonably lead him to suspect
that the individual may be under the influence.” Id. at ¶ 28. This expanded
stop might include field sobriety tests.
{¶13} “ ‘In determining whether a detention is reasonable, the court
must look at the totality of the circumstances.’ ” State v. Alexander-Lindsey,
supra, at ¶ 33; quoting State v. Debrossard, 4th Dist. Ross No. 13CA3395,
2015–Ohio–1054, at ¶ 21; in turn quoting State v. Matteucci, 11th Dist. Lake
Athens App. No. 16CA8 10
No. 2001–L–205, 2003–Ohio–702, ¶ 30. The totality of the circumstances
approach “allows officers to draw on their own experience and specialized
training to make inferences from and deductions about the cumulative
information available to them that ‘might well elude an untrained person.’ ”
State v. Ulmer, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 09CA3283, 2010–Ohio–695, ¶ 23;
United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 273, 122 S.Ct. 744 (2014). Thus,
when an appellate court reviews a police officer's reasonable suspicion
determination, “the court must give ‘due weight’ to factual inferences drawn
by resident judges and local law enforcement officers.” Ulmer at ¶ 23;
Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 699, 116 S.Ct. 1657 (1996).
{¶14} Here, Appellee filed a motion to suppress in the trial court,
contending that all of the evidence against her should be suppressed because
the officer “lacked the necessary reasonable, articulable suspicion that [she]
was operating a motor vehicle while under the influence or while impaired
prior to ordering [her] out of her vehicle for Field Sobriety Testing.” In
support of her motion, at the trial court level and on appeal, Appellee relies
upon State v. Swartz, 2nd Dist. Miami No. 2008 CA 31, 2009–Ohio–902, to
argue that “[a] police officer is not warranted to remove an individual from
their automobile to conduct field sobriety testing unless the officer has
reasonable articulable suspicion to believe that said person was operating a
Athens App. No. 16CA8 11
vehicle under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol.” Appellee further urged
the trial court, and now urges this Court, to consider the factors enumerated
in State v. Evans, 127 Ohio App.3d 56, 711 N.E.2d 761 (11th Dist.1998) in
determining whether Sergeant Davis had the requisite reasonable, articulable
suspicion to order Appellee to perform field sobriety testing. It appears the
trial court did, in fact, rely on these sources in reaching its decision.
{¶15} In State v. Swartz, the appellant’s vehicle was stopped after an
officer observed the appellant make a left turn without signaling. Upon
approaching the appellant, the officer noticed his eyes were glassy and
bloodshot and the officer was able to smell the odor of alcohol on the
appellant’s breath, despite having other passengers in the vehicle. State v.
Swartz, supra, at ¶ 2. The Swartz court stated that the issue to be decided
was whether the officer had a reasonable, articulable suspicion to remove the
appellant from his vehicle in order to conduct field sobriety tests. Id. at ¶ 9.
The court also noted that these decisions are “very fact-intensive.” Id. The
Swartz court went on to state, as Appellee herein argues, that “[i]n order to
warrant removing a person from his vehicle to conduct field sobriety tests, a
police officer must have reasonable articulable suspicion to believe that the
person was driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol.” (internal
citations omitted). Finding that the only indicia of intoxication present were
Athens App. No. 16CA8 12
the appellant’s glassy, bloodshot eyes and the smell of alcohol, without any
testimony regarding the intensity or strength of the odor emanating from the
appellant, or that the odor persisted once the appellant was removed from the
vehicle where the passengers remained, the Swartz court upheld the trial
court’s grant of the appellant’s motion to suppress.
{¶16} We initially note that contrary to the holding in Swartz, this
Court and other courts have held that “[o]fficers can order a driver and a
passenger to exit the vehicle, even absent any additional suspicion of a
criminal violation.” State v. Alexander-Lindsey, supra, at ¶ 14; State v.
Kilbarger, supra, at ¶ 16 (“Once a driver has been lawfully stopped, an
officer may order the driver to get out of the vehicle without any additional
justification.”) Thus, we reject Appellee’s argument that Sergeant Davis
was required to have a reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity
to order her to exit the vehicle. Further, to the extent the trial court’s
decision states that Sergeant Davis was required to have a reasonable,
articulable suspicion of criminal activity at the time he ordered Appellee to
exit the vehicle, the trial court has applied an incorrect legal standard.
Instead, in our view, this case involves two questions: 1) whether Sergeant
Davis had the authority to order Appellant to exit her vehicle after he
lawfully stopped her for speeding; and 2) whether Sergeant Davis had a
Athens App. No. 16CA8 13
reasonable, articulable suspicion that Appellee was under the influence of
alcohol, which would justify expanding the scope of the stop after he
ordered Appellee to exit the vehicle, in order to perform field sobriety
testing.
{¶17} Subsequent to the issuance of the Swartz decision, State v.
Santiago, 195 Ohio App.3d 649, 2011–Ohio–5292, 961 N.E.2d 264 (2nd
Dist.2011) was decided, also a Second District case. Of importance, the
Santiago court noted the holding in Swartz, but nevertheless also noted that
the Second District itself has held that a strong odor of alcohol, without
more, can be a sufficient basis to provide reasonable suspicion of driving
under the influence. Id. at ¶ 12. For instance, the Santiago court reasoned as
follows during its discussion of the Swartz holding:
“This court has held, however, that a strong odor of an
alcoholic beverage, without other significant indicia of
intoxication, may be sufficient to provide an officer with
reasonable suspicion of driving under the influence. State v.
Marshall (Dec. 28, 2001), Clark App. No. 2001CA35, 2001
WL 1658096 (holding that a strong odor of alcohol, coupled
with high speed and red eyes, created a reasonable suspicion
justifying field sobriety tests); State v. Schott (May 16, 1997),
Athens App. No. 16CA8 14
Darke App. No. 1415, 1997 WL 254141 **268 (holding that a
strong odor of alcohol alone can create a reasonable, articulable
suspicion of intoxication adequate to require an individual to
submit to field sobriety tests).” Id.
Ultimately, the Santiago court found the facts before them distinguishable
from those in Swartz, particularly with regard to the fact that there was
testimony that the odor of alcohol on Santiago was strong, and also could be
smelled on Santiago’s breath once he stepped out of the car. Id. at ¶ 14.
{¶18} We find the facts of the case presently before us more akin to
the facts in Santiago than Swartz. Here, Appellee was initially stopped
because she was driving forty-three miles per hour in a twenty-five mile per
hour zone. Appellee does not challenge the basis or validity of her initial
stop and thus, we need not address it. Upon stopping Appellee, Sergeant
Davis testified that he approached the vehicle, and per his normal procedure
looked at Appellee’s eyes. He testified that he found Appellee’s eyes to be
red, bloodshot and glassy, and that he smelled a strong odor of alcohol
coming from the vehicle. Because he could not discern where the odor was
coming from and because he noted Appellee’s eyes to be red, bloodshot and
glassy, he ordered Appellee out of the vehicle “to check her eyes,” which he
can be heard stating on the dash cam video. Upon interacting with Appellee
Athens App. No. 16CA8 15
once she exited the vehicle, Davis noted a strong odor of alcohol coming
from Appellee’s breath.
{¶19} With regard to his decision to remove Appellee from the
vehicle, and taking into consideration there was a passenger in the vehicle,
Sergeant Davis testified that his full intent in removing Appellee was to
determine if he had an impaired driver. Sergeant Davis further testified as
follows:
“I’m definitely, for liability purpose, for safety purpose, I’m not
letting them drive down the road when I, based on my
experience, have seen people that look just like this, that smell
like this. I’m not letting them drive down the road and hit
somebody head on and kill them.”
As Sergeant Davis essentially testified, law enforcement officers do in fact
have a duty to dispel their concerns regarding impaired drivers before
concluding a traffic stop. Village of Kirtland Hills v. Kunka, 11th Dist. Lake
No. 2012–L–095, 2013–Ohio–738, ¶ 26. (“Where the officer possesses a
reasonable suspicion that a suspect is guilty of an OVI offense, he has the
authority, if not the duty, to expand the scope of the stop to conduct further
investigation regardless of whether circumstances exist, as they inevitably
will, that support the conclusion that the suspect is innocent. The suspect's
Athens App. No. 16CA8 16
ultimate guilt or innocence is not the issue in an investigatory stop, but,
rather, whether reasonable justification exists for continuing the
search/seizure.”)
{¶20} We conclude, based upon these facts, as well as our prior
reasoning in Kilbarger and Alexander-Lindsey, that Sergeant Davis had the
authority to order Appellee out of the vehicle, even without a reasonable,
articulable suspicion at that particular time that she was driving under the
influence of alcohol. Further, based upon the reasoning of Santiago,
Marshall and Schott, supra, we conclude that Sergeant Davis had a
reasonable, articulable suspicion Appellee was driving under the influence
of alcohol, which justified expanding the scope of the traffic stop to perform
field sobriety testing. The factors we find present in the record before us are
Appellee’s red, bloodshot, glassy eyes, coupled with the strong odor of an
alcoholic beverage coming from within the vehicle, which strong odor
persisted from Appellee’s breath once she exited the vehicle.
{¶21} We next consider the applicability of State v. Evans, supra, to
our analysis, as urged by Appellee, and as cited by both parties herein and
relied upon by the trial court in reaching its decision. We initially note that
State v. Evans did not involve the question of whether an officer could order
a driver of the vehicle to perform field sobriety tests, but rather it involved
Athens App. No. 16CA8 17
an analysis of the factors a court should consider when reviewing the totality
of the circumstances surrounding an officer’s decision to administer field
sobriety tests. Evans at *63; State v. Coates, 4th Dist. Athens No. 01CA21,
2002 WL 851765, *4. In Coates, this Court noted the reasoning in Evans,
and stated as follows:
“In State v. Evans (1998), 127 Ohio App.3d 56, 711 N.E.2d
761, fn. 2, the Twelfth District Court of Appeals noted several
factors a court should consider when reviewing the totality of
the circumstances surrounding an officer's decision to
administer field-sobriety tests. The Twelfth Appellate District
noted the following factors, with no single one being
determinative of this issue:
(1) the time and day of the stop (Friday or Saturday night as
opposed to, e.g., Tuesday morning); (2) the location of the stop
(whether near establishments selling alcohol); (3) any indicia of
erratic driving before the stop that may indicate a lack of
coordination (speeding, weaving, unusual braking, etc.); (4)
whether there is a cognizable report that the driver may be
intoxicated; (5) the condition of the suspect's eyes (bloodshot,
glassy, glazed, etc.); (6) impairments of the suspect's ability to
Athens App. No. 16CA8 18
speak (slurred speech, overly deliberate speech, etc.); (7) the
odor of alcohol coming from the interior of the car, or, more
significantly, on the suspect's person or breath; (8) the intensity
of that odor, as described by the officer (“very strong,”
“strong,” “moderate,” “slight,” etc.); (9) the suspect's demeanor
(belligerent, uncooperative, etc.); (10) any actions by the
suspect after the stop that might indicate a lack of coordination
(dropping keys, falling over, fumbling for a wallet, etc.); and
(11) the suspect's admission of alcohol consumption, the
number of drinks had, and the amount of time in which they
were consumed, if given.” Coates at *4-5.
Thus, although Evans is non-binding authority, this Court has, in the past,
relied upon its reasoning.
{¶22} Turning to the factors set forth in Evans, we note that Appellee
was stopped at 1:46 a.m. on a late Thursday night/early Friday morning, on
Stimson Avenue in Athens, Ohio. As far as indicia of erratic driving,
Sergeant Davis did not testify to erratic driving, other than the high rate of
speed in which Appellee was driving for the location in question. Appellee
was going forty-three miles per hour in a twenty-five mile per hour zone.
While there was no other cognizable report made regarding Appellee’s
Athens App. No. 16CA8 19
driving, Sergeant Davis noted upon approaching Appellee that her eyes were
red, bloodshot and glassy and that a strong smell of alcohol was coming
from the vehicle, where there was also a passenger in addition to Appellee.
Sergeant Davis further testified that he identified a strong odor of alcohol on
Appellee’s breath once she exited the vehicle. There is no indication that
Appellee’s demeanor or actions displayed a lack of cooperation or
coordination after she was stopped, nor did Appellee admit to having
consumed alcohol before field sobriety tests were administered.
{¶23} Considering the above factors as part of a totality of the
circumstances analysis, we find several factors present which, taken together
with Sergeant Davis’s experience and training, would have provided him
with reasonable, articulable suspicion that Appellee was driving under the
influence of alcohol so as to justify expanding the scope of the traffic stop to
perform field sobriety testing. In particular, the timing of the stop, the rate
of Appellee’s speed, which was nearly twenty miles per hour over the legal
limit, the condition of Appellee’s eyes, and the strong odor of alcohol
emanating from the vehicle and also from Appellee’s breath, coupled with
Sergeant Davis’s experience and training, all established a reasonable
articulable suspicion of driving under the influence of alcohol. We conclude
Athens App. No. 16CA8 20
this analysis of these factors is also in line with the reasoning of Santiago, as
discussed above.
{¶24} Further, we note that the list of factors enumerated in Evans has
recently come under some criticism at the Municipal Court level. In City of
Cleveland v. Machnics, 984 N.E.2d 1129 (2012), a published opinion by the
Cleveland Municipal Court, the court noted that since Evans was decided,
the legal standard for intoxication has been reduced. Id. at *1131. The
Machnics court reasoned as follows, with regard to the continued viability of
the factors enumerated in Evans:
“In 2003, the Ohio General Assembly reduced the presumption
of intoxication by two-hundredths of one percent by weight per
unit volume of alcohol in the person's whole blood. Given this
lower standard, a number of factors listed in Evans will not be
exhibited by an impaired driver at the lowest prohibited alcohol
consumption level. Evans was also decided prior to the
reduction in the presumptive level of alcohol impairment.
Consequently, it is unlikely that a suspect's speech, behavior or
coordination will be noticeably impaired. A prohibition to
further investigate because only four factors of impairment are
shown: bloodshot and glassy eyes, smell of alcohol, and time of
Athens App. No. 16CA8 21
day after 2:00 a.m. will probably preclude or hinder
enforcement of driving while impaired at the reduced level of
alcohol.” Id. at *1132.
{¶25} We find the reasoning in Machnics provides useful guidance on
this particular issue and apply it accordingly. Here, Sergeant Davis testified
that he very seldom encounters drivers exhibiting overwhelming signs of
intoxication, such as “stumbling and falling, falling down.” He also testified
that most of the drivers he has eventually arrested for OVI present similarly
to Appellee. Further, we find the reasoning in Machnics to be especially
applicable to the present case, as Appellee was under the age of twenty-one.
At the time Appellant was arrested for OVI, she was only nineteen years old,
well under the legal drinking age of twenty-one. The reasoning in Machnics
discusses the presumption of intoxication and signs of impairment at the
reduced legal limit of .08, as contained in R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(d). However
Appellee, being under age, was subject to the even lower limit of .02,
contained in R.C. 4511.19(B)(3).2
{¶26} Based on the totality of the circumstances (i.e., Appellee’s high
rate of speed, the time of her stop, the condition of her eyes, and the strong
smell of alcohol emanating from the vehicle as well as Appellee’s breath),
2
Sergeant Davis was cognizant of this fact at the time of the stop and can be heard on the dash cam video
informing Appellee that the limit of .08 did not apply to her, but rather a limit of .02 applied as she was
underage.
Athens App. No. 16CA8 22
we find that Sergeant Davis had sufficient information to have a reasonable,
articulable suspicion that Appellee was driving under the influence of
alcohol, and thus to expand the scope of the traffic stop to order her to
perform field sobriety testing. As such, we conclude that the trial court
reached an incorrect legal conclusion in analyzing the facts and we therefore
sustain Appellant’s sole assignment of error. Accordingly, the judgment of
the trial court is reversed and this matter is remanded for further
proceedings.
JUDGMENT REVERSED
AND REMANDED FOR
FURTHER PROCEEDINGS
CONSISTENT WITH THIS
OPINION.
Athens App. No. 16CA8 23
Hoover, J., dissenting:
{¶27} I respectfully dissent from the lead opinion. I would affirm the
trial court’s judgment granting Burkhart’s Motion to Suppress.
{¶28} Contrary to the assertion in the lead opinion, the trial court did
not apply an incorrect legal standard in its analysis. The trial court’s decision
did not state, as alluded to in paragraph 16 of the lead opinion, “that
Sergeant Davis was required to have a reasonable, articulable suspicion of
criminal activity at the time he ordered Appellee to exit the vehicle * * *.”
Instead, the trial court stated in its findings that it “considered the eleven
factors enumerated in State v. Evans, 127 Ohio App.3d 45 [sic] (11th Dist.,
1998)” to find that “there were not sufficient facts to support expanding the
scope of the traffic stop to an OVI investigation.” As the lead opinion
recognizes, this Court has utilized the Evans factors before. In State v.
Coates, 4th Dist. Athens No. 01CA21, 2002 WL 851765, **4-5 (Feb. 25,
2002), we stated the following:
Before an officer may order an individual to perform field-
sobriety tests, he or she must have a reasonable, articulable
suspicion that the individual was operating a motor vehicle
while under the influence of alcohol. See Columbus v.
Anderson (1991), 74 Ohio App.3d 768, 600 N.E.2d 712, citing
Athens App. No. 16CA8 24
State v. Bobo (1988), 37 Ohio App.3d 177, 524 N.E.2d 489.
When reviewing whether a police officer had a reasonable,
articulable suspicion to order an individual to perform field-
sobriety tests, the officer's decision “must be viewed in light of
the totality of the surrounding circumstances.” State v. Bobo, 37
Ohio App.3d 177, 524 N.E.2d 489, paragraph one of the
syllabus. In State v. Evans (1998), 127 Ohio App.3d 56, 711
N.E.2d 761, fn. 2, the Twelfth District Court of Appeals noted
several factors a court should consider when reviewing the
totality of the circumstances surrounding an officer's decision to
administer field-sobriety tests. The Twelfth Appellate District
noted the following factors, with no single one being
determinative of this issue:
(1) the time and day of the stop (Friday or
Saturday night as opposed to, e.g., Tuesday
morning); (2) the location of the stop (whether
near establishments selling alcohol); (3) any
indicia of erratic driving before the stop that may
indicate a lack of coordination (speeding, weaving,
Athens App. No. 16CA8 25
unusual braking, etc.); (4) whether there is a
cognizable report that the driver may be
intoxicated; (5) the condition of the suspect's eyes
(bloodshot, glassy, glazed, etc.); (6) impairments
of the suspect's ability to speak (slurred speech,
overly deliberate speech, etc.); (7) the odor of
alcohol coming from the interior of the car, or,
more significantly, on the suspect's person or
breath; (8) the intensity of that odor, as described
by the officer (“very strong,” “strong,”
“moderate,” “slight,” etc.); (9) the suspect's
demeanor (belligerent, uncooperative, etc.); (10)
any actions by the suspect after the stop that might
indicate a lack of coordination (dropping keys,
falling over, fumbling for a wallet, etc.); and (11)
the suspect's admission of alcohol consumption,
the number of drinks had, and the amount of time
in which they were consumed, if given.
Id.
{¶29} More recently, this Court set forth the standards to apply when
Athens App. No. 16CA8 26
determining whether a traffic stop may be expanded in order to investigate
whether an individual is under the influence of alcohol.
Once an officer has lawfully stopped a vehicle, the officer must
“carefully tailor” the scope of the stop “to its underlying
justification,” and the stop must “last no longer than is
necessary to effectuate the purpose of the stop.” Florida v.
Royer (1983), 460 U.S. 491, 500, 103 S.Ct. 1319, 75 L.Ed.2d
229; see, also, State v. Gonyou (1995), 108 Ohio App.3d 369,
372, 670 N.E.2d 1040, 1041; State v. Birchfield (Aug. 26,
1997), Ross App. No. 97 Ca 2281, unreported. An officer may
lawfully expand the scope of the stop and may lawfully
continue to detain the individual if the officer discovers further
facts which give rise to a reasonable suspicion that additional
criminal activity is afoot. See, e.g., Terry, supra; State v.
Robinette (1997), 80 Ohio St.3d 234, 240, 685 N.E.2d 762.
Thus, if a law enforcement officer, during a valid traffic stop,
ascertains “reasonably articulable facts giving rise to a
suspicion of criminal activity, the officer may then further
detain and implement a more in-depth investigation of the
Athens App. No. 16CA8 27
individual.” Id., 80 Ohio St.3d at 241, 685 N.E.2d at 768.
Consequently, when a law enforcement officer stops an
individual for a minor traffic offense, generally the officer may
not expand the scope of the stop unless the officer observes
additional facts giving rise to a reasonable suspicion of other
criminal activity.
An officer conducting a routine traffic stop may, therefore,
expand the stop's scope in order to investigate whether the
individual stopped is under the influence of alcohol and may
continue to detain the individual to confirm or dispel his
suspicions if the officer observes additional facts during the
routine stop which reasonably lead him to suspect that the
individual may be under the influence. See State v. Angel (Sept.
21, 2001), Miami App. No.2001-CA-11, unreported; State v.
Strausbaugh (Dec. 3, 1999), Montgomery App. No. 17629,
unreported; State v. Strassman (Nov. 20, 1995), Athens App.
No. 98 CA 10, unreported. * * *
State v. Hehr, 4th Dist. Washington No. 04CA10, 2005-Ohio-353, ¶¶
16-18.
Athens App. No. 16CA8 28
{¶30} In the case sub judice, the following findings of fact
were supported by competent, credible evidence; and therefore, I
defer to the findings as determined by the trial court:
1. Burkhart was stopped by Sergeant Davis for speeding.
2. No other traffic violations were observed.
3. Sergeant Davis observed a strong odor of an alcoholic beverage
emanating from the vehicle while speaking with Burkhart.
4. There was a passenger in the vehicle.
5. Burkhart denied consuming alcohol.
6. Sergeant Davis noticed that her eyes were red, bloodshot, and glossy.
7. Sergeant Davis testified that Burkhart’s speech, movements, and
comprehension were within normal ranges and that he did not
consider them to be indicative of impairment.
8. Sergeant Davis testified that he instructed Ms. Burkhart to exit her
vehicle to do field sobriety testing based on the strong odor of
alcoholic beverage, red/bloodshot, glassy eyes, and the speed
violation.
{¶31} Next, analyzing the facts of the case under the standards set
forth in Hehr and Coates (which utilized the factors in Evans), I would find
that the trial court reached the correct conclusion. According to Hehr,
Athens App. No. 16CA8 29
Sergeant Davis would be permitted to expand the stop’s scope in order to
investigate whether Burkhart was under the influence of alcohol and would
be permitted to continue to detain Burkhart to confirm or dispel his
suspicions if he observed additional facts during the routine stop which
reasonably led him to suspect that Burkhart may be under the influence.
{¶32} Sergeant Davis conceded that he took this “beyond a speeding
ticket when he asked her to get out of the car.” (Tr. Page 47) Therefore,
when the trial court focused its attention on what comprised Sergeant
Davis’s reasonable articulable suspicion at the time that he was having
Burkhart exit the vehicle to perform field sobriety testing, the trial court did
not engage in a faulty analysis as the lead opinion espouses. In this case, it
seems that the first event of Sergeant Davis asking Burkhart to exit the
vehicle coincided with the second event of Sergeant Davis deciding to
expand the scope of the traffic stop to perform field sobriety tests.
{¶33} Prior to asking Burkhart to exit the vehicle, there was sparse
information to justify an expansion of the scope of the traffic stop. The trial
court found that Sergeant Davis instructed Burkhart to exit her vehicle to do
field sobriety testing based on the strong odor of alcoholic beverage,
red/bloodshot, glassy eyes, and the speed violation. However, at this time,
Sergeant Davis was not even sure if the odor was originating from Burkhart
Athens App. No. 16CA8 30
or her passenger. It is also noteworthy that there was a discrepancy in
Sergeant Davis’s report of when he noticed that Burkhart’s eyes were red.
The report stated that Sergeant Davis did not notice Burkhart’s red eyes until
she stepped out of the car. (Tr. Page 36) On the other hand, during the
suppression hearing, Sergeant Davis claimed that the report was wrong and
that he noticed her red eyes before she got out of the car and not after. (Tr.
Page 47) Lastly, a speed violation is not necessarily indicative of driving
under the influence.
{¶34} Even after Burkhart exited the vehicle, she was cooperative in
every way. (Tr. Pages 19-20) Sergeant Davis further testified that Burkhart
did not fumble her purse (Tr. Page 20) nor did she have slurred speech (Tr.
Page 20). Sergeant Davis testified that only after Burkhart was out of the
vehicle could he “smell [an odor of an alcoholic beverage] coming from her
breath.” (Tr. Page 7)
{¶35} In addition, when applying the analysis of Coates which utilizes
the eleven factors in Evans, I would find “in light of the totality of the
surrounding circumstances” that Sergeant Davis did not have a reasonable,
articulable suspicion to expand the scope of the traffic stop and to order
Burkhart to perform field-sobriety tests.
Athens App. No. 16CA8 31
{¶36} The traffic stop was at approximately 1:45 a.m. on an early
Friday morning where Stimson Avenue joins the highway. Other than
speeding, there was no “indicia of erratic driving before the stop” that would
indicate a lack of coordination (speeding, weaving, unusual braking, etc.);
no cognizable report that the driver may be intoxicated was made; and there
was a discrepancy regarding the timing of when Sergeant Davis actually
noticed the condition of Burkhart’s eyes as red, bloodshot, and glassy. No
impairments of Burkhart’s ability to speak (slurred speech, overly deliberate
speech, etc.) were observed. At the time of the initial traffic stop, although
Sergeant Davis testified that he noticed the “strong odor of an alcoholic
beverage, “ (Tr. Page 5) he was not sure if the odor of alcohol coming from
the interior of the car was from Burkhart or her passenger. He just knew that
the odor was emanating out of the vehicle at the time. (Tr. Page 7) Sergeant
Davis testified that Burkhart’s demeanor was cooperative. Burkhart further
did not exhibit any indicia of a lack of coordination. Sergeant Davis testified
that Burkhart did not fumble her purse or slur her speech. (Tr. Page 20)
Lastly, Burkhart did not admit to consuming alcohol.
{¶37} Under similar circumstances, other Ohio appellate courts have
declined to find that reasonable, articulable suspicion justified expanding the
scope of the traffic stop. See State v. Reed, 7th Dist. Belmont No. 05BE31,
Athens App. No. 16CA8 32
2006-Ohio-7075 (non-moving violation coupled with a slight smell of
alcohol, red glassy eyes, and the admission of drinking two beers did not
provide the officer with any evidence that defendant was impaired); State v.
Kennard, 6th Dist. Huron, 2001 WL 605106 (June 1, 2001) (license plate
violation, weaving within lane, odor of alcohol, non-slurred speech, and
admission of drinking “one beer” does not constitute reasonable articulable
suspicion of driving under the influence); State v. Swartz, 2d Dist. Miami
No. 2008CA31, 2009-Ohio-902 (left turn without signaling, odor of alcohol
on driver’s breath, and glassy/bloodshot eyes does not constitute reasonable
and articulable suspicion of driving under the influence); State v. Brickman,
11th Dist. Portage No. 2000-P-0058, 2001 WL 635954 (June 8, 2001)
(speed violation, weaving within lane, mild odor of alcohol, red/glassy eyes
and admission of drinking “a beer” does not constitute reasonable articulable
suspicion of driving under the influence); State v. Spillers, 2d Dist. Darke
No. 1504, 2000 WL 299550 (Mar. 24, 2000) (reasonable suspicion does not
exist where an officer is relying on de minimis traffic violation, a slight odor
of alcohol, and the admission of having consumed “a couple” of beers);
State v. Derov, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 07MA71, 2009-Ohio-5513 (expired
license plate tags, red glassy eyes, strong smell of alcohol, no trouble getting
Athens App. No. 16CA8 33
out of vehicle does not constitute reasonable suspicion necessary to justify
conducting field sobriety tests).
{¶38} When analyzing the facts of this case under the standards set
forth by this Court in Hehr and Coates, I would find that the trial court did
not err in its judgment granting Burkhart’s motion to suppress. I am not
being unmindful of Sergeant Davis’s difficult decisions he must make in
order to protect the public safety. However, in these circumstances, when the
driver (1) is cooperative; (2) has not exhibited any indicia of impaired or
erratic driving (other than speeding); (3) has not demonstrated any
impairments to speech; and (4) has no lack of coordination, to reverse the
trial court’s judgment granting the motion to suppress may create “ ‘the
unfortunate impression that the Court is more interested in upholding the
power of the State than in vindicating individual rights.’ ” Pennsylvania v.
Mimms, 434 U.S. 106, 124, 98 S.Ct. 330, 54 L.Ed.2d 331 (1977) (Stevens,
J., dissenting), quoting Idaho Dept. of Employment v. Smith, 434 U.S. 100,
105, 98 S.Ct. 327, 54 L.Ed.2d 324 (1977) (Stevens, J., dissenting).
{¶39} Therefore, I respectfully dissent.
Athens App. No. 16CA8 34
JUDGMENT ENTRY
It is ordered that the JUDGMENT BE REVERSED AND CAUSE
REMANDED FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS and that Appellant recover
of Appellee any costs herein.
The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing
the Athens County Municipal Court to carry this judgment into execution.
IF A STAY OF EXECUTION OF SENTENCE AND RELEASE
UPON BAIL HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY GRANTED BY THE TRIAL
COURT OR THIS COURT, it is temporarily continued for a period not to
exceed sixty days upon the bail previously posted. The purpose of a
continued stay is to allow Appellant to file with the Supreme Court of Ohio
an application for a stay during the pendency of proceedings in that court. If
a stay is continued by this entry, it will terminate at the earlier of the
expiration of the sixty day period, or the failure of the Appellant to file a
notice of appeal with the Supreme Court of Ohio in the forty-five day appeal
period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of the Rules of Practice of the Supreme
Court of Ohio. Additionally, if the Supreme Court of Ohio dismisses the
appeal prior to expiration of sixty days, the stay will terminate as of the date
of such dismissal.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to
Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Abele, J.: Concurs in Judgment and Opinion.
Hoover, J.: Dissents with Dissenting Opinion.
For the Court,
BY: ____________________________
Matthew W. McFarland, Judge
NOTICE TO COUNSEL
Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final
judgment entry and the time period for further appeal commences from
the date of filing with the clerk.