COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Chafin, Malveaux and Senior Judge Frank
UNPUBLISHED
Argued at Norfolk, Virginia
JONATHAN MARK KARIKA
MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
v. Record No. 1512-15-1 JUDGE ROBERT P. FRANK
NOVEMBER 1, 2016
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF CHESAPEAKE
Timothy S. Wright, Judge
Erik A. Mussoni, Assistant Public Defender, for appellant.
Elizabeth Kiernan Fitzgerald, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Appellant appeals his conviction for assault and battery. He argues that the trial court erred
by (1) sustaining the Commonwealth’s objection to the admissibility of the 911 call and (2) hearing
the matter when it lacked subject matter jurisdiction. For the reasons stated below, we affirm the
judgment of the trial court.
BACKGROUND1
On March 30, 2015, a disagreement arose between Steven Smith and appellant. Appellant
thought Smith drove too close to him when appellant was pushing his young child in a stroller.
Appellant approached Smith’s vehicle and knocked on the window. When Smith rolled down the
window, appellant told Smith he almost ran over his child. Smith denied driving close to the stroller
and testified appellant then leaned in his car and spit in Smith’s face. Appellant denied doing so.
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
1
The facts are set forth in the written statement of facts pursuant to Rule 5A:8.
Smith dialed 911 to report the incident, explaining he was fearful for his safety. Smith said
that, initially, appellant was “enraged,” but calmed down when the call was placed. During the call,
Smith handed the phone to appellant, so he could speak with the 911 operator.
Appellant attempted to introduce the 911 recording, but the Commonwealth objected on
hearsay grounds. Appellant responded that the call was not being introduced for the truth of the
matter asserted, but to show Smith’s tone of voice and that the exchange between appellant and
Smith was calm and civil. According to appellant, Smith’s tone over the phone was inconsistent
with one who had been assaulted and was in fear for his life. Without any explanation, the trial
court sustained the objection.
Appellant was convicted of assault and battery. This appeal follows.
ANALYSIS
Subject matter jurisdiction
Appellant contends the trial court had no subject matter jurisdiction because it failed to enter
into the record that appellant waived a trial by jury with the consent of the Commonwealth and the
court. Appellant does not contest he waived his right to a jury and asked for a bench trial, nor does
he argue his waiver was not voluntarily and intelligently given.
Article I, Section 8 of the Virginia Constitution provides:
In criminal cases, the accused may plead guilty. If the accused
plead not guilty, he may, with his consent and the concurrence of
the Commonwealth’s Attorney and of the court entered of record,
be tried by a smaller number of jurors, or waive a jury. In case of
such waiver or plea of guilty, the court shall try the case.
This constitutional mandate is reinforced by Code § 19.2-258 and Rule 3A:13(b). Code
§ 19.2-258 states, in part:
If the accused plead not guilty, in person or by his counsel, the
court, in its discretion, with the concurrence of the accused and the
attorney for the Commonwealth, may hear and determine the case
without the intervention of a jury. In each instance the court shall
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have and exercise all the powers and duties vested in juries by any
statute relating to crimes and punishments.
Rule 3A:13(b) states:
If an accused who has pleaded not guilty in a circuit court consents
to trial without a jury, the court may, with the concurrence of the
Commonwealth’s attorney, try the case without a jury. The court
shall determine before trial that the accused’s consent was
voluntarily and intelligently given, and his consent and the
concurrence of the court and the Commonwealth’s attorney shall
be entered of record.
“Once the circuit court has made the determination that the defendant’s waiver is
voluntarily and intelligently made, the court is required to enter in the record the defendant’s
consent to be tried without a jury.” Commonwealth v. Williams, 262 Va. 661, 667, 553 S.E.2d
760, 763 (2001). “The concurrence of the Commonwealth’s attorney and the circuit court in the
waiver of jury trial also must be entered in the record.” Id.
Appellant correctly states that neither the conviction order nor the sentencing order
complies with these mandates. However, that is not the end of our inquiry.
Central to appellant’s subject matter jurisdiction contention is that the provisions of
Article I, Section 8 of the Virginia Constitution, Code § 19.2-258, and Rule 3A:13(b) were not
met. We disagree. Appellant appeared in court on July 24, 2015 and was advised of his right to
a jury and requested a bench trial. His case was continued to September 14, 2015. This
proceeding was memorialized by a continuance order entered July 24, 2015, signed by the trial
judge, and endorsed by the attorney for the appellant, the appellant, and the attorney for the
Commonwealth which stated in part:
“Upon motion of the (Commonwealth’s Attorney), (defendant),
(attorney for the defendant), (the Court), this matter will be heard
by (the Court) (a jury).”
From this order, we can discern that the appellant, the attorney for the Commonwealth,
and the court waived a jury trial, thus complying with Article I, Section 8 of the Virginia
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Constitution, Code § 19.2-258, and Rule 3A:13(b). Appellant does not contend this continuance
order was not entered of record. All continuance orders are entered of record. See Code
§ 17.1-123. The “record” referred to “is the order book in which, by [statute], are required to be
kept the proceedings, orders and judgment of courts of record.” Cunningham v. Smith, 205 Va.
205, 208, 135 S.E.2d 770, 773 (1964).
The waiver does not need to appear in conviction or sentencing orders as argued by
appellant. In Commonwealth v. Williams, 262 Va. 661, 553 S.E.2d 760 (2001), a continuance
order reflecting that the defendant, the attorney for the Commonwealth, and the court signed the
jury waiver form was sufficient to meet the requirements of Rule 3A:13(b).
The continuance order of July 24, 2015 did not use the word “waive,” but it is clear that
was in fact the case.
Waiver is the voluntary and intentional abandonment of a known
legal right, advantage, or privilege. Weidman v. Babcock, 241 Va.
40, 45, 400 S.E.2d 164, 167 (1991); Fox v. Deese, 234 Va. 412,
425, 362 S.E.2d 699, 707 (1987). The essential elements of waiver
are knowledge of the facts basic to the exercise of the right and
intent to relinquish that right. Weidman, 241 Va. at 45, 400 S.E.2d
at 167; Fox, 234 Va. at 425, 362 S.E.2d at 707.
Chawla v. BurgerBusters, Inc., 255 Va. 616, 622-23, 499 S.E.2d 829, 833 (1998).
Appellant does not contend he wanted a jury trial, nor does he assert he did not waive a
jury. He does not claim his decision to be tried by the court was involuntary or unintentional or
that he did not intend to relinquish his right to a jury. The statement of facts indicates that on
July 24, 2015, appellant was advised of his right to a jury and requested a bench trial.
We see nothing in the case law, nor in the constitutional, statutory, or Rule mandates, that
the word “waiver” must be intoned, as long as the elements of “waiver” are met.
We therefore conclude that while the July 24, 2015 order did not expressly state waiver,
it is a waiver that occurred with the concurrence of the Commonwealth Attorney and the court.
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If the court did not concur, it would not have entered an order continuing the case for a bench
trial. By endorsing the order “seen and agreed,” the Commonwealth Attorney concurred in a
bench trial.
We conclude that the mandates of Article I, Section 8 of the Virginia Constitution, Code
§ 19.2-258, and Rule 3A:13(b) have been complied with; therefore, the trial court had subject
matter jurisdiction.
Admissibility of the 911 recording
Appellant maintains the trial court erred in sustaining the Commonwealth’s objection to
the admissibility of the 911 recording and finding the recording was hearsay. Appellant, at trial,
contended the recording was not offered for the truth of the statements, but only to show the
victim’s tone and demeanor, i.e. that his voice was calm and civil, inconsistent with one who had
been assaulted and in fear of his safety.
“The admissibility of evidence is within the broad discretion of the trial court, and a
ruling will not be disturbed on appeal in the absence of an abuse of discretion.” Blain v.
Commonwealth, 7 Va. App. 10, 16, 371 S.E.2d 838, 842 (1988).
Rule 2:801 of the Virginia Rules of Evidence defines hearsay as “a statement, other than
one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the
truth of the matter asserted.”
“Hearsay is an out-of-court statement offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted. A
statement offered for any other purpose is not hearsay and is, therefore, governed by the other
rules of admissibility.” Garcia v. Commonwealth, 21 Va. App. 445, 450, 464 S.E.2d 563, 565
(1995) (en banc) (citations omitted); see also Church v. Commonwealth, 230 Va. 208, 212, 335
S.E.2d 823, 825 (1985) (“Unless [a statement] is offered to show its truth, an out-of-court
statement is not subject to the rule against hearsay and is admissible if relevant.”).
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Whether an extrajudicial statement is hearsay depends upon the
purpose for which it is offered and received into evidence. If the
statement is received to prove the truth [or falsity] of its content,
then it is hearsay and, in order to be admissible, must come within
one of the many established exceptions to the general prohibition
against admitting hearsay.
Brown v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 171, 177, 487 S.E.2d 248, 251 (1997) (en banc)
(alteration in original) (quoting Hanson v. Commonwealth, 14 Va. App. 173, 187, 416 S.E.2d 14,
22 (1992)).
We first determine the proposition for which the statement is made, and we then compare
it to the actual content of the statement itself. If the statement and the purpose for which it is
offered are the same, the statement is hearsay. However, if the purpose and statement differ, it is
not offered for the truth of the statement.
The case of Brown v. Commonwealth is illustrative. There, the issue was whether
defendant’s question to a police officer, if the victim knew he was there, was hearsay. Id. at 175,
487 S.E.2d at 250. We held it was hearsay. Id. The question implied the defendant knew the
victim personally. Id. at 179, 487 S.E.2d at 252. “In order for the jury to infer from the
statement that the defendant knew the victim, the jury had to determine the truth or falsity of the
implied assertion.” Id. at 180, 487 S.E.2d at 252. “The statement’s probative value depended
entirely upon the truth of an inferred fact that the statement implied and as such it was hearsay.”
Id. The proposition for which the statement was made, i.e. that Brown knew the victim, and the
statement itself were the same, thus being offered for the truth of the statement.
Another type of hearsay was discussed in Brown. The accused sought to have a defense
witness testify that he had overheard a conversation between the accused and the victim
involving trading sex and drugs. Id. We held that statement was not offered for the truth of the
conversation. Id. at 181, 487 S.E.2d at 253. That testimony was offered to prove only that the
statements were made, not that they were truthful. Id. The content was not relevant. Id. The
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statement showed that a prior relationship existed between the accused and the victim. Id. Here
again, the proposition for which the statement was made, i.e. to show the relationship between
the accused and the victim, was different than the statement itself, i.e. that the accused and the
victim traded sex and cocaine. Id.
Likewise, in the instant case, the proposition for which the statement was offered, i.e.
Smith’s tone and demeanor in that he was “calm and civil,” was different from the content of the
statement. The statement was offered to hear how Smith spoke, not what Smith and appellant
said. Clearly, the 911 recording was not offered for the truth of the statements made, so the trial
court erred in sustaining the Commonwealth’s objection.
Finding error, we must determine whether the error was harmless. “A defendant is
entitled to a fair trial but not a perfect one.” Id. at 182, 487 S.E.2d at 253 (quoting Lutwak v.
United States, 344 U.S. 604, 619 (1953)). “An erroneous evidentiary ruling does not require
reversal of a criminal conviction where the error is harmless.” Id. (quoting Weller v.
Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 886, 896, 434 S.E.2d 330, 337 (1993)).
When deciding whether non-constitutional error is harmless in the context of a criminal
proceeding, we must apply Code § 8.01-678, which states in pertinent part:
When it plainly appears from the record and the evidence given at
the trial that the parties have had a fair trial on the merits and
substantial justice has been reached, no judgment shall be arrested
or reversed . . . [f]or any . . . defect, imperfection, or omission in
the record, or for any error committed on the trial.
In Clay v. Commonwealth, 262 Va. 253, 259, 546 S.E.2d 728, 731 (2001), the Supreme
Court of Virginia stated that “[i]n a criminal case, it is implicit that, in order to determine
whether there has been a ‘fair trial on the merits’ and whether ‘substantial justice has been
reached,’ a reviewing court must decide whether the alleged error substantially influenced the
jury. If it did not, the error is harmless.”
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Virginia adopted the test for non-constitutional harmless error that was applied by the
United States Supreme Court in Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750 (1946):
If, when all is said and done, the conviction is sure that the error
did not influence the jury, or had but slight effect, the verdict and
the judgment should stand . . . . But if one cannot say, with fair
assurance, after pondering all that happened without stripping the
erroneous action from the whole, that the judgment was not
substantially swayed by the error, it is impossible to conclude that
substantial rights were not affected. . . . If so, or if one is left in
grave doubt, the conviction cannot stand.
Clay, 262 Va. at 260, 546 S.E.2d at 731-32 (quoting Kotteakos, 328 U.S. at 764-65); see also
Rose v. Commonwealth, 270 Va. 3, 11-13, 613 S.E.2d 454, 458-59 (2005).
Our inquiry, thus, is whether the failure to allow the 911 recording, for the limited
purpose of showing Smith’s tone of voice and demeanor, influenced the verdict. Appellant
offered the 911 recording to prove the interaction between Smith and him was “calm and civil,”
inconsistent behavior for someone who had been assaulted and in fear for his safety. The
evidence was that after Smith called 911 and reported the incident, he handed the phone to
appellant through the window, so appellant could speak to the operator as well. No evidence
indicated Smith was other than calm and civil. In fact, appellant argued in closing that Smith’s
testimony was inconsistent with someone who was afraid for his safety.
We conclude any error was harmless and merely cumulative of the testimony introduced
at trial. See Pace v. Richmond, 231 Va. 216, 227, 343 S.E.2d 59, 65 (1986). As stated above,
the fact finder, even without the 911 recording in evidence, could properly conclude Smith was
calm and civil during the 911 call. The court’s ruling in no way influenced the verdict.
CONCLUSION
Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
Affirmed.
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