ALD-016 NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
___________
No. 16-2980
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TROY COULSTON,
Appellant
v.
STEVEN GLUNT; MR. WILT;
MR. YOUNG; SHEA;
DORETTA CHENCHARICK;
DORINA VARNER; JOHN DOE
____________________________________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. Civil No. 3-14-cv-00112)
District Judge: Honorable Kim R. Gibson
____________________________________
Submitted for Possible Dismissal Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Section 1915(e)(2)
or Summary Action Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 27.4 and I.O.P. 10.6
October 20, 2016
Before: MCKEE, JORDAN and RESTREPO, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: November 2, 2016)
_________
OPINION*
_________
PER CURIAM
*
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
Troy Coulston appeals from the judgment of the United States District Court for
the Western District of Pennsylvania in his civil rights case. We will summarily affirm.
In May 2014, Coulston, an inmate in the custody of the Pennsylvania Department
of Corrections at SCI-Houtzdale, filed a civil rights complaint pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §
1983 in the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania.
Coulston alleged an Eighth Amendment rights violation (excessive force), retaliation, and
state tort claims for assault and battery against Corrections Officer (CO) Wilt for
slamming a steel door on Coulston’s leg and back in May 2012. Coulston additionally
sued five other identifiable1 prison officials: Superintendent Glunt, Sergeant Young,
Lieutenant Shea, Superintendent Assistant Chencharick, and Chief Grievance Officer
Varner (collectively “defendants”), alleging that they denied him due process and/or
equal protection after the incident by failing to investigate and refusing to call police.
In September 2014, defendants filed a partial motion to dismiss2 pursuant to
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). The Magistrate Judge recommended that the
motion be denied as to Coulston’s retaliation and assault claims but granted as to the
remaining claims and defendants. Instead of filing objections, Coulston filed a motion
for leave to amend his complaint along with a proposed amended complaint. In an order
entered on July 15, 2015, the District Court adopted the recommendations of the
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Coulston also named unidentified prison mail staff member John Doe for allegedly
interfering with his attempt to file a criminal complaint with the state police.
2
Defendants did not move to dismiss Coulston’s excessive force claim.
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Magistrate Judge and denied Coulston’s motion for leave to amend his complaint as
futile, finding that Coulston’s amended complaint still failed to state due process claims
against defendants.
In October 2015, defendants filed a motion for summary judgment. In an order
entered on June 8, 2016, following a Report and Recommendations by the Magistrate
Judge and objections by Coulston, the District Court granted the motion, entered
judgment in favor of defendants, and dismissed the state law claims without prejudice to
Coulston’s refiling them in state court.
Coulston appeals. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Because
Coulston has been granted in forma pauperis status pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915, we
review this appeal for possible dismissal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B). We
may summarily affirm under Third Circuit LAR 27.4 and I.O.P. 10.6 if the appeal lacks
substantial merit.
I.
We exercise plenary review of the District Court's order granting defendants’
motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to state a
claim. See Allen ex rel. Martin v. LaSalle Bank, N.A., 629 F.3d 364, 367 (3d Cir. 2011).
In reviewing the dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6), “we accept all factual allegations as true
[and] construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Warren Gen.
Hosp. v. Amgen Inc., 643 F.3d 77, 84 (3d Cir. 2011) (quoting Pinker v. Roche Holdings,
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Ltd., 292 F.3d 361, 374 n.7 (3d Cir. 2002)). A court may grant a motion to dismiss under
Rule 12(b)(6) “only if, accepting all well-pleaded allegations in the complaint as true and
viewing them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, [it] finds that [the] plaintiff's
claims lack facial plausibility.” Id. (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544,
555–56 (2007)). Pro se pleadings, “however inartfully pleaded,” must be held to “less
stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers.” Haines v. Kerner, 404
U.S. 519, 520 (1972). However, “pro se litigants still must allege sufficient facts in their
complaints to support a claim.” Mala v. Crown Bay Marina, Inc., 704 F.3d 239, 245 (3d
Cir. 2013).
A prisoner’s due process rights are violated when he is deprived of a legally
cognizable liberty interest, which occurs when the prison “imposes atypical and
significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life.”
Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 484 (1995). Here, Coulston failed to explain the nature
of his liberty or property interest. Liberally construing both Coulston’s complaint and
proposed amended complaint, the District Court noted that Coulston was alleging that he
was deprived of his interest in having prison staff investigate and notify police of his
assault allegations and having his alleged attacker turn himself in to authorities and notify
medical staff of his injuries. We agree with the District Court that this implicates neither
a liberty nor a property interest.
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II.
As the District Court further concluded, Coulston’s equal protection claim failed
as it did not involve a classification based on race, religion, or national origin. Prisoners
are not a protected class of individuals. Abdul-Akbar v. McKelvie, 239 F.3d 307, 317
(3d Cir. 2001) (holding that neither prisoners nor indigents are suspect classes). Besides,
to establish an equal protection claim, “a plaintiff must at a minimum allege that he was
intentionally treated differently from others similarly situated by the defendant and that
there was no rational basis for such treatment.” Phillips v. County of Allegheny, 515
F.3d 224, 243 (3d Cir. 2008). Coulston’s claim that he was treated differently because
he is an inmate and not a staff member is without merit because staff members are not
“similarly situated” to inmates.
III.
The remainder of Coulston’s claims against the prison staff members are equally
without merit and were appropriately dismissed by the District Court, as they related to
obstruction of justice, official oppression, terroristic threats, and intimidation of a
witness, see, e.g., Linda R.S. v. Richard D., 410 U.S. 614, 619 (1973) (holding “private
citizen lacks a judicially cognizable interest in the prosecution or nonprosecution of
another”); deliberate indifference to medical needs, see, e.g., Durmer v. O’Carroll, 991
F.2d 64, 67 (3d Cir. 1993) (finding “prisoner must show more than negligence; he must
show ‘deliberate indifference’ to a serious medical need”); access to the courts, see, e.g.,
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Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 351 (1996) (holding where inmate does not allege actual
injury to his ability to litigate claim, constitutional right to access courts has not been
violated); and mail interference, see, e.g., Christopher v. Harbury, 536 U.S. 403, 415
(2002) (noting plaintiff must show that actions of defendant hindered efforts to pursue
non-frivolous claim). As the District Court explained, the facts and circumstances
underlying Coulston’s complaint do not support these claims.
IV.
The District Court properly granted summary judgment in favor of CO Wilt
concerning Coulston’s claims of excessive force, retaliation, and state tort violations.
Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute
as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R.
Civ. P. 56(a). The moving party “bears the initial responsibility of informing the district
court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions” of the record which
demonstrate the absence of a genuine dispute of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,
477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). If the moving party meets its burden, the nonmoving party
then must present specific facts that show there is a genuine issue for trial. Fed. R. Civ.
P. 56(c)(1), (e)(2); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A court
should grant summary judgment where the non-movant’s evidence is merely colorable or
not significantly probative, Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249-50, because “[w]here the record
taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party,
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there is no ‘genuine issue for trial,’” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp.,
475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986) (citation omitted).
In determining whether a prison official has used excessive force in violation of
the Eighth Amendment, the “pivotal inquiry” is “whether force was applied in a good-
faith effort to maintain or restore discipline, or maliciously and sadistically to cause
harm.” Smith v. Mensinger, 293 F.3d 641, 649 (3d Cir. 2002) (quoting Brooks v. Kyler,
204 F.3d 102, 106 (3d Cir. 2000)). The court considers the following factors:
(1) the need for the application of force; (2) the relationship between the
need and the amount of force that was used; (3) the extent of the injury
inflicted; (4) the extent of the threat to the safety of staff and inmates, as
reasonably perceived by responsible officials on the basis of facts known to
them; and (5) any efforts made to temper the severity of the forceful
response.
Id. at 649 (quoting Brooks, 204 F.3d at 106).
Here, viewing all evidence and inferences in favor of Coulston, the District Court
found that Coulston’s allegation that CO Wilt had slammed the door on Coulston’s chest,
threatened to kill him if he continued with a civil rights action against two of CO Wilt’s
fellow officers, and held him trapped until he wiggled free, was contrary to the video of
the incident. We agree. “When opposing parties tell two different stories, one of which
is blatantly contradicted by the record, so that no reasonable jury could believe it, a court
should not adopt that version of the facts for purposes of ruling on a motion for summary
judgment.” Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007) (relying on videotape in assessing
summary judgment evidence). The District Court noted that the video showed inmates
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exiting the B pod door, CO Wilt approaching the door, and several inmates picking up
the pace to exit the pod. All inmates were able to hurry through the door except for
Coulston who became stuck in the closing door for 4.5 seconds. CO Wilt then opened
the door to allow Coulston and two other inmates to exit. Coulston walked away, free
from any limp or movement that indicated he was in any pain. The District Court
properly determined that despite Coulston’s assertions to the contrary, the video showed
that CO Wilt acted in an effort to maintain discipline. While CO Wilt admits that he
could have chosen a more appropriate method of restoring order, an overreaction by an
officer is not enough to establish an Eighth Amendment violation. Whitley v. Albers,
475 U.S. 312, 319 (1986) (“The infliction of pain in the course of a prison security
measure . . . does not amount to cruel and unusual punishment simply because it may
appear in retrospect that the degree of force authorized or applied for security purposes
was unreasonable, and hence unnecessary in the strict sense.”)
We further agree with the District Court’s conclusion that the record did not
support Coulston’s assertions that he suffered severe injuries as a result of CO Wilt’s
actions. The record reflects that when examining him a few days after the incident,
Nagle noted only a muscle spasm in Coulston’s back that could have been caused by a
minor event, and a small effusion of the right knee, which was a chronic problem
Coulston had prior to the incident. No reasonable jury, after viewing the video of the
incident and considering all evidence of record, could conclude that CO Wilt acted
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“maliciously and sadistically” to cause harm to Coulston. Thus, the District Court
properly granted summary judgment on this claim.
V.
The District Court properly dismissed Coulston’s retaliation claim for failure to
exhaust administrative remedies as required by 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). The parties do no
dispute that Coulston failed to grieve the retaliation claim or even mention the claim
before filing his complaint, which he did not file against CO Wilt’s fellow officers until
over two months after the door incident. Coulston’s statement, that he was too afraid to
grieve the retaliation claim, is not credible in light of the fact that he grieved the
excessive force claim. We agree that summary judgment was appropriate as to this
claim.3
VI.
Because the appeal does not present a substantial question, we will summarily
affirm the judgment of the District Court.
3
Finally, we agree with the District Court’s decision to refuse to exercise its
supplemental jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3) over the remaining state law
claims, and to dismiss these claims without prejudice to refiling them in state court.
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