TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-16-00528-CV
R. R., Appellant
v.
Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF COMAL COUNTY, 22ND JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. C2015-1680A, HONORABLE DIB WALDRIP, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
This is an appeal from a final order, following a bench trial, terminating the parental
rights of R.R. to her son, F.R., and her daughter, C.R. In two issues on appeal, R.R. asserts that the
evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the district court’s findings that she had
committed each of the alleged statutory grounds for termination and that termination of her parental
rights was in the best interest of the children. We will affirm the district court’s order.
BACKGROUND
The Texas Department of Family and Protective Services (the Department) brought
suit to terminate R.R.’s parental rights based on allegations that R.R. had, among other grounds for
termination, endangered her children’s well-being by using methamphetamine and exposing her
children to the threat of domestic violence. Following the termination hearing, which we discuss
in more detail below as it is relevant to R.R.’s issues on appeal, the district court found by clear and
convincing evidence that termination of the parent-child relationship was in the best interest of the
children and that R.R. had committed the following statutory grounds for termination: (1) engaged
in conduct or knowingly placed the children with persons who engaged in conduct which endangered
the physical or emotional well-being of the children; (2) constructively abandoned the children;
(3) failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically established the actions
necessary for R.R. to obtain the return of the children; and (4) used a controlled substance in a
manner that endangered the health or safety of the children, and failed to complete a court-ordered
substance abuse treatment program.1 This appeal followed.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence supporting an order terminating parental
rights, we examine whether the Department proved, by clear and convincing evidence, that the parent
engaged in conduct that amounts to statutory grounds for termination and that termination is in the
children’s best interest.2 Clear and convincing evidence is a heightened burden of proof that requires
“the measure or degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief
or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established.”3 On appeal, we apply a
standard of review that reflects this burden of proof.4
1
See Tex. Fam. Code § 161.001(1)(E), (N), (O), (P), (2).
2
See In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 23 (Tex. 2002).
3
Tex. Fam. Code § 101.007; see C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25.
4
See In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 264-66 (Tex. 2002).
2
“In a legal sufficiency review, a court should look at all the evidence in the light most
favorable to the finding to determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm
belief or conviction that its finding was true.”5 “To give appropriate deference to the factfinder’s
conclusions and the role of a court conducting a legal sufficiency review, looking at the evidence
in the light most favorable to the judgment means that a reviewing court must assume that the
factfinder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder could do so.”6 “A
corollary to this requirement is that a court should disregard all evidence that a reasonable factfinder
could have disbelieved or found to have been incredible.”7 However, “[t]his does not mean that a
court must disregard all evidence that does not support the finding.”8 The reviewing court must
consider “undisputed facts that do not support the finding.”9 “If, after conducting its legal
sufficiency review of the record evidence, a court determines that no reasonable factfinder could
form a firm belief or conviction that the matter that must be proven is true, then that court must
conclude that the evidence is legally insufficient.”10
In a factual sufficiency review, “the inquiry must be ‘whether the evidence is such
that a factfinder could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction about the truth of the State’s
5
Id. at 266.
6
Id.
7
Id.
8
Id.
9
Id.
10
Id.
3
allegations.’”11 We “must give due consideration to evidence that the factfinder could reasonably
have found to be clear and convincing,” but we also “should consider whether disputed evidence is
such that a reasonable factfinder could not have resolved that disputed evidence in favor of its
finding.”12 “If, in light of the entire record, the disputed evidence that a reasonable factfinder could
not have credited in favor of the finding is so significant that a factfinder could not reasonably have
formed a firm belief or conviction, then the evidence is factually insufficient.”13
ANALYSIS
Statutory termination grounds
In her first issue, R.R. asserts that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient
to support the district court’s findings regarding the statutory grounds for termination. Although the
district court found that R.R. had committed multiple grounds for termination, it was required to find
only one statutory ground in order to terminate her parental rights.14 Therefore, so long as there is
sufficient evidence to support at least one of those grounds, we must uphold the finding.15 We will
focus our analysis on the ground stated in section 161.001(1)(E), which provides that parental rights
may be terminated if the parent “engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who
engaged in conduct which endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the child.”
11
Id. (quoting C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25).
12
Id.
13
Id.
14
See In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. 2003); Spurck v. Texas Dep’t of Family &
Protective Servs., 396 S.W.3d 205, 221 (Tex. App.—Austin 2013, no pet.).
15
See A.V., 113 S.W.3d at 362.
4
“Under section 161.001(1)(E), the relevant inquiry is whether evidence exists that
the endangerment of the child’s physical well-being was the direct result of Appellant’s conduct,
including acts, omissions, or failures to act.”16 “Termination under subsection 161.001(1)(E)
must be based on more than a single act or omission; a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious
course of [endangering] conduct by the parent is required.”17 “The requisite endangerment may be
found if the evidence shows a parent’s course of conduct that has the effect of endangering the
child’s physical or emotional well-being.”18 Although “‘endanger’ means more than a threat of
metaphysical injury or the possible ill effects of a less-than-ideal family environment, it is not
necessary that the conduct be directed at the child or that the child actually suffers injury.”19 “Rather,
‘endanger’ means to expose to loss or injury; to jeopardize.”20 “Endangerment can occur through
both acts and omissions.”21 “[T]he conduct does not have to cause a concrete threat of injury to the
16
In re M.E.-M.N., 342 S.W.3d 254, 262 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2011, pet. denied).
17
In re C.A.B., 289 S.W.3d 874, 883 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, no pet.) (citing
In re J.W., 152 S.W.3d 200, 205 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, pet. denied)).
18
Id.
19
Texas Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex. 1987) (citing Allred
v. Harris Cnty. Child Welfare Unit, 615 S.W.2d 803, 806 (Tex. Civ. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
1980, writ ref’d n.r.e.)).
20
Id. (citing Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language 599
(1976)).
21
In re W.J.H., 111 S.W.3d 707, 715 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, pet. denied) (citing
Phillips v. Texas Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 25 S.W.3d 348, 354 (Tex. App.—Austin
2000, no pet.)).
5
child.”22 Nor does the conduct “have to occur in the presence of the child.”23 “And the conduct may
occur . . . both before and after the child has been removed by the Department.”24 “If the evidence
shows that the parent has engaged in a course of conduct which has the effect of endangering
the child, then the finding under subsection E may be upheld.”25 “Intentional criminal activity that
exposes a parent to incarceration is conduct that endangers the physical and emotional well-being
of a child.”26 This is true even when the criminal activity does not result in a final conviction.27 “As
a general rule, conduct that subjects a child to a life of uncertainty and instability endangers the
physical and emotional well-being of a child.”28 Therefore, “a parent’s use of narcotics and its effect
on his or her ability to parent may qualify as an endangering course of conduct.”29 Additionally,
22
Id. at 716 (citing In re D.M., 58 S.W.3d 801, 811 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2001, no pet.);
Director of Dallas Cnty. Child Protective Servs. Unit v. Bowling, 833 S.W.2d 730, 733
(Tex. App.—Dallas 1992, no writ)).
23
Walker v. Texas Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., 312 S.W.3d 608, 617
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied) (citing Bowling, 833 S.W.2d at 733).
24
Id. (citing In re S.M.L.D., 150 S.W.3d 754, 757-58 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2004, no pet.);
Avery v. State, 963 S.W.2d 550, 553 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, no pet.)).
25
W.J.H., 111 S.W.3d at 716 (citing D.M., 58 S.W.3d at 811).
26
In re V.V., 349 S.W.3d 548, 554 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pet. denied)
(citing Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at 533; Allred, 615 S.W.2d at 806; Avery, 963 S.W.2d at 553).
27
See In re T.G.R.-M., 404 S.W.3d 7 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, no pet.) (citing
In re S.M.L., 171 S.W.3d 472, 479 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.)).
28
In re R.W., 129 S.W.3d 732, 739 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, pet. denied) (citing In re
S.D., 980 S.W.2d 758, 763 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1998, pet. denied)).
29
In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 345 (Tex. 2009) (citing In re S.N., 272 S.W.3d 45, 52
(Tex. App.—Waco 2008, no pet.); Toliver v. Texas Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., 217 S.W.3d
85, 98 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.); R.W., 129 S.W.3d at 739); see also Walker,
6
“[d]omestic violence, want of self control, and propensity for violence may be considered as
evidence of endangerment.”30 The violence does not have to be directed toward the child or result
in a final conviction—“Texas courts routinely consider evidence of parent-on-parent physical abuse
in termination cases without specifically requiring evidence that the conduct resulted in a criminal
conviction.”31 Similarly, exposing one’s child to the risk of domestic violence from others may also
constitute endangering conduct.32
Here, the evidence in support of the district court’s endangerment finding included
testimony tending to show that R.R. had a history of drug use. R.R. admitted to having used “meth”
approximately “three times a week” for the past eight years, although she denied that she had ever
used methamphetamine in the presence of her children. However, R.R. acknowledged that on one
occasion, methamphetamine was “still in [her] system” while the children were in her care. R.R.
also acknowledged that she had tested positive for methamphetamine use while the case was
ongoing, although she claimed that it had been “over three weeks” since she had last used.
312 S.W.3d at 618 (“Because it exposes the child to the possibility that the parent may be impaired
or imprisoned, illegal drug use may support termination under section 161.001(1)(E).”).
30
In re J.I.T.P., 99 S.W.3d 841, 845 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, no pet.);
see also In re C.J.O., 325 S.W.3d 261, 265 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2010, pet. denied) (“If a parent
abuses or neglects the other parent or other children, that conduct can be used to support a finding
of endangerment even against a child who was not yet born at the time of the conduct.”).
31
V.V., 349 S.W.3d at 556 (citing In re K.L.R., 162 S.W.3d 291, 305 (Tex. App.—Tyler
2005, no pet.); In re W.S.M., 107 S.W.3d 772, 773 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, no pet.); In re
M.R., 975 S.W.2d 51, 55 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1998, pet. denied); Allred, 615 S.W.2d at 805).
32
See In re M.R., 243 S.W.3d 807, 818-19 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, no pet.); Sylvia
M. v. Dallas Cnty. Welfare Unit, 771 S.W.2d 198, 204 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1989, no writ).
7
R.R. further testified that police officers had been called to her residence on
three occasions in response to reports of domestic violence involving her husband, who was also a
methamphetamine user, according to R.R. On the first occasion, R.R. testified, her husband “shoved
me onto the ground”; on the second occasion, “[h]e hit me in the jaw” with “[h]is fist”; and, on the
third occasion, “[h]e grabbed my face and pulled me out of my car and threw me on the ground and
was choking me.” R.R. also testified that she and her husband “were still together” while the case
was ongoing, although she claimed that her husband had “left [her]” in February 2016, several
months prior to the final hearing, and that she had not lived with him since that time. However,
R.R.’s mother, R.M., testified that on a previous occasion when R.R. and her husband had separated
and the children were in R.M.’s care, R.R. had chosen to return to her husband instead of staying
with R.M. and the children. R.M. also testified that she believed R.R. had a problem with drugs, that
R.R. had used drugs while the case was ongoing, and that R.R. had told her that she would continue
to use drugs and that using drugs was “okay.”
Chris Willis, a caseworker for Child Protective Services (CPS), testified that the
“primary concerns” of CPS when creating the family service plan in this case were “drug use and
domestic violence.” According to Willis, R.R. had no “clean” drug tests while the case was ongoing,
nor did she complete court-ordered classes on domestic violence or court-ordered services to treat
her drug addiction.
Viewing the above and other evidence in the light most favorable to the finding, it
tends to show that R.R. had regularly used methamphetamine for years, including when the children
were in her care, had continued to use methamphetamine while the case was ongoing, and had
done little if anything to demonstrate that she would stop using methamphetamine in the future.
8
Additionally, the evidence also tends to show that R.R. had a relationship with a man who had
assaulted her on multiple occasions and who was also a methamphetamine user, and that
her relationship with this man had continued while the case was ongoing. This and other evidence
supports the district court’s finding that R.R. had endangered the children’s physical and emotional
well-being. Accordingly, we conclude that the evidence is legally sufficient to support the
district court’s endangerment finding.33
After giving due consideration to the disputed evidence in the case, we reach the
same conclusion regarding the factual sufficiency of the evidence. The disputed evidence consists
of R.R.’s testimony denying that she had used methamphetamine while the children were in her care
and denying that the children had been exposed to domestic violence. However, the district court
was free to disbelieve R.R.’s testimony. On this record, we cannot say that “the disputed evidence
that a reasonable factfinder could not have credited in favor of the finding is so significant that a
factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction” that R.R. had endangered
the physical and emotional well-being of her children.34
33
See, e.g., J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 345; M.E.-M.N., 342 S.W.3d at 263; C.J.O., 325 S.W.3d
at 265; C.A.B., 289 S.W.3d at 885; Vasquez v. Texas Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs.,
190 S.W.3d 189, 196 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied); J.I.T.P., 99 S.W.3d
at 845; Robinson v. Texas Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 89 S.W.3d 679, 686-87
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.).
34
See In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266.
9
Because we conclude that the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support
the district court’s endangerment finding, we need not consider the sufficiency of the evidence
supporting the other alleged statutory grounds for termination.35
We overrule R.R.’s first issue.
Best interest
In R.R.’s second issue, she asserts that the evidence is legally and factually
insufficient to support the district court’s finding that termination of R.R.’s parental rights was in the
best interest of the children. When deciding the best-interest issue, we consider the well-established
Holley v. Adams factors, which include the children’s wishes, the children’s emotional and physical
needs now and in the future, emotional or physical danger to the children now and in the future, the
parenting abilities of the party seeking custody, programs available to help that party, plans for the
children by the party seeking custody, the stability of the proposed placement, the parent’s conduct
indicating that the parent-child relationship is improper, and any excuses for the parent’s conduct.36
The Department need not prove all of the Holley factors as a “condition precedent” to termination,
and the absence of some factors does not bar the factfinder from finding by clear and convincing
evidence that termination is in a children’s best interest.37 The need for permanence is the paramount
35
See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1; Spurck, 396 S.W.3d at 221.
36
See 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex. 1976).
37
C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27.
10
consideration when determining the children’s present and future physical and emotional needs.38
Moreover, a parent’s statutorily offensive conduct is often intertwined with the best-interest
determination.39
In addition to considering evidence regarding the statutory termination grounds,
summarized above, the district court also considered evidence regarding the children’s well-being.
Willis, the CPS caseworker, testified that the children were living with their grandmother, R.M.,
and that they “get along with their grandmother very well.” Willis also testified that the placement
was safe and stable and that R.M. was able to meet the needs of the children, both of whom, Willis
explained, required specialized care to address various health issues. According to Willis, the
Department had planned for the children to remain in their current placement, and R.M. had
expressed a desire to adopt the children if R.R.’s parental rights were terminated. Willis further
testified that in his opinion, R.R. could not provide a safe and stable home for the children, due to
her “continued drug use and domestic violence.”
Shawn McCormick, a CASA volunteer who was familiar with the case, provided
similar testimony regarding R.M.’s ability to provide a safe and stable home for the children and
R.R.’s inability to do so. When asked why he believed that it was in the children’s best interest for
them to remain in R.M.’s care, McCormick testified as follows:
38
In re D.R.A., 374 S.W.3d 528, 533 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.) (citing
Dupree v. Texas Dep’t of Protective and Regulatory Servs., 907 S.W.2d 81, 87 (Tex. App.—Dallas
1995, no writ)).
39
Horvatich v. Texas Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 78 S.W.3d 594, 601
(Tex. App.—Austin 2002, no pet.) (citing Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 372; Leal v. Texas Dep’t of
Protective & Regulatory Servs., 25 S.W.3d 315, 321 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, no pet.)).
11
She provides a very safe and loving environment for them. They also love being
with their great grandmother who lives in the residence with them. They have told
me that they get to do so many more things. They feel safe, that she takes them and
does things with them, things that they never got to do before. And really in my
opinion, they’re getting to experience a true—well, not just in my opinion. They
shared with me that this was the first summer that they ever got to go and play
outside and just be kids.
Finally, R.M. testified that, if possible, she would seek adoption of the children and that her plan was
to have the children live with her until they became adults.
Viewing the above and other evidence in the light most favorable to the
district court’s finding, we conclude that the evidence is legally sufficient to prove that termination
of R.R.’s parental rights was in the best interest of the children. Based on the evidence of R.R.’s
continued drug use and history of domestic violence, the district court could have reasonably inferred
that the children were not safe in R.R.’s care and that the children’s current placement would provide
a more safe and stable environment for them.
After giving due consideration to the disputed evidence in the case, we reach the
same conclusion regarding the factual sufficiency of the evidence. The disputed evidence on this
point consists solely of R.R.’s testimony claiming that she would be able to care for the children and
provide them with a safe and stable home. The district court was free to disbelieve her testimony,
particularly in light of the other evidence, summarized above, tending to show that R.R. had
continued to use drugs while the case was ongoing and thus continued to put her children’s safety
and stability at risk.
We overrule R.R.’s second issue.
12
CONCLUSION
We affirm the district court’s termination order.
__________________________________________
Bob Pemberton, Justice
Before Justices Puryear, Pemberton, and Field
Affirmed
Filed: November 3, 2016
13
R. R. v. Texas Department of Family and Protective Services
Combined Opinion