STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
KIMBERLY DENNEY, Personal Representative FOR PUBLICATION
of the ESTATE OF MATTHEW MICHAEL November 15, 2016
DENNEY, 9:05 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v No. 328135
Kent Circuit Court
KENT COUNTY ROAD COMMISSION, LC No. 14-009556-NI
Defendant-Appellee.
Before: SHAPIRO, P.J., and HOEKSTRA and SERVITTO, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Plaintiff appeals by leave granted the trial court’s April 29, 2015 order granting
defendant’s motion for partial summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7). We reverse and
remand to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Plaintiff alleged that on the morning of May 18, 2014, Matthew Denney (the “decedent”),
was riding a motorcycle on Peach Ridge Road NW in Kent County. As he crested a hill, his
motorcycle struck two potholes in the road, causing him to lose control of the motorcycle and
fall onto the pavement. He sustained fatal injuries. For purposes of this appeal only, defendant
does not contest these allegations. There is also no dispute that defendant is a governmental
agency with jurisdiction and control over the portion of the road on which the incident occurred,
and is thus required to maintain that road in reasonable repair so that it is reasonably safe and
convenient for public travel. See MCL 691.1401; MCL 691.1402. Plaintiff, as representative of
the decedent’s estate, sued defendant under the wrongful-death statute, MCL 600.29221.
Defendant moved the trial court for partial summary disposition, alleging that it was immune
from suit for damages beyond bodily injuries suffered by the decedent, including any loss of
financial support, (such as the decedent’s lost earnings) under the governmental tort liability act
(GTLA), MCL 691.1401 et seq. Plaintiff argued that damages for lost wages/loss of earning
capacity fell within the highway exception of the GTLA as provided in MCL 691.1402(1), but
1
We note that the wrongful-death statute is also often referred to as the “wrongful-death act.”
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the trial court disagreed and granted defendant’s motion. We granted leave to appeal that
decision.2
“We review de novo a trial court’s grant or denial of summary disposition under MCR
2.116(C)(7).” Tarlea v Crabtree, 263 Mich App 80, 87; 687 NW2d 333 (2004). This Court also
reviews issues of statutory interpretation de novo. PNC Nat’l Bank Ass’n v Dep’t of Treasury,
285 Mich App 504, 505; 778 NW2d 282 (2009). The primary goal of statutory construction is to
determine the intent of the Legislature by reasonably considering the purpose and goal of the
statute. Frankenmuth Mut Ins Co v Marlette Homes, Inc, 456 Mich 511, 515; 573 NW2d 611
(1998). To determine the Legislature’s intent, this Court first looks at the specific language of
the statute. Gauntlett v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 242 Mich App 172, 177; 617 NW2d 735 (2000).
“[T]he wrongful death act provides the exclusive remedy under which a plaintiff may
seek damages for a wrongfully caused death.” Jenkins v Patel, 471 Mich 158, 164; 684 NW2d
346 (2004). The wrongful-death statute states, in relevant part, as follows:
Whenever the death of a person, injuries resulting in death, or death as described
in section 2922a shall be caused by wrongful act, neglect, or fault of another, and
the act, neglect, or fault is such as would, if death had not ensued, have entitled
the party injured to maintain an action and recover damages, the person who or
the corporation that would have been liable, if death had not ensued, shall be
liable to an action for damages, notwithstanding the death of the person injured or
death as described in section 2922a, and although the death was caused under
circumstances that constitute a felony. [MCL 600.2922(1).]
MCL 600.2922(6) sets forth the damages available in wrongful-death actions. Wesche v
Mecosta Co Rd Comm, 480 Mich 75, 90; 746 NW2d 847 (2008). That provision states, in
relevant part, as follows:
In every action under this section, the court or jury may award damages as the
court or jury shall consider fair and equitable, under all the circumstances
including reasonable medical, hospital, funeral, and burial expenses for which the
estate is liable; reasonable compensation for the pain and suffering, while
conscious, undergone by the deceased during the period intervening between the
time of the injury and death; and damages for the loss of financial support and the
loss of the society and companionship of the deceased. [MCL 600.2922(6).]
The word “including” in MCL 600.2922(6) “indicates an intent by the Legislature to
permit the award of any type of damages, economic and noneconomic, deemed justified by the
2
In the trial court, the parties stipulated as to the scope of the claim for conscious pain and
suffering and plaintiff withdrew all claims for loss of society and companionship. Accordingly,
there are no issues as to non-economic damages before us.
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facts of the particular case.” Thorn v Mercy Mem Hosp Corp, 281 Mich App 644, 651; 761
NW2d 414 (2008). Under the wrongful-death statute “the intervention of death neither limits nor
precludes the type of damages that could have been recovered by the person had the person
survived the injury.” Id. at 660. As relevant to this case, our Supreme Court has stated that
economic damages include “damages incurred due to the loss of the ability to work and earn
money . . . .” Hannay v Dep’t of Transp, 497 Mich 45, 67; 860 NW2d 67 (2014). However,
“[b]ecause an underlying claim ‘survives by law’ and must be prosecuted under the wrongful-
death act, . . . any statutory or common-law limitations on the underlying claim apply to a
wrongful-death action.” Wesche, 480 Mich at 89.
As stated above, the damages available under the wrongful-death statute, MCL
600.2922(6), include “any type of damages, economic and noneconomic, deemed justified by the
facts of the particular case.” Thorn, 281 Mich App at 651. And, economic damages include
“damages incurred due to the loss of the ability to work and earn money . . . .” Hannay, 497
Mich at 67. Therefore, damages for lost earnings are allowed under the wrongful-death statute.
However, as a governmental agency, defendant is immune from tort liability unless an exception
under the GTLA applies. MCL 691.1407(1). The GTLA broadly shields and grants to
governmental agencies immunity from tort liability and the statutory exceptions are narrowly
construed. Moraccini v City of Sterling Hts, 296 Mich App 387, 391-392; 822 NW2d 799
(2012).
Plaintiff argues here that the highway exception to governmental immunity permits her
claim for lost earnings. It states in relevant part that “[a] person who sustains bodily injury or
damage to his property by reason of failure of a governmental agency to keep a highway under
its jurisdiction in reasonable repair and in a condition reasonably safe and fit for travel may
recover the damages suffered by him or her from the governmental agency.” MCL 691.1402(1).
Our Supreme Court has defined “bodily injury” as “a physical or corporeal injury to the body.”
Wesche, 480 Mich at 84-85. Although the Supreme Court was construing the motor-vehicle
exception to the GTLA rather than the highway exception when defining “bodily injury,” both
exceptions are part of the GTLA, and “[i]dentical terms in different provisions of the same act
should be construed identically[.]” The Cadle Co v Kentwood, 285 Mich App 240, 249; 776
NW2d 145 (2009). Therefore, the phrase “bodily injury” in the highway exception also means
“a physical or corporeal injury to the body.” MCL 691.1402(1) does not define the term
“damage,” but “when the Legislature uses a word or phrase that has acquired a unique meaning
at common law, it is interpreted to have the same meaning when used in a statute dealing with
the same subject.” Lewis v LeGrow, 258 Mich App 175, 184; 670 NW2d 675 (2003).
In Hannay, 497 Mich at 51, our Supreme Court was called upon to determine whether the
phrase “liable for bodily injury” in the motor vehicle exception to governmental immunity (MCL
691.1405) allowed for the recovery of economic damages, such as work-loss damages, and
noneconomic damages, such as pain and suffering to a plaintiff who was injured in a motor
vehicle accident. In making its determination, the Court stated that “bodily injury” is the
category of harm (i.e., the type of injury) for which the government waives immunity under the
motor vehicle exception “and, thus, for which damages that naturally flow are compensable.” Id.
at 64.
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Therefore, the legal responsibility that arises from “bodily injury” is responsibility
for tort damages that flow from that injury. This conclusion is supported by the
fact that the GTLA generally grants immunity from “tort liability,” and to the
extent that this immunity is waived, the resulting liability, logically, is liability for
tort damages. [Id. at 64-65; emphasis in original]
The Hannay Court continued, “tort damages generally include damages for all the legal and
natural consequences of the injury (i.e., the damages that naturally flow from the injury), which
may include damages for loss of the ability to work and earn money, as well as pain and
suffering and mental and emotional distress damages.” Id. at 65. The Court thus held that a
plaintiff may bring a third-party tort action for economic damages, such as work-loss damages,
and noneconomic damages, such as pain and suffering or emotional distress damages, against a
governmental entity if the requirements of the no-fault act have been met. Id. at 51, 68. The
Hannay Court also recognized that while damages that naturally flowed from the injury were
compensable, the person seeking such damages must have had a bodily injury. Id. at 71-72.
Notably, the Hannay Court cites the case of Roberts v Detroit, 102 Mich 64; 60 NW 450 (1894)
for this proposition, stating, that “the issue was whether the highway exception applied” to a
plaintiff’s loss of consortium claim. Hannay, 497 Mich at 71.
This Court stated, “[s]o far as [the highway exception] is concerned, it limits the
liability to cases of bodily injury,” and concluded that:
The plaintiff's case [for loss of consortium] does not fall within [the highway
exception] (1) because he has no right to recover for the bodily injury—i.e., pain
and suffering, etc—of another; (2) because the statute in terms limits the recovery
to the person so injured or disabled. [Hannay, 497 Mich at 71, quoting Roberts,
102 Mich at 67]
“ ‘ [B]odily injury’ in the motor vehicle exception is not a threshold requirement that opens all
doors of potential liability for tort damages; rather, it is a category of injury for which items of
tort damages that naturally flow are available, as confined by the limitations of the no-fault act.”
Id. at 75.
What is taken from Hannay is that (1) the tort damages recoverable for bodily injury
under the motor vehicle exception and, by extension, to the highway exception, of the GTLA, are
only those damages that the injured person suffered (2) the items of tort damages are confined to
the limitations of the statute under which the action is brought; here, the wrongful death act. Put
another way, under MCL 691.1402(1), a person who sustains a bodily injury as a result of a
governmental agency’s failure to properly maintain a highway may recover the damages he
suffered, from the governmental agency, as limited by the wrongful death act. As our Supreme
Court stated, “the wrongful-death act is essentially a ‘filter’ through which the underlying claim
may proceed.” Wesche, 480 at 88. “As a condition to a successful action under the wrongful
death act, it must be shown that the decedent, if death had not ensued, could have maintained an
action and recovered damages for his injuries.” Wesche, 480 Mich 75, 90; 746 NW2d 847
(2008). “ ‘[T]he cause of action of a proper plaintiff under the wrongful death act is a derivative
one in that the personal representative of the deceased stands in his shoes and is required to show
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that the deceased could have maintained the action if death had not ensued . . . .’ ” Id. at 90,
quoting Maiuri v Sinacola Constr Co, 382 Mich 391, 396; 170 NW2d 27 (1969).
When the decedent fell off of a motorcycle on May 18, 2014, he clearly suffered “a
physical or corporeal injury to [his] body”—in other words, he suffered a bodily injury. Wesche,
480 Mich at 84-85. Therefore, if the decedent was alive, under MCL 691.1402(1) he would be
able to recover from defendant damages for lost earnings that he suffered as a result of the bodily
injury. MCL 691.1402(1); Wesche, 480 Mich at 84-85; Lewis, 258 Mich App at 184; Hannay,
497 Mich at 65. And, despite the fact that the decedent died, his claim against defendant for lost
earnings survived. MCL 600.2922(1). Plaintiff, a representative of the decedent’s estate,
brought this claim under the wrongful-death statute. Because under the highway exception,
MCL 691.1402(1), the deceased could have maintained an action against defendant for lost
earnings resulting from his bodily injury on May 18, 2014, and because plaintiff was able to
bring this derivative claim under the wrongful-death statute, MCL 600.2922(2), the trial court
improperly granted defendant’s motion for partial summary disposition with regard to plaintiff’s
claim for damages for the decedent’s lost earnings. Wesche, 480 Mich at 90.
Defendant argues that plaintiff’s claim for damages for lost earnings does not fall under
the highway exception to the GTLA because MCL 691.1402(1) allows for damages only for “[a]
person who sustains bodily injury” and plaintiff’s claim for damages constituted a claim on
behalf of the beneficiaries rather than a claim of the decedent. But, as discussed above, this
claim was the decedent’s claim for lost earnings, which survived his death and was brought
under the wrongful-death statute by the personal representative who stood in his shoes. The
claim is permitted under MCL 691.1402(1).
Defendant attempts to characterize plaintiff’s claim as one for lost financial support and
argues that because a claim for lost financial support can be brought under the wrongful-death
statute by beneficiaries of the estate, this claim is not one for damages suffered by the decedent
but rather for damages suffered by the estate’s beneficiaries and, therefore, is not allowed under
MCL 691.1402(1). Defendant is correct insofar as it argues that damages for lost financial
support under the wrongful-death statute are not damages suffered by “[a] person who sustains
bodily injury” and, therefore, would not be allowed under MCL 691.1402(1). See, e.g.,
Setterington v Pontiac Gen Hosp, 223 Mich App 594, 606-607; 568 NW2d 93 (1997). However,
a claim for lost financial support under the wrongful-death statute is not the same as a claim for
lost earnings. Specifically, lost earnings are damages that decedent could have sought on his
own behalf had he lived, whereas damages for lost financial support would be sought by one
who depended on the decedent for financial support. See, e.g., id. Because the damages are
distinct, the fact that the wrongful-death statute allows for recovery of lost financial support does
not change the character of plaintiff’s claim for damages for the decedent’s lost earnings.
Finally, defendant argues that the fact that under MCL 600.2922(6)(d) damages are
distributed directly to the beneficiaries rather than to the estate indicates that plaintiff’s claim
was not one for damages suffered by the decedent. We fail to see how the distribution of
damages affects the above analysis showing that damages for the decedent’s lost earnings
resulted from the bodily injury sustained by the decedent and, therefore, were allowed under
MCL 691.1402(1).
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We reverse the trial court’s order granting defendant’s motion for partial summary
disposition and remand for proceedings in accord with this opinion. We do not retain
jurisdiction.
/s/ Douglas B. Shapiro
/s/ Joel P. Hoekstra
/s/ Deborah A. Servitto
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