Enrique Martinez v. State

COURT OF APPEALS
EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
EL PASO, TEXAS

ENRIQUE MARTINEZ, §
No. 08-12-00320-CR
Appellant, §
Appeal from the
v. §
41st District Court
THE STATE OF TEXAS, §
of El Paso County, Texas
Appellee. §
(TC# 20120D02642)

OPINION

In 2005, Appellant Enrique Martinez was determined to be a sexually violent predator

pursuant to Chapter 841 of the Texas Health and Safety Code, and was thereafter made the subject

of a civil commitment order that included various supervision requirements mandated by the Code

at the time. In 2012, Appellant was found guilty of violating two of his supervision requirements.

Appellant appealed his conviction. While his appeal was pending, the Legislature amended the

relevant portions of the Code and decriminalized the conduct for which Appellant had been

convicted. The Legislature included a savings provision in the amending act directing that the

amendments be applied retroactively to all offenses, except for offenses in which a “final

conviction” existed on the effective date of the amendments.

In Mitchell v. State, 473 S.W.3d 503, 517 (Tex.App. – El Paso 2015, no pet.), this Court
concluded the Legislature’s use of the term “final conviction” in the savings provision

demonstrated the Legislature intended the amendments to apply retroactively to all cases still

pending on appeal at the time the amendments went into effect. Because Mitchell’s conviction

was pending on appeal when the amendments went into effect, we reversed his conviction and

rendered judgment dismissing the indictment. Id.

Shortly after we decided Mitchell, the Beaumont Court of Appeals reviewed a similar case

and agreed with our holdings in Mitchell. Vandyke v. State, 485 S.W.3d 507, 510 (Tex.App. –

Beaumont 2016, pet. granted). However, the Court in Vandyke was faced with an issue not raised

in Mitchell—whether the Legislature “improperly assumed the executive branch’s clemency

power” in directing that the amendments be applied retroactively to cases that had already resulted

in a conviction in the trial court. Id. The Beaumont Court concluded that by retroactively

applying the amendments to cases on appeal, the Legislature had “essentially pardoned these

individuals” and thereby “usurped the Governor’s clemency power” in violation of the separation

of powers provision in the Texas Constitution. Id. at 511.

In the present case, both the State and Appellant agree with Mitchell, and that the

amendments to the Code did in fact decriminalize the conduct for which Appellant was convicted

and that the Legislature intended the amendments to apply retroactively to this case because it was

pending on appeal at the time of the amendments. The parties disagree, however, on whether the

Legislature violated the separation of powers provision in doing so. We conclude that the

Legislature did not violate the separation of powers provision, and that it acted within its

constitutional powers in directing that the amendments be applied retroactively to cases pending

on appeal. We therefore reverse Appellant’s conviction and render judgment dismissing the

2
indictment.

BACKGROUND

In 2005, a trial court signed a final judgment adjudicating Appellant to be a sexually

violent predator in accordance with Chapter 841 of the Texas Health and Safety Code, and entered

an order of civil commitment. 1 The judgment and civil commitment order imposed certain

requirements on Appellant in accordance with Section 841.082 of the Texas Health and Safety

Code as it existed at that time, which were calculated to ensure his “compliance with treatment and

supervision and to protect the community.” See Mitchell, 473 S.W.3d at 505-06. The order

generally required Appellant to follow the written supervision requirements “of the Council on

Sex Offender Treatment and/or the case manager,” to abide by the rules, regulations, and policies

of the community residential facility in which he was housed, and to commit no offenses against

the laws of the State of Texas.2 The rules at the residential facility where Appellant was housed

provided that residents were not allowed to take items from the community kitchen to their

dormitory rooms and were not allowed to have pills in their possession without the written

permission of a nurse.

In 2012, Appellant was indicted for violating his supervision requirements by: (1)

possessing prohibited items in his locker, including a Kool-Aid packet that was property of the

1
When Appellant was initially committed, Section 841.081 of the Health and Safety Code provided that: “(a) If at a
trial conducted under Subchapter D the judge or jury determines that the person is a sexually violent predator, the
judge shall commit the person for outpatient treatment and supervision to be coordinated by the case manager [from
the Council on Sex Offender Treatment].” See Mitchell, 473 S.W.3d at 505 n.2.
2
At the time, the Council on Sex Offender Treatment was responsible for providing for the treatment and supervision
of sexually violent predators. See Mitchell, 473 S.W.3d at 506 n.3. Operation of the treatment program was
transferred from the Council to the Office of Violent Sex Offender Management (OVSOM) by amendments to the
Health and Safety Code in 2011. Id. The term “case manager” referred to a person employed or under contract to
the relevant office to “perform duties related to outpatient treatment and supervision of a person committed[.]” Id.

3
facility and certain unidentified pills without a nurse’s authorization; and (2) committing the

criminal offenses of retaliation against a witness, tampering with a witness, and obstruction of

justice involving another resident at the facility. 3 Following a bench trial, Appellant was

convicted of both counts and was sentenced to two 25-year prison terms to run concurrently. This

appeal followed.4

DISCUSSION

As we recognized in Mitchell, the Texas Legislature made significant changes to Chapter

841 of the Texas Health and Safety Code in 2015 when it passed Texas Senate Bill 746. 473

S.W.3d at 509-11. The Act included amendments to Section 841.085 of the Code, which, among

other things, decriminalized the conduct that was the subject of Appellant’s conviction, by

eliminating the penal provision in the Code making it an offense for a committed individual, such

as Appellant, to fail to follow his civil commitment requirements. Id. at 511. We further

recognized in Mitchell that the Legislature included a savings provision in the Act, providing that

the amendments were to be applied to all offenses “committed before, on, or after the effective

date of this Act,” with the exception of cases in which a “final conviction” existed on the effective

date of the Act. Id. at 513-17. Looking to various authorities that uniformly interpreted “final

conviction” to mean those cases that had achieved finality through the completion of the appellate
3
Appellant was also charged with two additional counts of violating his civil commitment requirements, but the trial
court dismissed one count prior to trial and dismissed the second when it granted Appellant’s motion for directed
verdict.
4
Appellant initially raised issues regarding the sufficiency of the evidence and whether the penal code provision in
Chapter 841 applied due to the nature of the facility in which he was housed. We need not address these issues in
light of our decision that the offenses for which Appellant was convicted are no longer a crime. After the Legislature
amended Chapter 841 in 2015 and after we issued our decision in Mitchell, we requested the parties to file letter briefs
addressing the impact of the amendments and the application of Mitchell. We are vested with the authority to sua
sponte review any error in a case, including those not raised on appeal, once we obtain jurisdiction over a case.
Mitchell, 473 S.W.3d at 508 n.9. When a reviewing court raises a point of error sua sponte, the court should first
afford the parties an opportunity to brief the issue before rendering its decision. Id.; see also TEX. R. APP. P. 38.7
(allowing a brief to be supplemented whenever justice requires).
4
process, we concluded the Legislature intended the amendments to apply retroactively to cases

that were still pending on appeal as of the effective date of the amendments. Id. at 515-17.

Because Mitchell’s case was still pending on appeal as of the effective date of the amendments, we

reversed Mitchell’s conviction in accordance with the Legislature’s intent, and entered a judgment

dismissing the indictment. Id. at 517.

Shortly after we decided Mitchell, the Beaumont Court of Appeals reviewed a similar case,

and agreed with our holding in Mitchell that the 2015 amendments decriminalized the conduct for

which Mitchell had been convicted and that the Legislature intended to apply those amendments

retroactively to convictions pending on appeal. Vandyke, 485 S.W.3d at 510. The Beaumont

Court concluded, however, that the Legislature’s retroactive application of the amendments to

cases that had already resulted in a conviction at trial functioned as the equivalent of a “pardon”

and therefore “usurped” the Governor’s clemency powers in violation of the separation of powers

provision in the Texas Constitution. Id. at 511.

Both the State and Appellant agree with our reasoning in Mitchell, and that the

Legislature’s amendments did in fact decriminalize the conduct for which Appellant was

convicted and that the Legislature intended the amendments to apply retroactively to Appellant’s

case because it was pending on appeal. The issue before us then is whether the Legislature

violated the separation of powers provision in the Texas Constitution by having the amendments

decriminalizing Appellant’s conduct apply retroactively to Appellant because his conviction was

pending on appeal when the amendments became effective.

Standard of Review

We review whether a statute is constitutional de novo. Salinas v. State, 464 S.W.3d 363,

5
366 (Tex.Crim.App. 2015); see also Fielding v. State, 266 S.W.3d 627, 632 (Tex.App. – El Paso

2008, pet. ref’d). We begin with the presumption that the statute is valid and that the Legislature

has not acted unreasonably or arbitrarily. Ex parte Lo, 424 S.W.3d 10, 14-15 (Tex.Crim.App.

2013); see also Diaz v. State, 68 S.W.3d 680, 683 (Tex.App. – El Paso 2000, pet. denied) (when

reviewing the constitutionality of the statute, we begin our analysis with a presumption of

validity). Therefore, the party attacking the statute typically bears the burden of establishing its

unconstitutionality. Ex parte Lo, 424 S.W.3d at 15; Fielding, 266 S.W.3d at 632; Diaz, 68

S.W.3d at 684; see also Martinez v. State, 323 S.W.3d 493, 501-02 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010) (a court

presumes that a law delegating authority to an agent of a governmental body is constitutional, and

the party asserting a separation of powers violation must show that the Legislature’s delegation is

unlawful).

Separation of Powers

The separation of powers provision in the Texas Constitution provides that: “The powers

of the Government of the State of Texas shall be divided into three distinct departments, each of

which shall be confided to a separate body of magistracy, to wit: Those which are Legislative to

one; those which are Executive to another, and those which are Judicial to another; and no person,

or collection of persons, being of one of these departments, shall exercise any power properly

attached to either of the others, except in the instances herein expressly permitted.” TEX. CONST.

art. II, § 1. The separation of powers doctrine prohibits one branch of government from

exercising a power “belonging inherently to another.” In re Dean, 393 S.W.3d 741, 747 (Tex.

2012).

A separation of powers violation may occur in one of two ways. See Martinez, 323

6
S.W.3d at 501; see also Vandyke, 485 S.W.3d at 510. “First, it is violated when one branch of

government assumes, or is delegated, to whatever degree, a power that is more ‘properly attached’

to another branch.” Armadillo Bail Bonds v. State, 802 S.W.2d 237, 239 (Tex.Crim.App. 1990)

(quoting Ex parte Giles, 502 S.W.2d 774, 780 (Tex.Crim.App. 1973) (emphasis in original)); see

also Martinez, 323 S.W.3d at 501. The second occurs “when one branch unduly interferes with

another branch so that the other branch cannot effectively exercise its constitutionally assigned

powers.” Martinez, 323 S.W.3d at 501 (quoting Armadillo Bail Bonds, 802 S.W.2d at 239

(emphasis in original)).

The application of these two tests is not always straightforward, as there is an overlap in the

functioning of the three different branches of government. See Texas Comm’n on Envtl. Quality

v. Abbott, 311 S.W.3d 663, 671–72 (Tex.App. – Austin 2010, pet. denied); Armadillo Bail Bonds,

802 S.W.2d at 239-40 (recognizing that the different branches of government have overlapping

powers, thereby making it no “simple task” to determine when a legislative action violates the

separation of powers provision). While the Constitutional provision on separation of powers

“appears on its face to be rigid and absolute . . . such a construction would be impossible to

implement in all cases because not every governmental power fits logically and clearly into any

particular ‘department.’” Abbott, 311 S.W.3d at 671 (quoting Holmes v. Morales, 906 S.W.2d

570, 573 (Tex.App. – Austin 1995), rev’d in part on other grounds, 924 S.W.2d 920 (Tex.1996)).

Thus, Texas courts have never held that the three branches of government operate with absolute

independence, and have instead “long held that some degree of interdependence and reciprocity is

subsumed within the separation of powers principle.” Id. at 672. Accordingly, the separation of

powers doctrine “enjoins upon its branches separateness but interdependence, autonomy but

7
reciprocity.” Id.

Courts thus traditionally take a “flexible approach” in determining whether a separation of

powers violation has occurred, and will uphold “statutory provisions that to some degree

commingle the functions of the Branches, but that pose no danger of either aggrandizement or

encroachment.” Id. at 671-72; see also Armadillo Bail Bonds, 802 S.W.2d at 239 (“The undue

interference test ‘takes the middle ground between those who would seek rigid

compartmentalization and those who would find no separation of powers violation until one

branch completely disrupted another branch’s ability to function.’”) (quoting N. McCabe, Four

Faces of State Constitutional Separation of Powers: Challenges to Speedy Trial and Speedy

Disposition Provisions, 62 Temple L.Rev. 177, 218 (1989)).

The Constitutional Powers of the Legislative and Executive Branches

Recognizing the potential for overlap in their constitutionally-assigned powers, we review

the powers the Texas Constitution delegates to the legislative and executive branches.

The lawmaking power of the people is vested in our state Legislature by Article 3, Section

1 of the Texas Constitution. TEX. CONST. art. III, § 1 (“The Legislative power of this State shall

be vested in a Senate and House of Representatives, which together shall be styled ‘The

Legislature of the State of Texas’ ”). “The power of the legislature includes the power to make,

alter, and repeal laws, when such power is not expressly or impliedly forbidden by other provisions

of the state Constitution.” Diaz, 68 S.W.3d at 685 (citing Walker v. Baker, 145 Tex. 121, 196

S.W.2d 324, 328 (1946)). This power is considered to be plenary, and is “limited only by the

express or clearly implied restrictions thereon contained in or necessarily arising from the

Constitution.” Diaz, 68 S.W.3d at 685. In particular, the Legislature possesses the sole authority

8
to establish criminal offenses and designate applicable penalties. Martinez, 323 S.W.3d at 501;

Matchett v. State, 941 S.W.2d 922, 932 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996) (the authority to define crimes and

prescribe penalties for those crimes is vested exclusively with the Legislature).

The Texas Constitution grants the executive branch the power of clemency in relevant part

as follows: “In all criminal cases, except treason and impeachment, the Governor shall have

power, after conviction or successful completion of a term of deferred adjudication community

supervision, on the written signed recommendation and advice of the Board of Pardons and

Paroles,[5] or a majority thereof, to grant reprieves and commutations of punishment and pardons;

and under such rules as the Legislature may prescribe[.]”6 TEX. CONST. art. IV, § 11(b). Thus,

the executive branch has the power “after conviction,” to grant clemency to a defendant, which

under the Texas Constitution is defined as “reprieves and commutations of punishment and

pardons.” See Vandyke, 485 S.W.3d at 510; see also TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 48.01

(West Supp. 2016). Importantly, the term “after conviction” has been interpreted to mean

following the entry of a guilty verdict, and therefore the executive branch may extend an offer of

clemency any time after a guilty verdict, including while a case is on appeal. See Goss v. State,

107 Tex.Crim. 659, 660–61, 298 S.W. 585, 585-86 (1927).

The Legislature’s Exercise of its Power to Repeal did not “Usurp”
the Executive Branch’s Power to Extend Clemency

5
While the clemency power of the Governor is linked to the Board of Pardons and Paroles’ recommendations, the
power is still that of executive branch. See R.R.E. v. Glenn, 884 S.W.2d 189, 192 (Tex.App. – Fort Worth 1994, writ
denied); see also State ex rel. Smith v. Blackwell, 500 S.W.2d 97, 101 (Tex.Crim.App. 1973) (while a limitation was
placed upon the executive’s power, the general scope of the power of clemency still rests with the Governor).
6
The Legislature has adopted various statutes detailing the general procedures to be followed in clemency
proceedings and has delegated to the executive branch (i.e., the Board) the right to enact administrative rules
governing those procedures as well. See Graham v. State, 643 S.W.2d 920, 934 (Tex.Crim.App. 1981) (Clinton, J.
dissenting) (discussing Texas’s constitutional and statutory scheme for granting clemency).

9
 The Beaumont Court of Appeals determined that the Legislature’s retroactive application

of the Code amendments to cases pending on appeal violated the separation of powers doctrine

because it “usurped” the executive branch’s clemency powers. Vandyke, 485 S.W.3d at 511. In

our view, the Legislature’s actions in retroactively decriminalizing the conduct for which

Appellant was convicted would have “usurped” the executive branch’s powers only if it truly

functioned as a grant of clemency. Thus, in order to determine whether the amendments

“usurped” the executive branch’s clemency powers, we must determine the meaning of the term

“clemency,” a question not addressed by the Court in Vandyke. In doing so, we look to the

purpose and effect of the executive branch’s constitutional clemency powers, as well as the

Legislature’s constitutional power to repeal a criminal statute.

The Purpose of Clemency

The Texas Constitution provides the executive branch with the power to grant clemency to

a defendant following conviction, and that clemency can take the form of either a reprieve, a

commutation of a sentence, or a pardon. Clifford v. Beto, 464 F.2d 1191, 1194 (5th Cir. 1972)

(recognizing in Texas that clemency can be extended in three different ways).

The concept of granting clemency arose in part during a period in history when there was

no right to appeal from a criminal conviction, giving a wrongfully-convicted defendant his one and

only chance at freedom. It has therefore been historically viewed as virtually the only “remedy

for preventing miscarriages of justice where judicial process has been exhausted,” making it the

“fail safe” of our criminal justice system. Herrera v. Collins, 506 U.S. 390, 411–12, 415, 113

S.Ct. 853, 866, 868, 122 L.Ed.2d 203 (1993); see also Harbison v. Bell, 556 U.S. 180, 192-93, 129

S.Ct. 1481, 1490-91, 173 L.Ed.2d 347 (2009) (recognizing the historic role of clemency in

10
avoiding miscarriages of justice). The Court of Criminal Appeals has long recognized clemency

as an “act of grace” bestowed by the executive branch “which exempts the individual on whom it

is bestowed from the punishment the law inflicts for a crime which he has committed.” Ex parte

Miers, 124 Tex.Crim. 592, 596, 64 S.W.2d 778, 780 (1933) (quoting Snodgrass v. State, 67

Tex.Crim. 615, 623, 150 S.W. 162, 165 (1912)).

In contrast, the purpose behind the Legislature’s power to repeal a penal code provision,

without enacting a new provision in its place, is not meant to extend an “act of grace” to any

particular defendant or class of defendants, or to avoid a miscarriage of justice. Instead, that

power stems directly from the Legislature’s constitutionally-assigned power to determine what

type of conduct should be considered a crime. See Ex parte Mangrum, 564 S.W.2d 751, 753

(Tex.Crim.App. 1978) (when the Legislature repeals a penal code provision it has “indicated an

intention that the conduct in question shall no longer be prosecuted as a crime”); Mitchell, 473

S.W.3d at 513 (recognizing that the Legislature’s decision to decriminalize the act for which the

appellant was convicted, stemmed from the Legislature’s determination that it was no longer

appropriate to inflict punishment on an individual for such conduct). Thus, when the Legislature

amends a penal code provision to decriminalize conduct, without substituting a new penal code

provision in its place, it does so with the purpose of exercising its constitutionally-assigned power

to determine what type of conduct should be deemed criminal in our society, a power that is not

given to the executive branch, but is instead unique to the legislative branch.

Nevertheless, the exercise of that legislative power can, in some limited instances, violate

the separation of powers. In Ex parte Giles, 502 S.W.2d 774, 786 (Tex.Crim.App. 1973), the

Court of Criminal Appeals concluded the Legislature improperly usurped the executive branch’s

11
power to grant clemency when it expressly directed that new sentencing guidelines in the Texas

Controlled Substances Act (which reduced the sentences that could be imposed on certain drug

offenders) were to be applied retroactively to those defendants who had already been convicted

and who had cases pending on appeal. In reaching this conclusion, the Court recognized that the

Legislature has the constitutional power to enact new sentencing guidelines, but concluded that the

retroactive application to convicted defendants functioned as “as a mere gift or a matter of

clemency” to that class of defendants, because the retroactive application served to commute, or

lower their sentences. The Court therefore concluded that the Legislature violated the separation

of powers provision in the Texas Constitution in giving the act retroactive effect. Id. at 783, 786;

see also State ex rel. Smith v. Blackwell, 500 S.W.2d 97, 103 (Tex.Crim.App. 1973) (similarly

holding that the retroactive application of changes in sentencing laws for drug offenders “extends

commutation to those previously convicted of certain offenses as a mere gift or a matter of

clemency upon a filing of a resentencing petition”).

In Vandyke, the Court relied on Giles when it concluded that the Legislature’s retroactive

application of its amendments repealing the penal provisions in the Health and Safety Code to

convicted defendants with cases pending on appeal served this same purpose, that is as a grant of

clemency to convicted defendants. Vandyke, 485 S.W.3d at 510. The Court, however, did not

examine whether the retroactive application of the repeal did in fact function as a grant of

clemency, as either a commutation of a sentence or as a pardon, which are the specific clemency

powers exclusively delegated to the executive branch under the Texas Constitution. 7 TEX.

7
The Texas Constitution also allows the executive branch to grant a reprieve to a convicted defendant. TEX. CONST.
art. IV, § 11(b). The term “reprieve” has been defined as a temporary suspension of the execution of a sentence for an
“interval of time.” It does not defeat the ultimate execution of the judgment of the court but instead “merely delays
it.” See Ex parte Black, 123 Tex.Crim. 472, 475, 59 S.W.2d 828, 829 (1933); see also Ex parte Bryant, 155
12
CONST. art. IV, § 11(b). We therefore direct our attention to that unexamined question to

determine whether the Legislature’s decision to retroactively apply the repeal of a penal provision

to convictions pending on appeal specifically functions as either a commutation or a pardon.

The Retroactive Application of the Repeal
did not Function as a Commutation

The term “commutation” as used in the Texas Constitution “means the change of the

punishment assessed to a less severe one.” Blackwell, 500 S.W.2d at 103 (citing Ex parte Lefors,

165 Tex.Crim. 51, 303 S.W.2d 394 (1957)); see also Hartfield v. Thaler, 403 S.W.3d 234, 239

(Tex.Crim.App. 2013) (“The purpose of commutation is to reduce a sentence that was already

imposed.”); Giles, 502 S.W.2d at 783 (defining commutation as the “change of punishment

assessed to a less severe one”). When the executive branch commutes a defendant’s sentence, it

does not affect the judgment of conviction, and instead leaves the judgment of conviction intact.

See, e.g., Whan v. State, 485 S.W.2d 275, 277 (Tex.Crim.App. 1972) (the Governor’s

commutation of a defendant’s sentence from death to life did not affect the judgment of

conviction, and left the remaining portion of the defendant’s case for the court to review).

Thus, numerous courts have concluded that when the Legislature retroactively applies

resentencing guidelines to convictions that are pending on appeal, which limits or otherwise

changes a defendant’s sentence, the Legislature’s action effectively usurps the Governor’s power

to commute a sentence. For example, in Giles the Court considered the constitutionality of a

provision in the Texas Controlled Substances Act, which provided for a change in the sentencing

guidelines for certain drug offenses, and further provided that the new guidelines were to be made

Tex.Crim. 23, 25, 230 S.W.2d 824, 825 (1950) (discussing the Governor’s right to issue temporary reprieves of
defendant’s prison sentence). The State does not argue that the Legislature’s retroactive application of the
amendments could be considered a reprieve.

13
applicable to all pending criminal cases, including those convictions pending on appeal. Giles,

502 S.W.2d at 784. The Act gave a previously-convicted defendant the right to file a motion

requesting that the trial court resentence him under the new guidelines, and upon the filing of such

a motion, the trial court would have no discretion but to grant the motion. Id. at 780-81. The

Court in Giles concluded that the Legislature’s grant of this right effectively gave a defendant a

reduction in sentence following his “conviction,” which in turn amounted to a “commutation,” i.e.,

a “change of punishment assessed to a less severe one,” a power that only the executive branch was

allowed to exercise following conviction. Id. at 783-86; see also Blackwell, 500 S.W.2d at

102-04 (striking down another provision in the Texas Controlled Substances Act, which would

have allowed a defendant to petition the court for a reduction in sentence after conviction,

“whether he is presently serving a sentence, is on probation or parole, or has been discharged from

the sentence,” concluding that provision functioned as a “commutation” of the defendant’s

sentence, thereby violating the separation of powers provision); State v. Flood, 814 S.W.2d 548,

550 (Tex.App. – Houston [1st Dist.] 1991, no pet.) (concluding that a similar provision in the

Texas Health and Safety Code allowing for resentencing of defendants convicted of marijuana

offenses constituted a separation of powers violation, because “only the governor, not the

legislature nor the judiciary, has the power of clemency under the Texas Constitution”).8

Respectfully, we believe the Beaumont Court misplaced its reliance on Giles by reading it

too broadly. See Vandyke, 485 S.W.3d at 510. In Giles, the Court was concerned only with

8
We note a trial court has the authority to resentence a defendant after conviction, yet this power arises during the
same time period when the Governor also has the power to commute a sentence. See, e.g., State v. Davis, 349 S.W.3d
535, 538 (Tex.Crim.App. 2011). In Giles, the Court acknowledged that the procedures set forth in the Controlled
Substances Act arguably could have been viewed as a “resentencing,” but determined that it was more akin to a
commutation. Giles, 502 S.W.2d at 783.

14
whether the retroactive application of the new sentencing guidelines was the functional equivalent

of a “commutation” of a sentence because both a commutation and a post-conviction resentencing

have the exact same effect—a reduction in the defendant’s sentence. In the present case,

however, the Legislature’s actions in repealing the penal provisions in the Health and Safety Code

did not reduce the sentence imposed on a defendant who was convicted of violating his civil

commitment requirements. Instead, the Legislature’s actions effectively voided the judgments of

conviction of those defendants who had cases pending on appeal at the time the new Act went into

effect. We therefore cannot conclude that the Legislature’s actions constituted the functional

equivalent of a “commutation” of a defendant’s sentence, as found in Giles.

The Retroactive Application of the Repeal
did not Function as a Pardon

In Vandyke, the Court recognized that Giles addressed only the question whether the

Legislature’s retroactive application of the new sentencing guidelines constituted an improper

“commutation” of a defendant’s sentence. 485 S.W.3d at 511. Yet, the Court concluded that the

Legislature’s decision to retroactively apply the Health and Safety Code amendments to convicted

defendants served to “essentially pardon[] these individuals.” Id. In reaching this conclusion,

the Court in Vandyke did not discuss the distinction between “commutations” and “pardons.”

Cf. Graham v. State, 643 S.W.2d 920, 933 (Tex.Crim.App. 1981) (Clinton, J. dissenting)

(recognizing the “functional distinction between a pardon and commutation”). But more

importantly, the Court did not explain why the retroactive application of the repeal was the

functional equivalent of a “pardon.” Our review of the nature and function of a pardon leads us to

conclude that it functions differently than the repeal of a penal statute, which undermines any

conclusion that the Legislature usurped the executive branch’s authority to grant a pardon when it

15
repealed the penal provisions in the Health and Safety Code and applied that change retroactively.

A “pardon” under the Texas Constitution is considered an “act of grace,” which, much like

the commutation of a sentence, merely exempts an “individual on whom it is bestowed from the

punishment that has been assessed against him by the court[.]” Ex parte Lefors, 303 S.W.2d at

397. Despite earlier holdings to the contrary, it is now well-established that in Texas a pardon

does not have any effect on the defendant’s judgment of conviction. Instead, “the Governor’s

pardon forgives only the penalty, [because] he has no power to direct that the courts shall forget

either the crime or the conviction,” and therefore the pardon does not vitiate the conviction.

Watkins v. State, 572 S.W.2d 339, 341 & n.4 (Tex.Crim.App. 1978); see also Cuellar v. State, 70

S.W.3d 815, 836 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002) (Keasler, J., dissenting) (recognizing that since “the very

essence of a pardon is forgiveness . . . a pardon implies guilt; it does not obliterate the fact of the

commission of the crime and the conviction”); see also Jones v. State, 141 Tex.Crim. 70, 147

S.W.2d 508, 510 (1941) (executive branch has no power to destroy a court’s judgment). Because

a pardon merely forgives the sentence and restores a defendant’s civil rights, it does not free the

defendant from the other collateral consequences of having a judgment of conviction on his record.

See Runo v. State, 556 S.W.2d 808, 809 (Tex.Crim.App. 1977); Watkins, 572 S.W.2d at 341-42 (a

pardon “merely serves to restore [a defendant’s] civil rights”).

Despite a pardon, the judgment of conviction remains, and in most instances, the pardoned

defendant will still suffer virtually all of the collateral consequences that an unpardoned defendant

does in any future criminal proceeding. See, e.g., Taylor v. State, 612 S.W.2d 566, 572

(Tex.Crim.App. 1981) (using conviction to deny probation despite pardon); Watkins, 572 S.W.2d

at 341 (same); Gaffney v. State, 575 S.W.2d 537, 541 (Tex.Crim.App. 1978) (allowing use of

16
conviction for enhancement in subsequent proceeding despite pardon); Logan v. State, 448 S.W.2d

462, 463-64 (Tex.Crim.App. 1969) (same); Runo, 556 S.W.2d at 809 (allowing a conviction to be

used to deny bail in a subsequent proceeding despite pardon).9

Even when a pardon is granted based on actual innocence, the judgment of conviction

remains intact, unless and until a court expunges the judgment at the defendant’s request. See

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 55.01(a)(1)(B) (West Supp. 2016) (providing that defendant

who has been “pardoned or otherwise granted relief on the basis of actual innocence” is entitled to

have his records and files relating to the arrest expunged).

In contrast, the Legislature’s action in retroactively repealing a penal code provision does

not serve to merely “forgive” a defendant’s sentence and restore his civil rights, but instead has the

effect of completely voiding a defendant’s judgment of conviction. This concept is illustrated in a

number of cases in Texas, dating back to the common law as it existed over a century ago, where,

in the absence of an effective savings provision, it was well-established that the Legislature’s

repeal of a criminal statute operated to bar all “prosecutions” for earlier violations of the statute

whether the prosecution was pending or had not yet begun at the time of the repeal. Ex parte

Mangrum, 564 S.W.2d at 753. In turn, Texas long ago adopted the common law rule that a

“prosecution” was still “pending” while the defendant’s conviction was on appeal, meaning that

when the Legislature repealed a penal code provision while a defendant’s conviction was pending

on appeal, the conviction was to be reversed, because there was no longer a crime to prosecute.10

9
In addition to the traditional pardon, a defendant in Texas may also petition the Board of Pardons and Paroles for a
pardon based on “actual innocence.” 37 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 143.2. Various courts have indicated that there may
be a distinction between general pardons granted as an “act of grace,” and those granted based on “proof of
innocence,” which may save a defendant from these collateral consequences. See, e.g., Runo, 556 S.W.2d at 809;
Gaffney, 575 S.W.2d at 541; Watkins, 572 S.W.2d at 341–42.
10
In Mangrum, the Court cited several cases for this proposition, dating back to 1857. 564 S.W.2d at 753–54; see,
17
Id.; Mendoza v. State, 460 S.W.2d 145, 147 (Tex.Crim.App. 1970) (a prosecution is considered

pending while the case is on appeal; therefore, if a statute is repealed while the case is on appeal,

no punishment can be inflicted and the defendant’s conviction must be reversed). This common

law rule was based on the theory that the Legislature by its repeal had indicated that the conduct for

which the defendant had been convicted was no longer to be “prosecuted as a crime,” thereby

absolving him of any wrongdoing. Mangrum, 564 S.W.2d at 753.

As an example of how this rule operated, we look to Williams v. State, 476 S.W.2d 307

(Tex.Crim.App. 1972), where two defendants had been convicted of the offense of “operating an

open saloon.” After the defendants were convicted, and while their case was pending on appeal,

the Legislature amended the Texas Penal Code, decriminalizing the conduct for which the

defendants were convicted, without substituting any similar penal code provision in its place. Id.

at 308-09. The Legislature, however, did not include a savings provision delineating the class of

cases to which the repeal was to apply. The Court of Criminal Appeals therefore applied the

common law rule in effect at that time, which required it to apply the Legislature’s repeal

retroactively to all pending cases, including those pending on appeal. In reaching this conclusion,

the Court noted that the defendants’ cases were still being “prosecuted” in the judicial system

while they were pending on appeal, and therefore, their convictions were not yet final. Id. at 309.

In light of the Legislature’s repeal, the Court concluded that there was “no longer a basis for

prosecution,” and that it was therefore required to reverse the defendants’ convictions. Id.; see

also Perez v. State, 480 S.W.2d 687, 688 (Tex.Crim.App. 1972) (similarly holding that repeal of

“open salon” offense after prosecution began was to be applied retroactively on appeal to

e.g., Wall v. State, 18 Tex. 682, 683 (1857) (recognizing that “if the law which created the offense is repealed, after the
repealing law takes effect, no further proceeding can be taken under the repealed law to enforce the punishment,” and
that this principle is to “apply as well to the proceeding upon the appeal in the appellate court”).
18
defendant’s pending prosecution); Volney v. State, 91 Tex.Crim. 238, 238–39, 238 S.W. 220, 221

(1922) (reversing defendant’s conviction for “unlawful possession of equipment for the

manufacture of intoxicating liquor” where the offense upon which he was convicted was repealed

while his case was pending on appeal); Kenyon v. State, 31 Tex.Crim. 13, 14, 23 S.W. 191, 191

(1892) (finding a defendant’s conviction for the criminal offense of “usury” was void where the

Legislature repealed the Penal Code provision making usury a crime while the defendant’s

conviction was pending on appeal, as there was thereafter no law in effect punishing usury as an

offense).

We acknowledge that most states including Texas have since modified the common law

rule, and have enacted so-called savings acts, which alter this rule. In Texas, the general savings

provision is currently found in Section 311.031 of the Texas Government Code, which provides

that an amendment or repeal of a statute does not affect “any violation of the statute or any penalty,

forfeiture, or punishment incurred under the statute before its amendment or repeal[.]” TEX.

GOV'T CODE ANN. § 311.031(a)(3) (West 2013). But, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has

recognized that this general savings provision is to be disregarded when the Legislature has

enacted a more specific savings provision when repealing or amending a statute. See Mangrum,

564 S.W.2d at 755 (general savings clause is inapplicable when the Legislature has provided a

“specific savings clause” in amending the Penal Code). And, in the present case, the 2015 Act

included a specific “savings provision,” in which, as discussed, the Legislature knowingly used the

term “final conviction” with the intent to have the amendments apply retroactively to cases that

were still pending on appeal. See Mitchell, 473 S.W.3d at 517.

We believe that all of the above cases—which allow for the retroactive application of

19
legislation decriminalizing conduct to cases pending on appeal—can be reconciled with the

Constitution’s grant of the power to pardon to the executive branch, because the retroactive

repeal of a penal code provision does not function in the same way as either a “commutation” or

“pardon,” and has different and distinct effects on a defendant’s case. See Giles, 502 S.W.2d at

783 (looking to the “effects” of a legislative act in determining whether it may be considered the

equivalent of “clemency”). As explained above, a pardon only relieves the defendant of his

previously-imposed punishment and restores his civil rights, without having any effect on the

judgment of conviction. In contrast, the retroactive repeal of a penal code provision voids a

defendant’s judgment of conviction—something that the executive branch is powerless to do. It

is this difference that distinguishes the present case from Giles. In Giles, the Legislature’s actions

in allowing a defendant to be resentenced following conviction had only one effect—to reduce the

defendant’s sentence—which had the exact same effect as the executive branch’s commutation of

a sentence. Giles, 502 S.W.2d at 782-83. That identical effect does not exist here.

We believe that because granting clemency and decriminalizing conduct are distinct and

unique powers, which have been constitutionally-granted to the different branches of government,

the mere fact that these two branches of government are entitled to exercise their powers at the

same time—i.e., the period after a defendant is convicted but before his conviction is finalized on

appeal—does not mean that the powers should be viewed as being of the same nature. In fact, as

explored below in more detail, during this same time period, all three branches of government are

allowed to take separate and distinct actions that may affect a defendant’s conviction, each acting

within the scope of their constitutionally-assigned powers. Despite the overlap in timing, each

may generally exercise their own unique powers without interfering with each other’s operations.

20
Accordingly, in the present case, we conclude that the Legislature’s exercise of its

constitutionally-granted authority to repeal a penal statute and to apply that repeal retroactively to

cases pending on appeal, did not “usurp” the executive branch’s constitutionally-granted authority

to extend an offer of a clemency to a convicted defendant.

The Legislature’s Exercise of its Power to Repeal did not
Unduly Interfere with the Executive Branch’s Operations

We next address the related question whether the Legislature’s decision to retroactively

apply the amendments to cases pending on appeal unduly interferes with the executive branch’s

operations.11 To determine whether a statute has violated the separation of powers doctrine on

this basis, we must consider the impact of the statute on the executive branch’s exercise of its

constitutionally-assigned powers. See Armadillo Bail Bonds, 802 S.W.2d at 239; see also Abbott,

311 S.W.3d at 671-72. It is only when the functioning of one branch “in a field constitutionally

committed” to that branch is interfered with by another branch that a constitutional problem arises.

See Dean, 393 S.W.3d at 747-48. In making our determination, we must keep in mind that

“statutory provisions that to some degree commingle the functions of the Branches, but that pose

no danger of either aggrandizement or encroachment” must be upheld, Abbott, 311 S.W.3d at 672,

and that the undue interference test “takes the middle ground between those who would seek

rigid compartmentalization and those who would find no separation of powers violation until one

branch completely disrupted another branch’s ability to function.” Armadillo Bail Bonds, 802

S.W.2d at 239.

As noted above, the Texas Constitution gives the executive branch the power “after

11
In Vandyke, the Court based its decision solely on its conclusion that the Legislature’s retroactive application of the
Code amendments to cases pending on appeal usurped the Governor’s clemency power. 485 S.W.3d at 511. The
court therefore did not reach the question whether the Legislature’s actions “unduly interfered” with the operations of
the executive branch.
21
conviction,”—rather than “after final conviction”—to grant “reprieves and commutations of

punishment and pardons[.]” TEX. CONST. art. IV, § 11(b). The Constitution’s use of the term

“after conviction” has long been construed to mean that the executive branch has the authority to

grant clemency virtually any time after a verdict of guilt has been entered, even while the case is

awaiting sentencing in the trial court, as well as while the case is pending on appeal. See Goss,

298 S.W. at 585 (the term “conviction” as used in the Constitution gives the executive branch the

power to issue clemency after a verdict is entered, even if an appeal is pending); see also Whan,

485 S.W.2d at 277 (the executive branch has the authority to grant a commutation of a sentence

following a verdict and the assessment of a sentence, even before the sentence was formally

pronounced or before a judgment of conviction has actually been entered); Ex parte Giles, 502

S.W.2d at 784 (construing the term, “after conviction’” as used in the Constitution to mean the

verdict of conviction); Duke v. State, 106 Tex.Crim. 154, 155, 291 S.W. 539, 540 (1927)

(upholding a grant of clemency that was extended while a case was pending on appeal).

Significantly, this means the executive branch’s clemency power arises when a case is still

making its way through the judicial system. Consequently, at the same time that the executive

branch may extend an offer of clemency to a convicted defendant, so too may the judicial branch

take a multitude of actions in a criminal case. We must conclude from this that our Constitution

contemplated that these two branches would work in a coordinated and cooperative manner during

this time period when both branches have jurisdiction to take action in a convicted defendant’s

criminal case.12

12
We note that this period of overlapping authority does not exist in the federal system where clemency arises only
after all judicial proceedings have been exhausted, including direct appeals. See, e.g., Brown v. Stephens, 762 F.3d
454, 460 (5th Cir. 2014), cert. denied, 135 S.Ct. 1733, 191 L.Ed.2d 701 (2015); see also Herrera, 506 U.S. at 412, 113
S.Ct. at 866 (clemency is the “historic remedy for preventing miscarriages of justice where judicial process has been
22
 The concept that the two branches must, and should, work together during this critical time

period is illustrated in a variety of ways. For example, the Texas Constitution gives courts the

“power, after conviction, to suspend the imposition or execution of sentence and to place the

defendant upon probation and to reimpose such sentence, under such conditions as the Legislature

may prescribe.” TEX. CONST. art. IV, § 11A. In effect, this provision gives authority to the

judicial branch to offer “a limited grant of clemency” to a defendant during the exact same time

period when the executive branch may extend an offer of clemency to a defendant as well. See

Blackwell, 500 S.W.2d at 101 (“This section of the Constitution is a limited grant of clemency to

the courts by the people and does not encompass the general authority to grant commutation and

pardons.”); see also Speth v. State, 6 S.W.3d 530, 532-33 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999) (this provision in

the constitution is considered “clemency”); McNew v. State, 608 S.W.2d 166, 170 (Tex.Crim.App.

1978) (recognizing that the constitutional provision is a “limited grant of clemency to the courts by

the people”).

In addition to this constitutional grant of power to modify a defendant’s sentence, the Court

of Criminal Appeals has also long recognized that a trial court has a separate, non-constitutional

right to modify a convicted defendant’s sentence following conviction. In particular, the Court

has repeatedly held that a trial court has “plenary power to modify its sentence if a motion for new

trial is filed within 30 days of sentencing.” See, e.g., Davis, 349 S.W.3d at 537 (citing State v.

Aguilera, 165 S.W.3d 695, 697-98 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005)). This power to modify a sentences

also arises during the same time period when the executive branch has the right to extend an offer

of clemency. Yet at least one court has determined that, although a trial court’s modification of a

exhausted”).

23
defendant’s sentence following conviction may effectively serve as a “commutation” of a

convicted defendant’s sentence, the court’s modification of the sentence did not violate the

separation of powers provision in the Constitution, as it “no way affected the Governor’s ability to

commute or pardon [the defendant’s] sentence[].” See, e.g., Patterson v. State, 353 S.W.3d 203,

215 (Tex.App. – San Antonio 2011, pet. ref’d).

In addition to reducing a defendant’s sentence following conviction, the judicial branch

may also grant a defendant a new trial, and while there must be some legal error, the court may

even do so for very reasons strikingly similar to the reasons the executive branch may extend an

offer of clemency, i.e., to avoid a “miscarriage of justice.” State v. Herndon, 215 S.W.3d 901,

907 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007) (a new trial may be granted based on errors that occurred at trial, which

would “not inevitably require reversal on appeal,” but which may nevertheless result in a “a

miscarriage of justice”).

Moreover, in Texas, our clemency procedures allow a defendant to petition the Board of

Pardons and Paroles for a pardon on the ground of “actual innocence.” 37 TEX. ADMIN. CODE §

143.2 (Bd. of Pardons and Paroles, Pardons for Innocence); see also Herrera, 506 U.S. at 416, 113

S.Ct. at 868-69 (discussing Texas procedure for petitioning for clemency on basis of actual

innocence). Yet, so too may a defendant raise a claim of actual innocence in various

post-conviction proceedings in our judicial system, by bringing a motion for new trial or by

bringing a post-conviction petition for habeas corpus claiming actual innocence. Herrera, 506

U.S. at 416, 113 S.Ct. at 868; Ex parte Tuley, 109 S.W.3d 388, 390 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002)

(recognizing a defendant’s right to raise an “actual innocence claim” in a collateral attack on a

conviction in our judicial system, as well as by bringing a petition for a full pardon on that basis).

24
 Further, the judicial branch has the power to determine that a Penal Code offense is

unconstitutional and that a defendant’s conviction is therefore void, and then is required to apply

its newly-announced determination of unconstitutionality retroactively to convictions that have

long ago been finalized. See, e.g., Ex parte Scott, 455 S.W.2d 244, 245 (Tex.Crim.App. 1970)

(granting habeas petition and discharging defendant from custody where the penal code provision

under which he was convicted was later determined to be unconstitutional); Rivera v. State, 363

S.W.3d 660, 666 (Tex.App. – Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.) (recognizing that a pretrial petition

for a writ of habeas corpus could be used to void a defendant’s conviction if the statute under

which he was convicted was determined to be unconstitutional on its face); see also Welch v.

United States, __U.S.__, 136 S.Ct. 1257, 1263, 194 L.Ed.2d 387 (2016) (recognizing that a

newly-announced substantive rule that rendered a definition found in a penal code provision to be

unconstitutionally vague has a “retroactive effect in cases on collateral review”); Montgomery v.

Louisiana, __ U.S. ___, 136 S.Ct. 718, 729–30, 193 L.Ed.2d 599 (2016) (discussing a defendant’s

right to collateral review of a conviction that is based on a penal code provision later deemed to be

unconstitutional, i.e., where the conduct for which the defendant was convicted is later determined

to be “constitutionally immune from punishment”).

Thus, in Texas, the judicial branch is assigned the power to take action in a convicted

defendant’s case following the entry of a verdict in a multitude of ways, some of which mimic the

executive branch’s power to commute a sentence, and at the same time the executive branch is

given the power to extend an offer of clemency to a convicted defendant. Yet, despite that these

two branches may exercise their authority coextensively during the same time period, we find no

authority that would lead us to conclude that exercise of its powers by one branch during this time

25
period creates an “undue interference” with the other branch’s operations. In fact, the Texas

Court of Criminal Appeals appears to recognize that this overlapping authority over a criminal

defendant’s case effectively creates a race to determine which branch finishes first in providing

relief to a defendant—without any apparent concern that by exercising its powers first, one branch

might interfere with the other branch’s power. See, e.g., Hartfield, 403 S.W.3d at 239 (Governor

has no authority to commute a defendant’s death sentence after the defendant’s conviction had

already been reversed and the appellate court has issued its mandate, because there was no longer a

death sentence to commute); Graham, 643 S.W.2d at 925 (op. on rehearing) (where Governor

signed a proclamation commuting defendant’s death sentence to life imprisonment, court

concluded that any errors in the punishment phase of the trial had been rendered “harmless” and

therefore only considered the alleged errors occurring in the guilt phase of the trial); see also Goss,

298 S.W. at 586 (“The issuance of the clemency proclamation and the acceptance thereof by the

accused precludes the prosecution of an appeal from the judgment.”).

If the judicial branch and the executive branch are able to co-extensively exercise their

constitutionally-granted powers over a convicted defendant’s case during the same time period

without interfering with each other’s operations, we see no logical reason to conclude that the

legislative branch’s exercise of its own unique constitutionally-assigned power to repeal a penal

code provision and apply it retroactively to cases pending on appeal would interfere with the

operations of the executive branch during this same time period. Instead, we conclude that the

unique power given to the Legislature to define what is a crime and to apply that change

retroactively to cases pending on appeal does not unduly interfere with the executive branch’s

exercise of its power of clemency, even though those powers can be exercised during the same

26
time period and even though the exercise of those powers may both affect a defendant’s case,

albeit in different ways.

In sum, we conclude that the Legislature did not usurp or unduly interfere with the

clemency power of the executive branch, and thus did not violate the separation of powers

provision in the Texas Constitution, when it directed that the amendments decriminalizing

Appellant’s conduct be applied retroactively to Appellant’s case even though it was pending on

appeal. Accordingly, under our holding in Mitchell, we conclude Appellant is entitled to reversal

of the trial court’s judgment of conviction and to dismissal of the charges against him.

CONCLUSION

We reverse the trial court’s judgment and render judgment dismissing the indictment

against Appellant.13

STEVEN L. HUGHES, Justice
November 16, 2016

Before McClure, C.J., Rodriguez, and Hughes, JJ.

(Publish)

13
As we did in Mitchell, we assume the trial court with jurisdiction over Appellant’s civil commitment will act
forthwith to re-implement Appellant's existing civil commitment order or to modify that order to comply with the
requirements as set forth in Chapter 841 to the extent it deems necessary. See Mitchell, 473 S.W.3d at 518 n.16.
27