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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
LAURIE A. CAPORALI A.K.A. LAURIE IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
ZUNIC PENNSYLVANIA
v.
EDWARD J. ZUNIC, JR.
Appellant No. 97 WDA 2016
Appeal from the Decree December 22, 2015
in the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County
Civil Division at No(s): FD-12-007028-016
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., RANSOM, J., and MUSMANNO, J.
MEMORANDUM BY RANSOM, J.: FILED NOVEMBER 28, 2016
Edward J. Zunic, Jr. (“Husband”) appeals from the December 22, 2015
decree in divorce from Laurie A. Caporali a.k.a. Laurie Zunic (“Wife”) and the
equitable distribution order incorporated therein. Husband also appeals from
the trial court’s order of November 30, 2012, finding that Husband and Wife
had entered into a common law marriage. We affirm.
We adopt the following statement of facts taken from the trial court’s
opinion, which in turn is supported by the record. See Trial Court Opinion
(TCO), 3/14/16, at 1-4. Husband and Wife met in 1990 and continuously
cohabited from 1991 until their separation on October 20, 2011. They
owned a jointly titled home. Together, they have four children.
Wife filed a complaint in divorce on May 4, 2012, alleging that she and
husband were married and raising claims for divorce, alimony pendente lite,
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alimony, equitable distribution, exclusive possession of the parties’ jointly
titled residence, injunction from dissipation of marital property, and counsel
fees and expenses.
On May 14, 2012, Husband filed preliminary objections and a petition
for declaratory relief seeking a declaration that no common law marriage
existed between the parties. Wife filed a response in opposition. The trial
court held an evidentiary hearing on November 8-9, 2012, at which both
parties appeared and presented evidence and testimony.
In support of her contention that the parties had a common law
marriage, Wife testified that the parties considered themselves married as of
November 24, 1991, after the christening of their first child. At some point
thereafter, Husband proposed to her with a diamond and gold solitaire ring.
They promised to spend their lives together and planned their married life,
with Wife as a stay-at-home mother and Husband working to provide for the
family. Husband also gave Wife a gold band ring that she wore on her left
ring finger, along with the diamond ring, throughout their twenty-year
relationship.
Wife testified that she used the name “Laurie Zunic” and Husband did
not object. Wife provided evidence of her use of the name, including: a
deed for the jointly-titled residence; a voided check listing the parties as
account owners; a mortgage interest statement; the children’s school
directory; correspondence from the school; utility bills; a wedding invitation;
and a contract for home repairs. Wife used the name “Laurie Caporali” for
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identification in government documents, medical documents, student loans,
and other instances requiring the use of her legal name and marriage status.
Husband testified that throughout their twenty-year relationship, the
parties never discussed marriage. Although he knew Wife wore the diamond
ring, he claimed it was not an engagement ring and denied giving Wife a
wedding band. In support of his contention that the parties were not
married, Husband introduced car and homeowner’s insurance, student loan,
and documents related to government welfare and medical benefits referring
to Wife as “Laurie Caporali.” Husband testified he was unaware that mail or
the mortgage documents referred to Wife as “Laurie Zunic” and insisted he
had told Wife to stop using that name.
Wife presented several witnesses, including the parties’ pastor,
neighbors, and friends, who testified that they were introduced to Wife as
“Laurie Zunic” and believed the parties to be married. Husband presented a
single witness who denied that the parties presented themselves as husband
and wife and believed they were not married.1
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1
Both parties also testified about an incident in 2012, when items, including
Wife’s rings, televisions, furniture, cookware, televisions, memorabilia, and
pictures of the children, were taken from the marital home. Husband
admitted to removing the televisions and photographs but claimed a burglar
had stolen the rest of the items. Husband also repeatedly denied under oath
that he had given money to his new fiancée for the purchase of a home.
However, when confronted with a gift letter he had signed, Husband
acknowledged that he had given her the money.
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On November 30, 2012, the court entered an order finding that the
Husband and Wife had entered into a common law marriage on November
24, 1991.2
On January 15, 2015, the parties appeared before a master. On
January 26, 2015, the master filed a report and recommendation that Wife
receive 60% of the marital estate, 60% of Husband’s pension, the jointly
titled residence, and alimony of $900.00 per month for ten years. Husband
filed a motion to stay the recommendation for payment of alimony, which
was denied. Husband filed exceptions to the recommendations, arguing that
the parties were never married. The court dismissed the exceptions on May
18, 2015. The court entered a decree in divorce on December 23, 2015.3
Appellant timely filed the instant appeal and a court-ordered Pa.R.A.P.
1925(b) statement. The trial court issued a responsive opinion.
We would first note that Husband’s brief does not include a statement
of questions involved pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 2116(a). See Pa.R.A.P.
2116(a); see also Southcentral Employment Corp. v. Birmingham Fire
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2
After the entry of that order, Husband filed a motion for leave to appeal to
this Court, requesting that the trial court enter its common law marriage
ruling as a final order pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 341(c), which the trial court
denied.
3
During the pendency of divorce proceedings, Husband’s actions forced the
trial court to enter numerous other orders including: ordering Husband to
revoke a quitclaim deed he had had Wife sign while she was recovering from
surgery; ordering Husband to reinstate Wife as a beneficiary to his pension
and life insurance policies; and appointing Wife as an agent to avoid
foreclosure of the jointly-titled residence.
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Ins. Co. of Pennsylvania, 926 A.2d 977, 983 n. 5 (Pa. Super. 2007)
(noting issues not explicitly raised in the statement of questions involved are
waived). However, as the statement of questions is mentioned in the table
of contents and its omission appears inadvertent, we decline to find waiver.
On appeal, Husband challenges the trial court’s finding that the parties
had entered into a valid, common law marriage. Husband avers that Wife
did not prove by clear and convincing evidence that verba in praesenti were
exchanged and also challenges the weight of the evidence. Appellant’s Brief
at 4, 14.
In equitable distribution proceedings, the trial court has broad
discretion in fashioning an award, and an award will not be overturned
absent an abuse of discretion. Brown v. Brown, 669 A.2d 969, 972 (Pa.
Super. 1995). The court makes determinations concerning the weight of the
evidence and the credibility of witnesses and conclusions of law, and where
they are supported by the record and absent an abuse of discretion, we will
not overturn the ruling. Staudenmayer v. Staudenmayer, 714 A.2d
1016, 1022 (Pa. 1998); see also Childress v. Bogosian, 12 A.3d 448, 455
(Pa. Super. 2011); see also Mackay v. Mackay, 984 A.2d 529, 533 (Pa.
Super. 2009).
The instant matter involves a common law marriage. A common law
marriage may only be created by an exchange of words in the present tense,
spoken with the specific purpose that the legal relationship of husband and
wife is created by such exchange. Staudenmayer, 714 A.2d at 1020. The
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burden of proving the existence of a common law marriage rests on the
proponent of the marriage, and courts review such a claim with scrutiny.
Bell v. Ferraro, 849 A.2d 1233, 1235 (Pa. Super. 2004). The agreement
may be made without a witness and does not require a specific form of
words, only that the party demonstrates a present, legal intent to enter into
the legal relationship of marriage. See Staudenmayer, 714 A.2d at 1020.
When the parties are available to testify, the party claiming the
common law marriage must produce clear and convincing evidence of the
exchange of these words, or verba in praesenti. Staudenmayer, 714 A.2d
at 1021. If a party can produce clear and convincing evidence of the
exchange, the verba in praesenti creates a rebuttable presumption in favor
of common law marriage. Id. However, when faced with contradictory
testimony, the party claiming a common law marriage may introduce
evidence of constant cohabitation and reputation of marriage to support
their claim. Id.
Husband claims that Wife did not establish by clear and convincing
evidence that verba in praesenti were exchanged. Husband argues that
because no date was established for the exchange, because Wife had stated
on several documents that she was not married, and because his fact
witness denied that verba in praesenti were exchanged, Wife could not meet
her burden.
However, the trial court found credible Wife’s testimony that the
parties verbally promised to spend their lives together, planned their lives as
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husband and wife, and Husband gave Wife engagement and wedding rings.
The trial court did not find credible Husband’s testimony that the parties had
never discussed marriage. TCO at 5-7. We may not disturb these credibility
finding on appeal. Staudenmayer, 714 A.2d at 1022.
Husband’s argument regarding the uncertainty of the date is equally
unavailing, as he does not cite any case law that establishes that a party
must supply a date verba in praesenti were exchanged. See Giant Food
Stores, LLC v. THF Silver Spring Development, L.P., 959 A.2d 438, 444
(Pa. Super. 2008) (“Appellant’s issue on appeal is waived because
[Appellant] has failed to set forth in its appellate brief any citation to legal
authority pertaining to [Appellant's] argument.”). Additionally, as both Wife
and Husband appeared and offered contradictory testimony at the hearing, it
was appropriate for the trial court to consider other evidence, including
cohabitation and a reputation of marriage, to determine whether a marriage
existed. See Staudenmayer, 714 A.2d at 1021. Thus, the trial court
properly considered evidence that the parties had cohabited for twenty years
with no significant gaps, and that they had a reputation for marriage in the
community, including at their children’s school, with their church, and with
their friends.
Finally, Husband makes a number of arguments that are, essentially,
challenges to the weight of the evidence, including 1) Wife stated she was
unmarried on affidavits of paternity; 2) Wife was not listed as a spouse on
the tax returns Husband filed as head of household; 3) Wife changed her
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testimony regarding the date the parties entered into the marriage; 4)
documents requiring legal identification identified Wife as “Laurie Caporali”
rather than Laurie Zunic; 5) the trial court disregarded the testimony of
Kiersten Frankowski. Husband avers that because Wife “did not
acknowledge” the marriage, the trial court erred in finding that a common
law marriage existed. Appellant’s Brief at 14-20.
As noted above, it is the trial court’s exclusive province to determine
the weight to be assigned to the evidence and testimony of witnesses.
Mackay, 984 A.2d at 533. The trial court heard the testimony and weighed
the evidence, and found Wife’s testimony credible that she referred to
herself as unmarried and used the name “Laurie Caporali” when legal
documentation and identification was required, but that otherwise she used
the name “Laurie Zunic” and was known as “Laurie Zunic” in the community.
The trial court found credible the testimony of Wife and Wife’s witnesses,
namely, that the parties considered themselves married, presented
themselves as married, and were known as married in the community. TCO
at 8-14.
The trial court did not find credible Husband’s testimony that he
objected to her use of the name “Zunic,” or that he was unaware of her use
of the name on the mortgage documents. The trial court noted additional
instances of Husband’s dishonestly, referencing the quitclaim deed, the
missing personal items, and his denial under oath that he had given money
to his fiancée. TCO at 8-14.
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The record supports the trial court’s conclusions that, based upon
these credibility determinations and the evidence introduced at the hearing,
the parties entered into a common law marriage. Accordingly, the trial court
did not abuse its discretion. See Staudenmayer, 714 A.2d at 1021; see
also Childress, 12 A.3d at 455.
Order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 11/28/2016
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Caporali, L. v. Zunic, E.
Combined Opinion