[Cite as State v. Koch, 2016-Ohio-7926.]
COURT OF APPEALS
KNOX COUNTY, OHIO
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
STATE OF OHIO : JUDGES:
:
: Hon. Sheila G. Farmer, P.J.
Plaintiff-Appellee : Hon. W. Scott Gwin, J.
: Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, J.
-vs- :
: Case No. 16-CA-16
:
CLIFFORD D. KOCH :
:
:
Defendant-Appellant : OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Appeal from the Knox County Court of
Common Pleas, Case No. 15CR11-
0197
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: November 17, 2016
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee: For Defendant-Appellant:
CHARLES T. MCCONVILLE JOHN A. DANKOVICH
KNOX. CO. PROSECUTOR KNOX. CO. PUBLIC DEFENDER
117 E. High St., Suite 234 11 East High St.
Mount Vernon, OH 43050 Mount Vernon, OH 43050
Knox County, Case No. 16-CA-16 2
Delaney, J.
{¶1} Appellant Clifford D. Koch appeals from the April 26, 2016 Journal Entry
and June 8, 2016 Sentencing Entry of the Knox County Court of Common Pleas.
Appellee is the state of Ohio.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
{¶2} The facts underlying appellant’s criminal convictions are not in the record
before us.1
{¶3} On December 8, 2015, appellant was charged by indictment with one count
of failure to provide change of address, a felony of the third degree pursuant to R.C.
2950.05(F)(1). The indictment notes appellant is a sexually-oriented offender pursuant
to two convictions in the Knox County Court of Common Pleas: unlawful sexual conduct
with a minor pursuant to R.C. 2907.04, a felony of the fourth degree, [conviction date
June 30, 2006]; and importuning pursuant to R.C. 2907.07(B), a felony of the fourth
degree [conviction date July 30, 2012].
{¶4} Appellant last registered with the Knox County Sheriff on January 20, 2015,
as a sexually-oriented offender.
{¶5} Appellant has two prior convictions in the Knox County Court of Common
Pleas for failure to provide notice of change of address pursuant to R.C. 2950.05: August
24, 2009 and July 30, 2012.
1 Appellant asserts in his brief he was living in a Wal-Mart parking lot and calling into
the sheriff’s office daily to report his whereabouts pursuant to the sheriff’s policy for
homeless sex offenders. Those facts, however, are not in the appellate record.
Knox County, Case No. 16-CA-16 3
{¶6} In the instant case, appellant entered a plea of guilty as charged and a
sentencing hearing was held on June 3, 2016. The trial court sentenced appellant to a
prison term of three years.
{¶7} Appellant now appeals from the June 8, 2016 Sentencing Entry of the Knox
County Court of Common Pleas.
{¶8} Appellant raises two assignments of error:
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
{¶9} “I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN IMPOSING THE MAXIMUM
SENTENCE.”
{¶10} “II. R.C. 2950.05(F)(1) IS UNCONSTITUTIONAL AS APPLIED.”
ANALYSIS
I.
{¶11} In his first assignment of error, appellant argues he should not have
received the maximum sentence because the trial court did not state reasons in support
of its findings. We disagree.
{¶12} The trial court sentenced appellant to a prison term of three years, the
minimum statutorily-mandated penalty for the offense in light of appellant’s prior
convictions. The instant offense is a felony of the third degree pursuant to R.C.
2950.99(A)(1)(b) because the highest-level offense requiring appellant to register is
unlawful sexual conduct with a minor, a felony of the fourth degree pursuant to R.C.
2907.04(A).
{¶13} Appellant has two prior convictions for failure to provide notice of change of
address, rendering him subject to R.C. 2950.99(A)(2)(b), which states:
Knox County, Case No. 16-CA-16 4
In addition to any penalty or sanction imposed under division
(A)(1)(b)(i), (ii), or (iii) of this section or any other provision of law for
a violation of a prohibition in section 2950.04, 2950.041, 2950.05, or
2950.06 of the Revised Code, if the offender previously has been
convicted of or pleaded guilty to, or previously has been adjudicated
a delinquent child for committing, a violation of a prohibition in section
2950.04, 2950.041, 2950.05, or 2950.06 of the Revised Code when
the most serious sexually oriented offense or child-victim oriented
offense that was the basis of the requirement that was violated under
the prohibition is a felony if committed by an adult or a comparable
category of offense committed in another jurisdiction, the court
imposing a sentence upon the offender shall impose a definite
prison term of no less than three years. The definite prison term
imposed under this section, subject to divisions (C) to (I) of section
2967.19 of the Revised Code, shall not be reduced to less than three
years pursuant to any provision of Chapter 2967. or any other
provision of the Revised Code. (Emphasis added.)
{¶14} As appellee points out, R.C. 2950.99(A)(2)(b) has been described as a
“sentencing enhancement provision” which requires a mandatory minimum sentence of
three years. See, e.g., State v. Barnes, 9th Dist. Lorain Nos. 13CA010502, 13CA010503,
2014-Ohio-2721; State v. Ashford, 2nd Dist. Montgomery No. 23311, 2010-Ohio-1681;
State v. Littlejohn, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103234, 2016-Ohio-1125.
Knox County, Case No. 16-CA-16 5
{¶15} The trial court did not err in sentencing appellant to the minimum mandated
term of three years.
{¶16} Appellant’s first assignment of error is overruled.
II.
{¶17} In his second assignment of error, appellant argues R.C. 2950.05(F)(1) is
unconstitutional as applied to him because it subjects an offender guilty of a “minimal
violation” to a mandatory prison term of three years. We disagree.
{¶18} We first disagree with appellant’s underlying premise that his conviction
does not merit a prison term of three years. On the basis of the limited record before us,
appellant has two prior convictions for this offense and thus is a recidivist.
{¶19} Appellant argues, though, that a prison term of three years is cruel and
unusual punishment for “miscommunication” about the location of a registered sex
offender. As appellee points out, the Ohio Supreme Court has held that the state’s system
of sex offender registration and address verification has been held not to constitute cruel
and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment to the United States
Constitution or Article I, Section 9 of the Ohio Constitution. See, State v. Blankenship,
145 Ohio St.3d 221, 2015-Ohio-4624, 48 N.E.3d 516.
{¶20} R.C. 2950.05(F)(1) and 2950.99(A)(2)(b) do not constitute cruel and
unusual punishment as applied to appellant. The Eighth Amendment to the United States
Constitution prohibits excessive sanctions and provides: “Excessive bail shall not be
required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.”
Section 9, Article I of the Ohio Constitution likewise sets forth the same restriction:
“Excessive bail shall not be required; nor excessive fines imposed; nor cruel and unusual
Knox County, Case No. 16-CA-16 6
punishments inflicted.” The Ohio Supreme Court has noted, “Central to the Constitution's
prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment is the ‘precept of justice that
punishment for crime should be graduated and proportioned to [the] offense.’” In re C.P.,
131 Ohio St.3d 513, 2012-Ohio-1446, 967 N.E.2d 729, ¶ 25, quoting Weems v. United
States, 217 U.S. 349, 367, 30 S.Ct. 544, 54 L.Ed. 793 (1910).
{¶21} Appellant argues, essentially, that his 3-year sentence is disproportionate
to his crime.2 “‘The Eighth Amendment does not require strict proportionality between
crime and sentence. Rather, it forbids only extreme sentences that are “grossly
disproportionate” to the crime.’” State v. Weitbrecht, 86 Ohio St.3d 368, 373, 715 N.E.2d
167 (1999), quoting Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957, 1001, 111 S.Ct. 2680, 115
L.Ed.2d 836 (1991), (Kennedy, J., concurring in part and in judgment). Appellant’s
sentence is not grossly disproportionate.
{¶22} Our proportionality analysis under the Eighth Amendment should be guided
by objective criteria, “including (i) the gravity of the offense and the harshness of the
penalty; (ii) the sentences imposed on other criminals in the same jurisdiction; and (iii) the
sentences imposed for commission of the same crime in other jurisdictions.” State v.
Morin, 5th Dist. Fairfield No. 2008-CA-10, 2008-Ohio-6707, ¶ 70, citing Solem v. Helm,
463 U.S. 277, 290-292, 103 S.Ct. 3001, 77 L.Ed.2d 637 (1983). “It is well established
that sentences do not violate these constitutional provisions against cruel and unusual
2 We note appellant phrases his argument in terms of the prohibition against cruel
and unusual punishment, but also argues the mandatory minimum sentence is
unconstitutional because it removes judicial discretion from the sentencing process. This
argument in the context of R.C. 2950.99(A)(2)(b) was considered and rejected by the
Ninth District Court of Appeals in State v. Barnes, 9th Dist. Lorain Nos. 13CA010502,
13CA010503, supra.
Knox County, Case No. 16-CA-16 7
punishment unless the sentences are so grossly disproportionate to the offenses as to
shock the sense of justice in the community. State v. Chaffin, 30 Ohio St.2d 13, 282
N.E.2d 46 (1972); State v. Jarrells, 72 Ohio App.3d 730, 596 N.E.2d 477 (2nd Dist.1991);
State v. Hamann, 90 Ohio App.3d 654, 672, 630 N.E.2d 384 (8th Dist.1993). Appellant
does not argue his 3-year sentence shocks the sense of justice in the community; nor do
we find it does so.
{¶23} “As a general rule, a sentence that falls within the terms of a valid statute
cannot amount to a cruel and unusual punishment.” McDougle v. Maxwell, 1 Ohio St.2d
68, 69, 203 N.E.2d 334 (1964). “[P]unishments which are prohibited by the Eighth
Amendment are limited to torture or other barbarous punishments, degrading
punishments unknown at common law, and punishments which are so disproportionate
to the offense as to shock the moral sense of the community.” Id.
{¶24} Having determined supra that the trial court properly applied the statutory
sentencing enhancement provision, a determination that appellant's sentence amounts
to cruel and unusual punishment would amount to holding the provision unconstitutional.
See, State v. Anderson, 146 Ohio App.3d 427, 2001-Ohio-4297, 766 N.E.2d 1005, ¶ 74
(8th Dist.) Cruel and unusual punishments are “rare” and are limited to sanctions that
under the circumstances would be shocking to any reasonable person. State v.
Blankenship, 145 Ohio St.3d 221, 2015–Ohio–4624, 48 N.E.3d 526, ¶ 32. It is not
shocking to the conscience that an offender who repeatedly violates the address-
notification requirement is subject to a minimum three-year prison term.
{¶25} The prison sentence imposed is not grossly disproportionate to the offense
and does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment.
Knox County, Case No. 16-CA-16 8
{¶26} Appellant’s second assignment of error is overruled.
CONCLUSION
{¶27} Appellant’s two assignments of error are overruled and the judgment of the
Knox County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.
By: Delaney, J. and
Farmer, P.J.
Gwin, J., concur.
State v. Koch
Combined Opinion