2016 IL 120544
IN THE
SUPREME COURT
OF
THE STATE OF ILLINOIS
(Docket No. 120544)
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS ex rel. JAMES W. GLASGOW,
Petitioner, v. HONORABLE DAVID M. CARLSON et al., Respondents.
Opinion filed December 1, 2016.
JUSTICE KILBRIDE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Chief Justice Karmeier and Justices Freeman, Thomas, Garman, Burke, and
Theis concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Petitioner, James W. Glasgow, State’s Attorney of Will County, seeks
mandamus pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 381 (eff. Jan. 1, 2016) against
respondent, the Honorable David M. Carlson, judge of the circuit court of Will
County. Petitioner asks this court to compel respondent to (1) vacate its January 6,
2016, sentencing order, (2) classify as a Class 2 felony Mitchell Harper’s third
violation of Illinois’s driving while under the influence (DUI) statute of the Illinois
Vehicle Code (625 ILCS 5/11-501 et seq. (West 2014)), and (3) resentence
defendant as a Class X offender pursuant to section 5-4.5-95(b) of the Unified Code
of Corrections (730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-95(b) (West 2014)). For the following reasons,
we award mandamus.
¶2 BACKGROUND
¶3 In June 2014, defendant, Mitchell Harper, was charged by indictment with
Class 2 felony aggravated DUI (625 ILCS 5/11-501(a)(2), (d)(2)(B) (West 2014)).
The indictment alleged that on March 23, 2014, defendant operated a vehicle while
under the influence of alcohol and that he had two prior DUI convictions: (1) a
1994 DUI conviction in Georgia and (2) a 2013 DUI conviction in Illinois.
¶4 Following a bench trial in July 2015, the circuit court found defendant guilty of
aggravated DUI. The court, however, continued sentencing and postponed its
review of defendant’s prior DUI convictions and additional criminal history.
¶5 At the initial sentencing hearing in November 2015, the circuit court expressed
skepticism on whether defendant’s DUI conviction should be classified as a Class 2
felony for sentencing purposes. The court explained, “[a]lthough the indictment
alleges a [C]lass 2 felony, I may not necessarily agree with that based upon the
statutory provisions.”
¶6 The State first provided the circuit court with certified copies of defendant’s
two prior DUI convictions in Georgia and Illinois. Because defendant’s DUI
conviction in this case constituted his third DUI conviction, the State argued that it
was aggravated DUI and a Class 2 felony under subsection (d)(2)(B), as charged in
the indictment. The State acknowledged that a separate provision, subsection
(d)(2)(A), generally classified aggravated DUI as a Class 4 felony. Nonetheless, the
State argued that because defendant was charged under subsection (d)(2)(B), that
provision’s express classification of the offense as a Class 2 felony must control.
For support, the State cited to the appellate court’s decision in People v. Mischke,
2014 IL App (2d) 130318, that reached the same conclusion.
¶7 In turn, the State argued that defendant was subject to a mandatory Class X
sentence on his third DUI conviction based on his prior criminal record.
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Specifically, the State noted that defendant’s record included a 1989 Class 2 felony
conviction, a 1981 Class X felony conviction, and a 1980 Class 2 felony
conviction.
¶8 The circuit court, however, continued to express doubt that defendant’s third
DUI conviction should be classified as a Class 2 felony. The court repeatedly asked
the State to explain when a third DUI conviction would ever be classified as a Class
4 felony. The court also suggested that the State was asking the court to ignore
subsection (d)(2)(A), that generally defined aggravated DUI as a Class 4 felony.
¶9 Defendant argued that the statutory provisions were ambiguous on the issue of
felony classification. Defendant questioned why the DUI statute “went from a
second offense being a misdemeanor to a third offense being a class two.”
Defendant urged the circuit court to “err towards lenity and take the lesser offense.”
At the close of arguments, the court continued sentencing.
¶ 10 At the subsequent hearing on January 6, 2016, the circuit court was again
critical of the State’s position that defendant’s third DUI conviction should be
treated as a Class 2 felony rather than a Class 4 felony. The court quoted a passage
from the “DUI Traffic Illinois Judicial Bench Book Third Edition” that referenced
an “apparent irreconcilability” between the felony classifications related to a third
DUI conviction. Ultimately, the court determined that those provisions were
“completely inconsistent.” The court then sentenced defendant as a Class 4
offender to 24 months of probation.
¶ 11 On February 1, 2016, the circuit court held a hearing on its own motion to
clarify its January 6 sentencing decision. At this hearing, the court explained its
prior decisions as follows:
“I had sentenced the [d]efendant as a Class 4 offender on an—arguably a Class
2 DUI offense for a third violation of the statute. The court found that the statute
was inconsistent, and one of the things I cited was the Third Edition
Benchbook, and I went back through and I found that there is not only a Fourth
Edition, but there is also a Fifth Edition, and I want to make part of the record
what the Fifth Edition says about the *** issues regarding the statute and I gave
a copy of this to [the parties in this case].”
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The court then read into the record excerpts from the Fifth Edition Benchbook,
including a discussion on a possible sentencing inconsistency in the DUI statute
and the potential need to apply the rule of lenity. The court also rejected two
appellate court decisions that “seem[ed] to say” that any defect or inconsistency in
the DUI statute was remedied by charging a defendant with Class 2 felony
aggravated DUI under subsection (d)(2)(B).
¶ 12 The State moved for leave to file a complaint for writ of mandamus. Ill. S. Ct.
R. 381 (eff. Mar. 1, 2001). We allowed the State’s motion for leave to file the
complaint.
¶ 13 ANALYSIS
¶ 14 Before this court, the State contends that the circuit court erred, as a matter of
law, when the court found the applicable provisions of section 11-501 of the Illinois
Vehicle Code inconsistent, determined that defendant’s aggravated DUI conviction
was a Class 4 felony, and sentenced defendant to probation. The State maintains
that defendant’s third DUI conviction, as charged under subsection (d)(2)(B) (625
ILCS 5/11-501(d)(2)(B) (West 2014)), is a Class 2 felony that subjects defendant to
a mandatory Class X sentence based on his criminal history. Consequently, the
State asserts that it is entitled to mandamus relief.
¶ 15 Under the Illinois Constitution, this court has discretionary original jurisdiction
to hear mandamus cases. People ex rel. Glasgow v. Kinney, 2012 IL 113197, ¶ 7
(citing Ill. Const. 1970, art. VI, § 4(a)). As we have explained, “ ‘[m]andamus is an
extraordinary remedy used to compel a public official to perform a purely
ministerial duty where no exercise of discretion is involved.’ ” Glasgow, 2012 IL
113197, ¶ 7 (quoting People ex rel. Alvarez v. Skryd, 241 Ill. 2d 34, 38 (2011)).
This court awards mandamus relief only when “the petitioner establishes a clear
right to the relief requested, a clear duty of the public official to act, and clear
authority in the public official to comply.” Alvarez, 241 Ill. 2d at 39.
¶ 16 The controversy in this case involves the proper construction of section 11-501
and its sentencing provisions, particularly on a third DUI conviction. Because the
issue presents a pure question of law, our review is de novo. People ex rel. Birkett
v. Jorgensen, 216 Ill. 2d 358, 363 (2005); see also Cordrey v. Prisoner Review
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Board, 2014 IL 117155, ¶ 18 (explaining that “only issues of law will be
considered in original actions for mandamus”).
¶ 17 Our primary goal when construing a statute is to determine and give effect to
the legislature’s intent. People v. Fiveash, 2015 IL 117669, ¶ 11. Because the most
reliable indicator of legislative intent is the statutory language itself, we must give
the language its plain and ordinary meaning whenever possible. Fiveash, 2015 IL
117669, ¶ 11. A reviewing court must enforce clear and unambiguous statutory
provisions as written, and it should not read into the statute exceptions, conditions,
or limitations not expressed by the legislature. In re N.C., 2014 IL 116532, ¶ 50.
Section 11-501 of the Illinois Vehicle Code (625 ILCS 5/11-501 et seq. (West
2014)) establishes a detailed framework for the offense of driving while under the
influence of alcohol, other drugs, or intoxicating compounds and aggravated forms
of DUI. The provision also contains extensive sentencing guidelines.
¶ 18 Subsection (a) of section 11-501 defines the offense of DUI and prohibits an
individual from driving or controlling a vehicle under the influence of alcohol,
other drugs, or intoxicating compounds. See 625 ILCS 5/11-501(a)(1) to (a)(6)
(West 2014) (defining the offense of DUI). With exceptions not relevant here, a
first violation is generally a Class A misdemeanor (625 ILCS 5/11-501(c)(1) (West
2014)), while a second violation subjects the offender to a mandatory term of either
5 days’ imprisonment or 240 hours of community service (625 ILCS
5/11-501(c)(2) (West 2014)).
¶ 19 A third or higher violation of section 11-501, however, is considered
aggravated DUI and subjects the offender to stiffer penalties. Specifically,
subsection (d)(1)(A) provides that a person is guilty of aggravated DUI if that
person commits a DUI offense “for the third or subsequent time.” 625 ILCS
5/11-501(d)(1)(A) (West 2014). For purposes of this appeal, it is worth noting that
committing a third DUI is only one of several ways to be guilty of aggravated DUI
under section 11-501. See 625 ILCS 5/11-501(d)(1)(B) to (d)(1)(L) (West 2014)
(identifying other circumstances that constitute aggravated DUI, none predicated
on the commission of a third DUI).
¶ 20 The sentencing parameters for aggravated DUI, including the applicable felony
classes, are contained in subsection (d)(2) of section 11-501. Initially, that
provision provides the baseline felony class for aggravated DUI: “Except as
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provided otherwise, a person convicted of aggravated driving under the influence
of alcohol *** is guilty of a Class 4 felony.” 625 ILCS 5/11-501(d)(2)(A) (West
2014). The next nine subsections, (d)(2)(B) to (d)(2)(J), detail factors that can
elevate aggravated DUI to higher class felonies and, in some instances, impose
mandatory and minimum sentences.
¶ 21 Particularly relevant here, subsection (d)(2)(B) provides that “[a] third violation
of this Section or a similar provision is a Class 2 felony.” 625 ILCS
5/11-501(d)(2)(B) (West 2014). For each successive violation of section 11-501,
the potential penalty is enhanced by either eliminating the possibility of probation
or elevating the corresponding felony class. Specifically, a fourth violation is a
nonprobationable Class 2 felony (625 ILCS 5/11-501(d)(2)(C) (West 2014)), a fifth
violation is a nonprobationable Class 1 felony (625 ILCS 5/11-501(d)(2)(D) (West
2014)), and a sixth or successive violation is a Class X felony (625 ILCS
5/11-501(d)(2)(E) (West 2014)).
¶ 22 The remainder of the sentencing provisions in subsection (d)(2) apply to
specific factual situations not implicated in this action, ranging from the
commission of DUI that results in injury or death to committing DUI while
transporting one or more passengers in a vehicle for hire. See 625 ILCS
5/11-501(d)(2)(F) to (d)(2)(J) (West 2014) (detailing sentencing requirements for
aggravated DUI).
¶ 23 Reviewing the plain meaning of section 11-501, it is clear that the legislature
meticulously prescribed unambiguous sentencing requirements and classifications
for aggravated DUI, going from a baseline Class 4 felony classification (625 ILCS
5/11-501(d)(2)(A) (West 2014)) to a Class X felony classification for a sixth DUI
conviction (625 ILCS 5/11-501(d)(2)(E) (West 2014)). As this court has explained,
“[s]ection 11-501 therefore operates just as any other statute which initially sets
forth the elements of the offense, and then, in a separate section, provides
sentencing classifications based on other factors.” People v. Van Schoyck, 232 Ill.
2d 330, 337 (2009).
¶ 24 Applying section 11-501 to defendant’s case, we necessarily conclude that
defendant’s third DUI conviction constitutes aggravated DUI and is a Class 2
felony, as charged in the indictment. Without question, subsection (d)(2)(B)
demonstrates unambiguous legislative intent to classify a third DUI conviction as a
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Class 2 felony. See 625 ILCS 5/11-501(d)(2)(B) (West 2014) (providing that “[a]
third violation of this Section or a similar provision is a Class 2 felony”).
¶ 25 The sentencing provisions of section 11-501 are complex, especially on the
aggravated forms of DUI. Nevertheless, the circuit court’s decision to prioritize the
baseline Class 4 felony provision in subsection (d)(2)(A) over subsection (d)(2)(B)
conflicts with other pertinent statutory language. Critically, subsection (d)(2)(A)
contains a qualification that “[e]xcept as provided otherwise, a person convicted of
aggravated driving under the influence of alcohol *** is guilty of a Class 4 felony.”
(Emphasis added.) 625 ILCS 5/11-501(d)(2)(A) (West 2014). In our view, this
qualification demonstrates unambiguous legislative intent to classify aggravated
DUI as a Class 4 felony only if no other provision in section 11-501 is applicable.
¶ 26 Here, subsection (d)(2)(B) of section 11-501 applies, as charged in the
indictment. As we have determined, the plain language of subsection (d)(2)(B)
unequivocally provides that a third DUI conviction is a Class 2 felony. 625 ILCS
5/11-501(d)(2)(B) (West 2014). This clear and unambiguous provision must be
enforced as written. In re N.C., 2014 IL 116532, ¶ 50.
¶ 27 Our appellate court has similarly concluded that an offender’s third DUI
conviction is aggravated DUI and is a Class 2 felony under subsection (d)(2)(B) of
section 11-501 of the Illinois Vehicle Code. See People v. Mischke, 2014 IL App
(2d) 130318, ¶ 22 (concluding that subsection (d)(2)(B) “require[s] that a person
with two prior nonaggravated DUI offenses be sentenced, upon his third DUI
offense, as a Class 2 offender”); People v. Morris, 2014 IL App (1st) 130152, ¶ 54
(determining that two prior DUI convictions can be used to elevate a third DUI to a
Class 2 felony). It is axiomatic that this authority was binding on the circuit court.
See, e.g., People v. Carpenter, 228 Ill. 2d 250, 259-60 (2008) (explaining that an
applicable Illinois appellate court decision must be followed by an Illinois circuit
court because it constitutes binding precedent).
¶ 28 It is neither inconsistent nor illogical to conclude that a third DUI conviction is
subject to a higher felony classification when section 11-501 of the Illinois Vehicle
Code is viewed in its entirety. See People v. Chapman, 2012 IL 111896, ¶ 23
(explaining that when construing a statutory provision, “we consider the statute in
its entirety, keeping in mind the subject it addresses and the apparent intent of the
legislature in passing it.”). As our appellate court has aptly observed, the escalating
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penalties and felony classifications for successive DUI convictions in section
11-501 demonstrate “the General Assembly’s intention to penalize repeat [DUI]
offenders more severely.” People v. Halerewicz, 2013 IL App (4th) 120388, ¶ 35.
¶ 29 The circuit court also relied on excerpts from various editions of an Illinois
judicial benchbook that suggested or implied a potential inconsistency in the
section 11-501 sentencing provisions. We caution our circuit courts, however, that
a benchbook is to be used only as a practical legal reference guide. Thus, a
benchbook should not be viewed or treated as authoritative precedent. See, e.g.,
Administrative Office of the Illinois Courts, Illinois Judicial Benchbook on
DUI/Traffic (5th ed. 2015) (explaining that a “[b]enchbook has no precedential
value, is not intended to be cited by courts or litigants as authority in pleadings,
rulings or otherwise, and is not a substitute for reading the statutes and cases cited
herein”).
¶ 30 Accordingly, we conclude that defendant’s third DUI conviction constitutes
aggravated DUI and must be treated as a Class 2 felony under the plain language of
subsection (d)(2)(B) of section 11-501. Because the record shows that defendant
has at least two prior Class 2 felony or higher convictions, he must be sentenced as
a Class X offender on his aggravated DUI conviction in this case. 730 ILCS
5/5-4.5-95(b) (West 2014); see also Morris, 2014 IL App (1st) 130152, ¶ 54
(affirming a Class X sentence on a defendant who was convicted of Class 2 felony
aggravated DUI).
¶ 31 CONCLUSION
¶ 32 For these reasons, we award mandamus and order respondent to (1) vacate its
January 6, 2016, sentencing order, (2) classify defendant’s third violation of section
11-501 of the Illinois Vehicle Code as a Class 2 felony, and (3) resentence
defendant as a Class X offender based on his prior criminal history.
¶ 33 Judgment of mandamus awarded.
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