Opinion filed November 30, 2016
In The
Eleventh Court of Appeals
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No. 11-14-00224-CV
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JAMIE CROSS, Appellant
V.
MARTHA AND JAMES EUGENE LITTLEFIELD, Appellees
On Appeal from the 29th District Court
Palo Pinto County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. C45718
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Jamie Cross, acting pro se, sued Martha and James Eugene Littlefield for
negligence after Cross twisted her ankle and fell on a step at the Littlefields’ lake
house. The Littlefields moved for summary judgment on both traditional and no-
evidence grounds. The trial court granted the Littlefields’ motion but did not
specify the grounds for doing so. On appeal, Cross asserts that the trial court erred
when it granted summary judgment in the Littlefields’ favor. We affirm.
I. Background Facts
Cross accompanied James Edward Littlefield to his parents’ lake house at
Possum Kingdom Lake. The next day, Cross twisted her ankle and fell as she
descended the porch’s single step. Cross asserted that the step was defective and
unreasonably dangerous because the landing area of the step had a slope greater
than eight percent, which she claimed did not comply with certain residential
construction code standards. Cross also claimed that she could not see the
defective condition of the step and that the Littlefields knew about the dangerous
condition but did not warn her about it. Cross sustained injuries after she stepped
off the one step and fell to the ground. She asserted that Martha and James Eugene
Littlefield, as owners of the house, were responsible for her injuries.
Cross filed a pro se “complaint” on the day before limitations ran and had
both Martha and James Eugene Littlefield served. Both timely answered with a
general denial and special exceptions, which they later amended. Cross
subsequently filed an “amended plea.” The Littlefields moved for summary
judgment and attached an affidavit. Cross filed a response but did not attach any
competent summary judgment evidence to her response. However, she did attach
some documents and a verification. The trial court held a hearing on the summary
judgment motion and subsequently granted the Littlefields’ motion and dismissed
Cross’s cause of action against them. Cross filed a motion for new trial, which was
overruled by operation of law.
II. Standard of Review
We review a summary judgment de novo. Travelers Ins. Co. v. Joachim,
315 S.W.3d 860, 862 (Tex. 2010). The movant for traditional summary judgment
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must show that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that it is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Mann Frankfort Stein &
Lipp Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding, 289 S.W.3d 844, 848 (Tex. 2009). A defendant
who moves for traditional summary judgment must either negate at least one
essential element of the nonmovant’s cause of action or prove all essential
elements of an affirmative defense. See Randall’s Food Mkts., Inc. v. Johnson,
891 S.W.2d 640, 644 (Tex. 1995).
When summary judgment is granted on traditional grounds, we take the
evidence adduced in favor of the nonmovant as true and draw every reasonable
inference and resolve all doubts in the nonmovant’s favor. Id. (citing El Chico
Corp. v. Poole, 732 S.W.2d 306, 315 (Tex. 1987)). Once the defendant establishes
a right to summary judgment as a matter of law, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to
present evidence raising a genuine issue of material fact. City of Houston v. Clear
Creek Basin Auth., 589 S.W.2d 671, 678–79 (Tex. 1979); see also Plunkett v.
Conn. Gen. Life Ins. Co., No. 11-13-00129-CV, 2015 WL 3484985, at *4 (Tex.
App.—Eastland May 29, 2015, pet. denied) (mem. op.). When the trial court’s
judgment does not specify the grounds upon which it relied for its ruling, the
judgment must be affirmed if any of the theories advanced are meritorious. Dow
Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237, 242 (Tex. 2001); Carr v. Brasher, 776
S.W.2d 567, 569 (Tex. 1989); Barker v. Roelke, 105 S.W.3d 75, 82 (Tex. App.—
Eastland 2003, pet. denied).
The party that files a no-evidence motion for summary judgment alleges that
there is no evidence of one or more essential elements of a claim or defense on
which the adverse party would have the burden of proof at trial. See TEX. R.
CIV. P. 166a(i). A no-evidence motion for summary judgment is essentially a
motion for a pretrial directed verdict. Mack Trucks, Inc. v. Tamez, 206 S.W.3d
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572, 581–82 (Tex. 2006) (citing Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d
706, 711 (Tex. 1997)). Once such a motion is filed, the burden shifts to the
nonmoving party to present evidence raising an issue of material fact as to the
elements specified in the motion. Id.
III. Analysis
Cross claimed that the Littlefields had a duty to warn her about the slope of
the step at the lake house or to make that allegedly dangerous condition safe and
that, because they did not do either one, they were negligent and liable for her
injuries. The Littlefields moved for summary judgment on traditional and no-
evidence grounds but did not specify which elements of negligence they claimed
had no evidence. Consequently, Cross could not determine the specific elements
that she was required to present evidence on to raise a material fact question, and
the burden did not shift to her to raise a genuine issue of material fact on the
challenged elements. Cf. Mack Trucks, 206 S.W.3d at 581–82; see TEX. R. CIV. P.
166a(i). Therefore, we will only address the Littlefields’ traditional motion for
summary judgment.
A. Negligence Cause of Action
Cross asserts a premises liability, negligence cause of action. “The elements
of a negligence cause of action are a duty, a breach of that duty, and damages
proximately caused by the breach of that duty.” Doe v. Boys Clubs of Greater
Dallas, Inc., 907 S.W.2d 472, 477 (Tex. 1995). The extent of the duty owed by an
occupier of land depends on the legal status of the visitor. Motel 6 G.P., Inc. v.
Lopez, 929 S.W.2d 1, 3 (Tex. 1996); Olivier v. Snowden, 426 S.W.2d 545 (Tex.
1968). The Littlefields moved for summary judgment because they asserted that,
as a matter of law, they owed no duty to Cross and that she had no claim against
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them for negligence. As we explain below, we agree that the Littlefields owed no
duty to Cross because she perceived the condition of the step.
B. Cross was a guest of the Littlefields and, as a matter of law,
was a licensee.
The Littlefields asserted that Cross was a licensee; James Edward
Littlefield attested in his summary judgment affidavit that Cross was his guest at
the lake house. “A licensee is a person who is privileged to enter or remain on
land only by virtue of the possessor’s consent.” Dominguez v. Garcia, 746 S.W.2d
865, 866 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1988, writ denied) (quoting RESTATEMENT
(SECOND) OF TORTS § 330 (1965)). Thus, a licensee is one who enters with
permission of the landowner, but does so for his own convenience or on business
for someone other than the landowner. Smith v. Andrews, 832 S.W.2d 395, 397
(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1992, writ denied).
In response to the Littlefields’ licensee argument, Cross filed a response to
their motion, which included the statement, “True, I was a guest of their son
[James].” We note that responses are not evidence. Nicholson v. Mem’l Hosp.
Sys., 722 S.W.2d 746, 749 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1986, writ ref’d
n.r.e.). We also note that a response is not a pleading and that a pleading is not
evidence. Laidlaw Waste Sys. (Dallas), Inc. v. City of Wilmer, 904 S.W.2d 656,
660 (Tex. 1995); Clear Creek Basin Auth., 589 S.W.2d at 678; see also
Judge David Hittner & Lynne Liberato, Summary Judgments in Texas: State and
Federal Practice, 52 Hous. L. Rev. 773, 821 n.341 (2015) (“[W]e refuse to regard
pleadings, even if sworn, as summary judgment evidence.” (alteration in original)
(quoting Hidalgo v. Sur. Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 462 S.W.2d 540, 545 (Tex. 1971))).
But certain statements in pleadings can be admissions. “Assertions of fact, not
[pled] in the alternative, in the live pleadings of a party are regarded as formal
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judicial admissions.” Holy Cross Church of God in Christ v. Wolf, 44 S.W.3d 562,
568 (Tex. 2001) (quoting Houston First Am. Sav. v. Musick, 650 S.W.2d 764, 767
(Tex. 1983)). A judicial admission that is clear and unequivocal has conclusive
effect and bars the admitting party from later disputing the admitted fact. Id.
(citing Gevinson v. Manhattan Constr. Co. of Okla., 449 S.W.2d 458, 467 (Tex.
1969)). Although Cross’s statement in her response was not in a pleading, her
statement, “True, I was a guest of their son [James],” is a judicial admission. See
id. (statements in summary judgment response were judicial admissions).
But even if we are incorrect, Cross was nonetheless a licensee, as a matter
of law. The definition of a licensee, as a matter of law, is outlined in Mendez v.
Knights of Columbus Hall, 431 S.W.2d 29, 31 (Tex. Civ. App.—San Antonio
1968, no writ). The court in Mendez held that a woman who had entered a dance
hall, walked toward the dance floor, twisted her ankle, and fallen on “a step down”
that led to the dance floor was a licensee because she was the guest of her husband,
a band musician who performed at the hall. 431 S.W.2d at 31. The woman had
never been to the dance hall before, and she was not aware of the step down. Id.
But she could see, as all could, that the dance floor was obviously lower than the
area where she had been seated. Id. The Mendez court held, in a summary
judgment proceeding, that as a matter of law she was a licensee. Id. at 32. Even if
Cross’s statement is not a judicial admission, the undisputed facts unequivocally
demonstrate that she was a guest and a licensee.
C. Duty Owed to Cross as a Licensee
Cross, as a licensee, takes the premises as she finds them, and the Littlefields
owe no duty to maintain the premises in a reasonably safe condition. See Silva v.
Spohn Health Sys. Corp., 951 S.W.2d 91, 96 n.4 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi), writ
denied, 960 S.W.2d 654 (Tex. 1997); Weekes v. Kelley, 433 S.W.2d 769, 773 (Tex.
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Civ. App.—Eastland 1968, writ ref’d n.r.e.). Instead, the duty that an owner owes
to a licensee is to not injure him by “willful, wanton or grossly negligent conduct,
and . . . [to] use ordinary care either to warn a licensee of, or to make reasonably
safe, a dangerous condition of which the owner is aware and the licensee is not.”
State Dep’t of Highways & Pub. Transp. v. Payne, 838 S.W.2d 235, 237 (Tex.
1992); see Weekes, 433 S.W.2d at 772–73.
D. The Littlefields owed no duty to Cross, as a matter of law, because
one can infer from her admissions that she perceived the condition
of the step.
The existence of a legal duty is a question of law. TXI Operations, L.P. v.
Perry, 278 S.W.3d 763, 765 (Tex. 2009). “Duty is the threshold inquiry; a plaintiff
must prove the existence and violation of a duty owed him by the defendant to
establish liability in tort.” Silva, 951 S.W.2d at 94 (citing El Chico Corp., 732
S.W.2d at 311). In other words, a licensor owes no duty to a licensee as long as
the evidence conclusively establishes that the licensee perceived the allegedly
dangerous condition. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Miller, 102 S.W.3d 706, 709 (Tex.
2003). Cross asserts that she did not perceive the dangerous condition of the step,
while the Littlefields assert that she did perceive the step’s condition.
In her “complaint” and her response to the motion, Cross alleged that the
step was uneven, had an improper slope, and had no warnings, which made it
unreasonably dangerous. Nevertheless, as we previously explained, her allegations
in her “complaint” and her response to the motion for summary judgment that
outline dangerous conditions with the step and her allegation of lack of knowledge
about those conditions are not evidence. Nicholson, 722 S.W.2d at 749; Keenan v.
Gibraltar Sav. Ass’n, 754 S.W.2d 392, 394 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
1988, no writ.). “[S]elf-serving, speculative and conclusory statements of fact or
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law are insufficient to raise an issue of fact.” Los Cucos Mexican Café, Inc. v.
Sanchez, No. 13-05-578-CV, 2007 WL 1288820, at *2 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi
May 3, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing McIntyre v. Ramirez, 109 S.W.3d 741,
749–50 (Tex. 2003); Purcell v. Bellinger, 940 S.W.2d 599, 602 (Tex. 1997)
(finding that conclusory statements that are unsupported by facts are not proper
summary judgment proof); Brownlee v. Brownlee, 665 S.W.2d 111, 112 (Tex.
1984)).
The only items that can be considered as summary judgment evidence that
the Littlefields attached to their motion were James Edward Littlefield’s affidavit,
a photo of the step, and another photo, but James Edward did not describe, in his
affidavit, the step’s condition or state that Cross perceived that condition. Cross
also filed a photo of the step and the porch. The Littlefields argued in their motion
and on appeal that the step’s condition was perceptible and obvious to anyone who
looked at it.
The Texas Supreme Court addressed the issue of knowledge of a condition
in a premise liability case that involved a man who fell on some steps at a Wal-
Mart store. Miller, 102 S.W.3d at 709. In Miller, Wal-Mart hired a plumbing
company to complete some work at a store. Id. at 707. One of the employees of
the plumbing company accompanied a Wal-Mart employee to the storeroom that
had a stairway that led to the water lines and shut-off valve. Id. Miller saw other
employees of Wal-Mart unloading and placing boxes on the stairs. Id. Miller led a
coworker up the stairs and noticed that the stairs were “slippery or slick.” Id. at
708. When Miller went back down the stairs, he let go of the handrail to walk
around the boxes and fell. Id. He sued Wal-Mart under a premises defect theory.
Id. Miller did not dispute that he saw the boxes before he ascended the stairs and
knew that the stairs were slippery. Id. When he descended, he saw that the boxes
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obstructed his access to the handrail. Id. The Texas Supreme Court noted that
Miller “recognized all these factors—the very factors he alleges created a
dangerous condition—before he fell on the stairs.” Id. at 710. The evidence,
therefore, established that, “prior to his fall, Miller perceived and thus had actual
knowledge of the dangerous condition.” Id. Accordingly, Wal-Mart did not have
a duty to warn or make the premises safe. Id.; see also Osadchy v. S. Methodist
Univ., 232 S.W.3d 844, 853 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, pet. denied) (no duty where
musician testified that he had seen conditions of stairs and used them before he
tripped and fell; plaintiff had same knowledge as defendant).
Cross stated in her response that the “[step] is easily visible[] when
approaching during the day time [sic].” Cross also stated in her response, “Yes,
when [one] applies the ‘open & obvious’ [standard,] one does not have to look
long to see that the step is dangerous.” Cross further stated in her response that
“A CHILD OF KINDERGAR[T]EN AGE WOULD KNOW THAT THE STEP
WAS DANGEROUS[] IF THE [CHILD] ARRIVED DURING THE DAY.” As
we did with her statement about being a guest, we hold that Cross’s statements
about the step’s visibility and perceptibility are judicial admissions. See Holy
Cross Church of God in Christ, 44 S.W.3d at 568. Cross argued that, because she
did not go up the step in the daylight, she could not have perceived its condition,
but Cross also stated that she stepped outside the lake house in the morning and
briefly spoke to James Edward Littlefield before she stepped off the single porch
step and fell to the ground. In that time that she spoke to him, when she stood on
the porch near the step, she said that she “looked down,” so one can infer that a
reasonable person, having looked down at the step, would have perceived the
step’s condition. She said that “one does not have to look long to see that the step
is dangerous,” and she did not limit that statement to the daytime. And similar to
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the Miller case, Cross had gone up the step the night before, and the next day, she
stopped on the porch and looked down before she stepped off the step; therefore, as
a matter of law, Cross perceived the step’s condition. As a result, the Littlefields
owed no duty to her. See Miller, 102 S.W.3d at 709; Osadchy, 232 S.W.3d at 853.
The trial court did not err when it granted summary judgment in favor of the
Littlefields. We overrule Cross’s sole issue on appeal.
IV. This Court’s Ruling
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
MIKE WILLSON
JUSTICE
November 30, 2016
Panel consists of: Wright, C.J.,
Willson, J., and Bailey, J.
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