IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2014-CT-00664-SCT
JAMES L. JOHNSON, JR. a/k/a JAMES JOHNSON
a/k/a JAMES JOHNSON, JR.
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 04/04/2014
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. JAMES SETH ANDREW POUNDS
TRIAL COURT ATTORNEYS: SADIE GARDNER
GREG MEYER
CLAY S. NAILS
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: ALCORN COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: JOHN R. WHITE
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: LADONNA C. HOLLAND
DISTRICT ATTORNEY: J. TRENT KELLY
NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY
DISPOSITION: THE JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF
APPEALS IS REVERSED. THE JUDGMENT
OF THE ALCORN COUNTY CIRCUIT
COURT IS REINSTATED AND AFFIRMED -
12/01/2016
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
EN BANC.
WALLER, CHIEF JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. In 2012 an Alcorn County jury found James Johnson guilty of aggravated domestic
violence against his ex-wife. Johnson’s appeal was assigned to the Court of Appeals, which
reversed the judgment and remanded the case, finding that the trial court had erred in
admitting evidence of prior bad acts without conducting a proper balancing test. We granted
the State’s petition for writ of certiorari. Finding that the Court of Appeals erred in holding
that the trial court did not consider the facts contained in offense reports, we reverse the
judgment of the Court of Appeals and reinstate and affirm Johnson’s conviction.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶2. James Johnson and the victim, Volante Jones, were married for seven years prior to
the divorce in November 2012. In December 2012, Johnson called Volante, according to
Johnson, to speak with her about her behavior and their children’s welfare. Volante asserted
that Johnson’s call was about what she had done the previous weekend and, since it did not
relate to their children, she hung up.
¶3. Soon after that phone call, Johnson arrived at Volante’s home. Volante was cleaning
out the freezer when Johnson let himself into the home. Volante claimed that Johnson came
from behind and grabbed her by the hair and by the throat. After some struggling, Volante
said she was put into a chokehold and was repeatedly hit in the head as Johnson questioned
her, “Where were you? Tell me what his name was.” Eventually Johnson ended the assault
and released Volante. In Johnson’s version of the incident, he claimed that Volante had
attacked him, and in reaction to that, he had placed her in a chokehold only to subdue her so
he would not be harmed. Volante had scratches on her neck and face. Her eyes were swollen
and had ruptured blood vessels, injuries consistent with strangulation.
2
¶4. Johnson was charged with aggravated domestic violence. He maintained that he had
acted in self-defense. In a pretrial motion in limine, the defense sought to withhold any
reference to the defendant’s prior domestic-violence cases. In response to the motion in
limine, the State proffered four offense reports that it would seek to introduce at trial
describing prior bad acts of domestic violence.1
¶5. A jury convicted Johnson of aggravated domestic violence and Johnson timely
appealed. On appeal, Johnson asserted (1) the evidence of his prior bad acts was not
probative of any listed Rule 404(b)2 exception and, even if it was relevant, it would be too
remote to be used as evidence; (2) that the offense reports should have been withheld under
Rule 403 since their probative value was outweighed substantially by unfair prejudice; (3)
that the trial court erred in not allowing him to make an adequate offer of proof regarding
Volante’s background; and (4) that the prosecution committed misconduct in its closing
argument.
¶6. The Court of Appeals reversed the judgment and remanded the case after finding that
the trial court improperly had admitted into evidence offense reports that contained facts not
addressed in the hearing on the motion in limine and that no amendment had been made to
the original proffer. We granted the State’s petition for writ of certiorari to address the Court
of Appeals judgment. We also address the other issues Johnson raised on his initial appeal.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
1
The subject of the offense reports and when they first were considered by the trial
court are pivotal factual findings upon which the Court of Appeals based its reversal.
2
See Miss. R. Evid. 404(b).
3
¶7. This Court reviews the admission of evidence under the abuse-of-discretion standard.
Smith v. State, 136 So. 3d 424, 431 (Miss. 2014) (citing Young v. Guild, 7 So. 3d 251, 262
(Miss. 2009)). “Evidentiary rulings are affirmed unless they affect a substantial right of the
complaining party.” Sewell v. State, 721 So. 2d 129, 138 (Miss. 1998) (citing Ivy v. State,
641 So. 2d 15, 18 (Miss. 1994)).
DISCUSSION
I. Whether the Court of Appeals improperly held that the trial court had
erred in admitting evidence of prior bad acts.
¶8. Prior to trial, the trial court held a hearing on Johnson’s motion in limine in which he
sought to exclude any references to his prior acts of domestic violence. At this hearing, the
State detailed four prior bad acts of domestic violence contained in the respective offense
reports. The first offense report in 1999 included a guilty plea and conviction for simple
assault between Johnson and his ex-wife Pamela Dilworth after he had gone to her house
with a gun and had threatened to kill her. The second offense report included a simple-assault
charge between Johnson and an ex-girlfriend in which Johnson had gone to her place of
employment and had threatened her. He again pleaded guilty to the simple-assault charge.
In the third offense report, he and Volante had a fight in 2002 and again he was charged with
simple assault, but the charge eventually was dropped. Volante received a swollen right eye,
swollen forehead, and other signs of injuries in this assault. The fourth report detailed the
2012 assault of his daughter in which she was struck on the head, nose, and face. In the
fourth offense report, it is noted that the assault charge was retired to the file after Johnson
completed an anger-management course.
4
¶9. The defense argued that the proffered evidence was more prejudicial than probative
and none of the Rule 404(b) exceptions applied. The trial court agreed to consider an
argument that the prior acts were too remote in time, but the defense failed to provide any
authority to support such an argument. After considering the prior acts under the relevant
rules of evidence, the trial court denied the motion in limine.
¶10. At trial, three of the offense reports were admitted into evidence during the direct
examination of the prosecution’s first witness, with the fourth report being admitted later,
during Volante’s testimony. Johnson did not make any additional objections to the admission
of the offense reports during trial other than those asserted in the hearing on the motion in
limine.
¶11. The Court of Appeals reversed the judgment and remanded after finding that the trial
court “abused its discretion by admitting into evidence the entire contents of the four offense
reports over the defense’s continuing objection.” Johnson v. State, No. 2014-KA-00664-
COA, 2015 WL 8718021, at *10 (Miss. Ct. App. Dec. 15, 2015). The Court of Appeals also
found that, during the State’s verbal proffer, at the hearing on the motion in limine, it did not
provide copies of the offense reports to the circuit court, nor did it say it intended to offer the
entire reports into evidence. Id. at *9. Further, the Court of Appeals held that the trial court
had erred when it failed to consider the additional facts contained in the offense reports,
which were not proffered verbally at the hearing on the motion in limine. Id. These additional
facts included: kicking in a back door during the incident with Johnson’s first wife, Pamela;
5
threatening to burn down Pamela’s home; and allegations from Johnson’s former girlfriend
that she feared Johnson would harm her baby. Id.
¶12. The State insists the Court of Appeals misapprehended the record and that the trial
court reviewed the contents of the reports before determining their admissibility. Even
though the transcript of the pretrial hearing does not show that the trial court examined the
reports, the trial court later made clear that it had done so. At trial, following the testimony
of the State’s first witness, the trial judge asked the jury to leave the courtroom. The trial
judge then addressed the admissibility of Johnson’s prior bad acts, specifically the charge of
assault of his daughter contained in the fourth offense report. The trial judge stated:
[I]n my review of the exhibits (offense reports) that were going to be
introduced by the State prior to my ruling in the case, I discovered and had
been made aware . . . when I was going over the facts of each of those cases
I was aware that the . . . charge [in the fourth offense report, Exhibit S-4] was
dropped because he was ordered to go to anger management.
(Emphasis added.) The trial judge also stated that he “wanted to make aware [sic] that he did
go over those records in making his determination of what was more probative and what was
more prejudicial . . . .” The trial judge then made clear on the record that he had failed to
include in his previous ruling3 that he found the anger-management-course certificate in
exhibit S-4 to be more prejudicial than probative and that it should be removed from the
exhibit prior to being admitted as evidence. He then asked both parties if this was correct,
and both stated for the record that it was. Defense counsel agreed with the trial judge’s ruling
3
It is unclear whether the trial judge is referring to the ruling he made at the hearing
on the motion in limine or in the later meeting in chambers. Both happened before the
offense reports were admitted.
6
that the certificate was more prejudicial than probative and that it should be removed from
the exhibit prior to being admitted. After this colloquy, Johnson offered no further objections
to Exhibit S-4.
¶13. Though, in its proffer, the State did not mention each act associated with each offense
report, it did provide the bulk of the facts. Additionally, since the record reflects that the
offense reports were before the trial court at the hearing on the motion in limine, then all
facts contained in the offense reports were before the trial court. The record also shows that
the trial court considered these facts before finding the offense reports to be admissible.
Therefore, we find that the Court of Appeals erred in reversing the trial court’s judgment on
this basis. Since the Court of Appeals reversed on the single issue discussed above, we now
address the other issues raised on appeal.
II. Whether the trial court erred in admitting evidence of defendant’s
prior bad acts.
¶14. Johnson argues that the evidence of prior bad acts did not meet any of the exceptions
contemplated in Rule 404(b) of the Mississippi Rules of Evidence. Rule 404 generally
prohibits the admission of evidence of a person’s character for the purpose of proving that
he or she acted in conformity with that character on a particular occasion. Miss. R. Evid.
404(a). Evidence of “other crimes, wrongs or acts” is inadmissible as character evidence, but
it may be admitted for other purposes, such as “proof of motive, opportunity, intent,
preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.” Miss. R. Evid.
404(b). The purposes listed in Rule 404(b) are not exhaustive; they simply are examples of
7
noncharacter purposes for which evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts may be admitted.
Green v. State, 89 So. 3d 543, 549 n.12 (Miss. 2012).
¶15. When determining whether to admit evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts, this
Court utilizes a two-part analysis: the evidence offered (1) must “not [be] admissible to prove
a person’s character in order to show that on a particular occasion the person acted in
accordance with the character” (Miss. R. Evid. 404(b)(1)), and (2) “ . . . its probative value
is [not] substantially outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair prejudice . . . .” (Miss. R. Evid.
403). See also Brooks v. State, 903 So. 2d 691, 699 (Miss. 2005) (quoting Crawford v. State,
754 So. 2d 1211, 1220 (Miss. 2000)). However, the trial court is not required to apply Rule
404(b) to every underlying fact for each offense report. In Green v. State, the Court stated
that its “caselaw reflects that the trial court’s failure to identify the specific applicable
exception(s) under Rule 404(b) does not require reversal.” Green v. State, 89 So. 3d 543,
551 (Miss. 2012).
¶16. In another case involving the admissibility of prior bad acts, the State sought to
introduce evidence of prior sexual misconduct and argued that “the [evidence of prior bad
acts] . . . was admissible to show a common plan or scheme by [the defendant].” Boggs v.
State, 188 So. 3d 515, 521 (Miss. 2016). Boggs was charged with gratification of lust with
a minor, the facts of which were significantly similar to the evidence of the previous
incidents of abuse the State sought to enter. Id. Both instances dealt with children who were
related to Boggs and who were about the same age when the abuse occurred. Id. As a result
the Court reasoned that the testimony of the victims established a common plan or scheme.
8
Id. While the State essentially argued that all of the Rule 404(b) exceptions applied, the
Court noted that “where the State offers a relevant noncharacter purpose for admitting
evidence, ‘the fact that other alternative purposes are argued is irrelevant . . . .’” Id. (quoting
Cole v. State, 126 So. 3d 880, 885-86 (Miss. 2013)) (holding that, as long as the evidence of
prior acts was not used to show propensity to commit a particular crime, it was admissible);
see also Green v. State, 89 So. 3d 543 (Miss. 2012) (the fact that the evidence was offered
for noncharacter purposes but bore some reflection on the defendant’s character did not bar
its admissibility under Rule 404(b)); Gore v. State, 37 So. 3d 1178 (Miss. 2010) (the court
found no abuse of discretion in admitting evidence of prior bad acts under the Rule 404(b)
exceptions where the evidence presented facts that were substantially similar to the case at
hand); and Derouen v. State, 994 So. 2d 748 (Miss. 2008) (the court overruled the per se
exclusion of evidence of a prior sexual offense other than the one charged and allowed prior-
acts evidence to be admitted under Rule 404(b) if balanced under Rule 403).
¶17. Similar to Boggs, the trial court in the instant case noted that Johnson’s prior acts
showed “intent, motive, and plan” because the prior assaults all were against women, where
he was the aggressor and he had initiated the contact. We also note that he had a prior
relationship with all of the women. At the conclusion of the arguments on the motion in
limine to admit the Rule 404(b) evidence, the trial court stated:
[I]n light of the arguments here today, the Court finds that, one, that the
State is seeking to prove intent, motive, plan, and that [the domestic violence]
was not in self-defense. . . . For those reasons the Court finds that under 404
that the State does bring forward a proper argument to do that. . . . The
balancing test under 403 . . . [shows] that the probative value does outweigh
9
the prejudicial effect. . . . Absence [sic] a time issue, then I am going to rule
under 404 that they are admissible in this particular case.
Therefore, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it admitted the
offense reports under Rule 404(b).
¶18. Johnson also contends that, even if the prior bad acts were admissible under Rule
404(b), their probative value was outweighed by their prejudicial effect under Rule 403.
Mississippi Rule of Evidence 403 “gives the trial court the discretion to prevent the
admission of otherwise relevant evidence ‘if its probative value is substantially outweighed
by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by
considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative
evidence.’” Boggs, 188 So. 3d at 522 (quoting Miss. R. Evid. 403). In Boggs, the Court
found that the trial court had balanced the probative value of the evidence and found that it
“was not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice” and as a result affirmed
the trial court’s judgment. Id.
¶19. We find that the trial court in this case also applied Rule 403 correctly to the prior-acts
evidence.4 The trial court found that all four prior offenses were very serious and akin to
what happened in this case and therefore probative for the jury as it decides the facts of the
case. The trial judge stated that under “[t]he balance test [of] 403 . . . [he] [found] that the
4
While the trial judge applied Mississippi Rule of Evidence 403 correctly, the trial
judge failed to state the rule correctly. Rule 403 states that the “court may exclude relevant
evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of one or more of the
following: unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting
time, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.” (Emphasis added.)
10
probative value [did] outweigh the prejudicial effect.” We find that the trial court properly
admitted the evidence.
III. Whether the trial court erred in not allowing Johnson to make an
adequate offer of proof.
¶20. This issue arises out of Johnson’s attempt to elicit testimony from the victim, Volante,
that allegedly would call into question her credibility as a witness. During cross-examination,
Johnson questioned Volante regarding her line of work, to which she responded that she was
a fitness and dance instructor. Following a question regarding what she had “done in the past
for a living,” the State objected to Johnson’s line of questioning, stating that it was
“irrelevant.” The trial court sustained the prosecution’s objection to the line of questioning
since the testimony appeared to be irrelevant.
¶21. Later, once the jury was out of the room, the trial court allowed the defense to make
a verbal proffer into the record. The defense stated that it had wished to elicit testimony from
Volante to attempt to establish that she had worked as an exotic dancer and escort at some
unidentified time in her past. The defense alleged that this was relevant to her credibility as
a witness. The trial court denied Johnson’s request to bring Volante into the courtroom for
the proffer and again stated that the objection to this line of questioning was sustained.
¶22. On appeal, Johnson claims that he was not allowed to make a sufficient proffer of
Volante’s testimony. While an accused criminal has a fundamental right to confront
witnesses testifying against him, “the rule does not allow cross-examination on any matter
affecting the credibility of witnesses without restraint.” Bishop v. State, 755 So. 2d 1269,
1272 (Miss. Ct. App. Feb. 8, 2000) (emphasis added) (citing White v. State, 532 So. 2d
11
1207, 1217 (Miss. 1988)). To attack the credibility of a witness, the testimony must be “about
the witness’s reputation for having a character for truthfulness or untruthfulness.” Miss. R.
Evid. 608(a). In the present case, the defense sought to elicit testimony regarding Volante’s
alleged past employment. Despite the nature of that alleged employment, if shown to be true,
the testimony would not have had an arguable impact on her credibility.
¶23. Additionally, though the defense is given “wide latitude in cross examination,” the
defense still is limited by considerations of relevance and prejudice. See Hughey v. State,
729 So. 2d 828, 831 (Miss. Ct. App. Dec. 30, 1998) (citing Horne v. State, 487 So. 2d 213
(Miss. 1986)). Relevant testimony must have a tendency to make a fact that is of consequence
to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would have been
without the [testimony]. Miss. R. Evid. 401. Volante’s career choices would not have made
any fact of consequence more or less probable and therefore were not relevant in this case.
Since the defense’s line of questioning would not have affected Volante’s credibility as a
witness, clearly was not relevant in this case, and was not supported by any evidence,
including an alleged time frame, the trial court’s decision to sustain the objection to defense’s
line of questioning was not an abuse of its discretion.
IV. Whether the prosecutor’s description of the defendant was improper
and requires reversal.
¶24. During its closing argument, the State referred to Johnson as “a six foot black man”
when describing the facts of the case. Johnson contends, for the first time on appeal, that this
characterization created prejudice and improperly affected the jury’s decision. When there
is alleged prosecutorial misconduct, “[t]he applicable rule here is clear . . . [i]n order to
12
preserve an issue for appeal, counsel must object . . . [and] [t]he failure to object acts as a
waiver.” Havard v. State, 928 So. 2d 771, 791 (Miss. 2006) (quoting Carr v. State, 873 So.
2d 991, 1004 (Miss. 2004)). The defense in the present case failed to object to the
prosecutor’s statement, so this issue is procedurally barred. Id. And no plain error is alleged
that would invalidate the procedural bar. Grayer v. State, 120 So. 3d 964, 968-69 (Miss.
2013).
CONCLUSION
¶25. We reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and reinstate and affirm the
judgment of the Alcorn County Circuit Court.
¶26. THE JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF APPEALS IS REVERSED.
CONVICTION OF AGGRAVATED DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND SENTENCE OF
TWENTY (20) YEARS IN THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT
OF CORRECTIONS, WITH TEN (10) YEARS SUSPENDED, IS REINSTATED AND
AFFIRMED. APPELLANT SHALL BE PLACED ON FIVE (5) YEARS POST-
RELEASE SUPERVISION, WITH CONDITIONS. APPELLANT SHALL PAY
COURT COSTS IN THE AMOUNT OF $431.50, A FINE IN THE AMOUNT OF
$4,000, $200 TO THE DISTRICT ATTORNEY’S INVESTIGATIVE FUND, $200 TO
THE CORINTH POLICE DEPARTMENT INVESTIGATIVE FUND, AND $100 TO
THE MISSISSIPPI CRIME VICTIMS’ COMPENSATION FUND. APPELLANT
SHALL ENTER A PAYMENT PLAN WITHIN THIRTY (30) DAYS FOLLOWING
RELEASE FROM CUSTODY.
RANDOLPH, P.J., LAMAR, COLEMAN AND BEAM, JJ., CONCUR.
DICKINSON, P.J., CONCURS IN PART AND IN RESULT WITH SEPARATE
WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY KITCHENS AND KING, JJ.; COLEMAN, J.,
JOINS IN PART. MAXWELL, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.
DICKINSON, PRESIDING JUSTICE, CONCURRING IN PART AND IN
RESULT:
13
¶27. While I join the result the majority reaches, I am writing separately to address two
issues: Johnson’s prior bad acts and an inappropriate statement the prosecutor made during
closing argument.
Proper Use of Rule 404(b)
¶28. During a pretrial hearing, the trial judge allowed the prosecutor to discuss incident
reports concerning prior offenses allegedly committed by the defendant, without having the
incident reports marked for identification. The incident reports, which later were introduced
into evidence, included discussions of prior bad acts other than the ones discussed during the
hearing.
¶29. I am satisfied that the record supports the conclusion that the trial judge considered
those other prior bad acts when he performed the required balancing test under Mississippi
Rule of Evidence 403. But had the trial judge required the State to have each proposed
exhibit marked for identification before discussing them during the pretrial hearing, the
confusion about that fact would have been avoided because the judge’s remarks would have
referenced the exhibit numbers.
¶30. In applying the Rule 403 balancing test, the trial court stated “the probative value [did]
outweigh the prejudicial effect.” This was not a correct statement or application of the test.
Rule 403 does not require the probative value of evidence to “outweigh” the “prejudicial
effect.” Instead, Rule 403 requires the trial judge to conduct a balancing test to determine
whether the danger of unfair prejudice substantially outweighs the probative value.
14
¶31. Rather than point out the trial court’s error for the benefit of the bench and bar, the
majority says “the trial court in this case also applied Rule 403 correctly to the prior-acts
evidence,” and in a footnote, says: “[w]hile the trial judge applied Mississippi Rule of
Evidence 403 correctly, the trial judge failed to state the rule correctly.” Following this
statement, the majority then recites the correct test as stated in Rule 403, which—according
to the trial judge’s own statement—certainly is not the test he applied. The majority fails to
inform us of how a trial judge could state a rule incorrectly but then apply it correctly. One
logically assumes the trial judge applied the rule as he stated it.
¶32. The majority’s misstatements of the correct application of the Rule 403 balancing test
are a concern to me because they imply that, for evidence to be admissible, Rule 403 requires
the evidence’s probative value to outweigh the dangers listed under Rule 403, including
unfair prejudice. But Rule 403 does not require the probative value of evidence to
“outweigh” the “prejudicial effect.” The rule requires only that one of the dangers stated in
the rule not substantially outweigh the evidence’s probative value.
¶33. While pointing out the trial judge’s error might at first appear picayunish—after all,
the trial judge’s misstatement of the test was harmless here—I point it out only because the
mistake so often is made in our trial courts, and it is improperly characterized by today’s
majority as a “correct” application of Rule 403. It was not a “correct” application of the rule.
The majority’s casual and imprecise analysis of the application of Rule 403 is an example
of how this Court, through its opinions, can cause our precedent to drift away from the
15
requirements of our own rules to the point that practicing lawyers and judges are left to guess
the rule of evidence du jour.
¶34. In Newell v. State,5 this Court claimed for itself the exclusive power and authority to
promulgate the rules of evidence for our trial courts. That being the case, surely it is our
responsibility to carefully recite and apply the rules we write—as they are written.
¶35. Also at the pretrial hearing, the prosecutor stated that Johnson’s prior bad acts were
admissible for four reasons: to prove intent, motive and plan, and that Johnson did not act
in self-defense. After a review of the record, it is clear that these prior bad acts indeed were
admissible to rebut Johnson’s assertion that he acted in self-defense. So, I agree “the trial
court did not abuse its discretion when it admitted the offense reports under Rule 404(b).”6
¶36. It certainly is noteworthy that the prosecutor never explained how Johnson’s prior bad
acts were relevant to prove motive or plan as the trial judge stated. But, because overruling
a Rule 404 objection requires only that the prosecutor show some purpose other than
propensity—a requirement the prosecutor certainly met here—the trial judge’s statements
about uses beyond rebutting the defendant’s claim of self-defense were immaterial.
Prosecutor’s Inappropriate Statement to the Jury
¶37. Additionally, Johnson argues his conviction should be reversed because the prosecutor
made the following statement to the jury during closing argument:
5
Newell v. State, 308 So. 2d 71, 78 (Miss. 1975).
6
Maj. Op. at ¶17.
16
I’ve already touched on the self-defense, I don’t think that requires anything
else. Ladies and Gentlemen, you’re to use your common sense. A six-foot
black man, a five-foot ex-wife; he wasn’t scared of her.
¶38. The majority summarily dispatches this issue by pointing out that, because Johnson’s
counsel failed to object at trial, the issue may not be reviewed on appeal. While the
majority’s observations are correct, more needs to be said.
¶39. There are several possible reasons—none of them good—why the prosecutor felt that,
in the context of Johnson’s self-defense claim, it was necessary to point out to the jury that
Johnson was a “black man.” Her implication may have been that black men are not as likely
to act in self-defense as other races. Or perhaps she intended the jury to assume that black
men are more likely to engage in violence toward women, or that black men are not as
worthy of the jury’s careful consideration of a self-defense claim. The State offers no
explanation for the prosecutor’s reference to Johnson’s race, and I can think of no legitimate
reason his race should have been a factor in the jury’s consideration of his self-defense claim.
¶40. Whatever the prosecutor’s reason, the statement was inappropriate and should not
have been made.7 But because Johnson did not object to the statement in the trial court, we
will not reverse absent a finding of plain error,8 which requires that we conclude the error
resulted in “a manifest miscarriage of justice or seriously affect[ed] the fairness, integrity,
7
See, e.g., GMAC v. Baymon, 732 So. 2d 262, 272 (Miss. 1999) (trial court erred
in allowing counsel to use “irrelevant, prejudicial and inflammatory statements” before the
jury); see also Reed v. State, 232 Miss. 432, 99 So. 2d 455 (1958); Harris v. State, 209 Miss.
141, 46 So. 2d 91 (1950).
8
Roby v. State, 183 So. 3d 857, 871 (Miss. 2016) (quoting Kirk v. State, 160 So. 3d
685. 692 (Miss. 2015)).
17
or public reputation of judicial proceedings”—a conclusion that, based on the record before
us, I am not prepared to reach. That said, while I do not believe the error rises to the level
of plain error, it does comes close.
KITCHENS AND KING, JJ., JOIN THIS OPINION. COLEMAN, J., JOINS
THIS OPINION IN PART.
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