FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
TENTH CIRCUIT December 6, 2016
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 16-6223
(D.C. Nos. 5:16-CV-00058-D and
ERIC JACKSON TAYLOR, 5:01-CR-00128-D-1)
(W.D. Okla.)
Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER DENYING
CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY *
Before BRISCOE, GORSUCH, and McHUGH, Circuit Judges.
Eric Jackson Taylor appeals the district court’s order denying his motion under 28
U.S.C. § 2255. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2253(a), we deny
Mr. Taylor’s application for a certificate of appealability (COA).
I. BACKGROUND
On July 10, 2011, a grand jury returned an indictment charging Mr. Taylor with
the following: two counts of being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) (Counts 1 and 4); two counts of possession with intent to distribute a
controlled substance, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) (Counts 2 and 5); and two
*
This order is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case,
res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value
consistent with Federal Rule Appellate Procedure 32.1 and 10th Circuit Rule 32.1.
counts of knowingly carrying a firearm during and in relation to a drug-trafficking crime,
in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A) (Counts 3 and 6). Mr. Taylor pled guilty to
Count 1—being a felon in possession of a firearm—and the government dismissed
Counts 2 through 6.
Before sentencing, the United States Probation Office prepared a Presentence
Investigation Report, which stated Mr. Taylor was subject to an enhanced sentence under
the Armed Career Criminals Act (ACCA), based on three prior convictions in Oklahoma
for second-degree burglary. The district court imposed the ACCA enhancement,
sentencing Mr. Taylor to 188 months’ imprisonment and five years’ supervised release.
On January 25, 2016, Mr. Taylor filed a motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, seeking
to vacate his sentence under Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015). The
district court denied Mr. Taylor’s motion on May 18, 2016, concluding that, even after
Johnson, each of Mr. Taylor’s prior convictions qualifies as a “violent felony” for
purposes of the ACCA. On June 30, 2016, Mr. Taylor filed an application for leave to file
a second or successive § 2255 motion, because he believed he had missed the deadline to
appeal the district court’s order denying his § 2255 motion. Because Mr. Taylor had sixty
days to appeal and the sixty days had not yet passed, we construed his motion as a notice
of appeal. On September 19, 2016, Mr. Taylor filed a combined opening brief and
application for a COA.
II. ANALYSIS
A prisoner challenging a district court’s denial of habeas corpus relief under 28
U.S.C. § 2255 must obtain a COA as a jurisdictional prerequisite to proceed with an
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appeal. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(B); Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 336 (2003). We
will issue a COA “only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial of a
constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). “The petitioner must demonstrate that
reasonable jurists would find the district court’s assessment of the constitutional claims
debatable or wrong.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000).
In the § 2255 proceedings before the district court, Mr. Taylor acknowledged the
sentencing court applied an ACCA enhancement based on three prior convictions under
Oklahoma state law: (1) a conviction for attempted burglary and two counts of second-
degree burglary; (2) a conviction for second-degree burglary; and (3) another conviction
for second-degree burglary. But Mr. Taylor argued that, after the Supreme Court’s
decision in Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015), his prior convictions no
longer qualified as violent felonies and, as a result, the “ACCA does not apply to him.”
He therefore asserted he should be resentenced and “released immediately.”
The government contended Mr. Taylor was not entitled to resentencing because
Johnson applies only to the residual clause of the ACCA, and Mr. Taylor was not
sentenced under the residual clause. The district court agreed, explaining that the
ACCA’s definition of “violent felony” includes felony convictions for four specific
offenses, including burglary. And Johnson did not affect sentencing enhancements based
on the ACCA’s enumerated offenses. Thus, the district court concluded Mr. Taylor’s
prior convictions were for “violent felonies” and the ACCA sentencing enhancement
applied.
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We agree with the district court’s analysis under Johnson. The Supreme Court in
Johnson held only that the ACCA’s residual clause was unconstitutionally vague and
specifically explained that its “decision d[id] not call into question application of the
[ACCA] to the four enumerated offenses,” which include burglary. Johnson, 135 S. Ct. at
2563. Thus, Johnson does not afford Mr. Taylor the relief he seeks.
But on appeal, Mr. Taylor also cites Mathis v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 2243
(2016), a case decided after the district court denied Mr. Taylor’s § 2255 motion. There,
the Supreme Court explained that the ACCA imposes a fifteen-year mandatory minimum
sentence if a defendant is convicted of being a felon in possession of a firearm and he or
she has three prior convictions for a “violent felony,” including “burglary, arson, or
extortion.” Id. at 2248 (citing 18 U.S.C. §§ 924(e)(1) and 924(e)(2)(B)(ii)). In cases
where a defendant does not have the requisite prior convictions, the maximum prison
sentence for being a felon in possession of a firearm is ten years. Id. (citing 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(a)(2)). Thus, before imposing the five-year enhancement under the ACCA, a
sentencing court must determine whether a defendant’s prior convictions qualify as one
of the enumerated “violent felonies.”
To make this determination, courts apply the “categorical approach,” looking at
the “generic versions” and “not to all variants of the [enumerated] offenses.” Id. In the
case of burglary—the relevant crime in Mathis and this case—courts “focus solely on
whether the elements of the crime of conviction sufficiently match the elements of
generic burglary, while ignoring the particular facts of the case.” Id. In other words,
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[a] crime counts as ‘burglary’ under the [ACCA] if its elements are the
same as, or narrower than, those of the generic offense. But if the crime of
conviction covers any more conduct than the generic offense, then it is not
an ACCA ‘burglary’—even if the defendant’s actual conduct (i.e., the facts
of the crime) fits within the generic offense’s boundaries.
Id.
Mathis, however, involved a particular type of statute: “one that enumerates
various factual means of committing a single element” of the offense. Id. at 2249.
Specifically, the parties agreed “Iowa’s burglary statute . . . covers more conduct than
generic burglary does.” Id. The generic burglary definition contains the following
elements: “an unlawful or unprivileged entry into a building or other structure, with intent
to commit a crime.” Id. at 2248 (ellipsis and citation omitted). By contrast, the Iowa
statute “reaches a broader range of places: ‘any building, structure [or] land, water, or
air vehicle.’” Id. at 2250 (quoting Iowa Code § 702.12).
The district court in Mathis “imposed an ACCA enhancement on [Mr.] Mathis
after inspecting the records of his prior convictions and determining that he had burgled
structures, rather than vehicles.” Id. The Eighth Circuit affirmed, similarly applying what
is known as the modified categorical approach by looking at record materials to
determine whether Mr. Mathis’s prior offenses would qualify as generic burglary, even
though the Iowa statute covered more conduct than the generic burglary definition. Id.
The Supreme Court reversed, holding that the district court and Eighth Circuit had
erred in applying the modified categorical approach. The Court explained it had “often
held, and in no uncertain terms, that a state crime cannot qualify as an ACCA predicate if
its elements are broader than those of a listed generic offense.” Id. at 2251.
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How a given defendant actually perpetrated the crime—what we have
referred to as the “underlying brute facts or means” of commission—makes
no difference; even if his conduct fits within the generic offense, the
mismatch of elements saves the defendant from an ACCA sentence. Those
longstanding principles, and the reasoning that underlies them, apply
regardless of whether a statute omits or instead specifies alternative
possible means of commission. The itemized construction gives a
sentencing court no special warrant to explore the facts of an offense, rather
than to determine the crime’s elements and compare them with the generic
definition.
Id. at 2251 (citation omitted).
The Court further stated that “[f]or more than 25 years, our decisions have held
that the prior crime qualifies as an ACCA predicate if, but only if, its elements are the
same as, or narrower than, those of the generic offense.” Id. at 2247. And the Court
declined to find an exception for situations “when a defendant is convicted under a statute
that lists multiple, alternative means of satisfying one (or more) of its elements.” Id. at
2248. Because the Iowa statute covered a broader range of conduct than generic burglary,
Mr. Mathis’s prior Iowa burglary convictions did not qualify as ACCA predicates.
Here, Mr. Taylor’s ACCA enhancement was based on his three prior convictions
for second-degree burglary under Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 21, § 1435, which provides,
Every person who breaks and enters any building or any part of any
building, room, booth, tent, railroad car, automobile, truck, trailer, vessel or
other structure or erection, in which any property is kept, or breaks into or
forcibly opens, any coin-operated or vending machine or device with intent
to steal any property therein or to commit any felony, is guilty of burglary
in the second degree.
Similar to the Iowa statute at issue in Mathis, the Oklahoma statute “covers more conduct
than generic burglary does.” Mathis, 136 S. Ct. at 2250. Generic burglary covers only the
“unlawful or unprivileged entry into a building or other structure,” while second-degree
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burglary in Oklahoma covers entry into additional places, such as tents, railroad cars,
automobiles, trucks, trailers, and vessels.
Because the Oklahoma statute defines burglary more broadly than generic
burglary, Mr. Taylor’s convictions under the Oklahoma statute “cannot give rise to an
ACCA sentence.” Id. at 2257. Even though the district court correctly declined to apply
Johnson to grant Mr. Taylor’s § 2255 petition, the district court applied the modified
categorical approach in its analysis of Mr. Taylor’s prior convictions under the Oklahoma
statute. And Mathis has now made clear that the district court’s approach would be
reversible error.
Indeed, in cases on direct appeal, other circuit courts have similarly concluded that
sentencing enhancements may not be imposed based on prior convictions under state
statutes similar to the statute in Mathis—i.e., those providing a more expansive list of
places where burglary may occur than provided in the generic burglary definition. See,
e.g., United States v. White, 836 F.3d 437, 444–45 (4th Cir. 2016) (concluding “the West
Virginia burglary statute encompasses conduct that is excluded from the definition of
generic burglary” because the state statute “covers enclosures other than ‘buildings or
structures’” (brackets and ellipsis omitted)); United States v. Edwards, 836 F.3d 831,
833, 838 (7th Cir. 2016) (vacating sentences and remanding for resentencing where the
Wisconsin statute defines burglary more broadly than the Sentencing Guidelines and the
district courts consulted state charging documents to decide whether the defendants had
been charged with burgling a dwelling as required by the relevant Guideline).
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But even if reasonable jurists would disagree with the district court’s analysis
applying the modified categorical approach, we still must address the issue of whether
Mr. Taylor may rely on Mathis in this collateral proceeding. The district court entered its
final judgment in Mr. Taylor’s criminal case on December 28, 2001. Mr. Taylor had one
year from that date to assert a habeas challenge to his sentence. 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f).
Although it has been approximately fifteen years, Mr. Taylor filed the present case under
§ 2255(f)(3), which allows a prisoner to file a habeas application within one year of “the
date on which the right asserted was initially recognized by the Supreme Court, if that
right has been newly recognized by the Supreme Court and made retroactively applicable
to cases on collateral review.” We must therefore determine whether Mathis provides a
new right made retroactive on collateral review.
In a plurality opinion in Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288 (1989), the Supreme Court
“laid out the framework to be used in determining whether a rule announced in [a
Supreme Court opinion] should be applied retroactively to judgments in criminal cases
that are already final on direct review.” Whorton v. Bockting, 549 U.S. 406, 416 (2007).
“Under the Teague framework, an old rule applies both on direct and collateral review,
but a new rule is generally applicable only to cases that are still on direct review.” Id.
This general rule is subject to two exceptions that allow for retroactive application in
collateral proceedings, see id., but we need not address the exceptions here because our
analysis ends with the question of whether Mathis provides a new rule.
“[A] case announces a new rule if the result was not dictated by precedent
existing at the time the defendant’s conviction became final.” Teague, 489 U.S. at 301.
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Here, the Supreme Court explicitly stated in Mathis that it was not announcing a new rule
and that its decision was dictated by decades of prior precedent:
For more than 25 years, we have repeatedly made clear that application of
ACCA involves, and involves only, comparing elements. Courts must ask
whether the crime of conviction is the same as, or narrower than, the
relevant generic offense. They may not ask whether the defendant’s
conduct—his particular means of committing the crime—falls within the
generic definition. And that rule does not change when a statute happens to
list possible alternative means of commission: Whether or not made
explicit, they remain what they ever were—just the facts, which ACCA (so
we have held, over and over) does not care about.
136 S. Ct. at 2257.Thus, Mathis did not announce a new rule. And courts applying Mathis
have consistently reached the same conclusion. See, e.g., Dawkins v. United States, 829
F.3d 549, 551 (7th Cir. 2016) (concluding Mathis did not announce a new rule that would
allow a second or successive habeas petition); Dimott v. United States, Nos. 2:06-cr-26-
GZS, 2:16-cv-347-GZS, 2016 WL 6068114, at *3 (Oct. 14, 2016) (“Mathis has not been
recognized as a case that announced a new substantive rule that is retroactively applicable
to cases on collateral review. The Supreme Court made clear that it was not breaking new
ground in Mathis . . . .”); Blackwell v. United States, Case No. 4:10-cr-00012, 2016 WL
5849384, at *5 (W.D. Va. Oct. 6, 2016) (“By the Court’s own admission, Mathis does not
set a new rule.”).
Because Mathis did not announce a new rule, Mr. Taylor cannot rely on it in a
§ 2255 petition filed nearly fifteen years after the judgment in his criminal case became
final. Mr. Taylor’s petition is time-barred.
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III. CONCLUSION
Because neither Johnson nor Mathis provides a basis for the relief that Mr. Taylor
seeks, and because reasonable jurists would not find the denial of Mr. Taylor’s
constitutional claims debatable or wrong, we deny his request for a COA.
Entered for the Court
Carolyn B. McHugh
Circuit Judge
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