In the Matter of the Termination of the Parent-Child Relationship of P.W., Father, and T.Y., Mother v. Indiana Department of Child Services (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Dec 14 2016, 7:57 am
court except for the purpose of establishing
the defense of res judicata, collateral CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
MOTHER Gregory F. Zoeller
Renee M. Ortega Attorney General of Indiana
Lake Superior Court, Juvenile Division Robert J. Henke
Public Defender’s Office David E. Corey
Crown Point, Indiana Deputy Attorneys General
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT Indianapolis, Indiana
FATHER
Deidre L. Monroe
Lake Superior Court, Juvenile Division
Public Defender’s Office
Gary, Indiana

IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In the Matter of the Termination December 14, 2016
of the Parent-Child Relationship Court of Appeals Case No.
of P.W., Father, and T.Y., 45A03-1605-JT-1167
Mother, and R.Y., T.Y., & Appeal from the
T.C.Y., Minor Children, Lake Superior Court
P.W. and T.Y., The Honorable
Thomas P. Stefaniak, Jr., Judge
Appellants-Respondents,
Trial Court Cause Nos.
v. 45D06-1410-JT-233
45D06-1410-JT-234
45D06-1410-JT-235

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 Indiana Department of Child
Services,
Appellee-Petitioner.

Kirsch, Judge.

[1] P.W. (“Father”) and T.Y. (“Mother”) separately appeal the juvenile court’s

order terminating their parental rights to their children R.Y. and T.Y. Mother

also appeals the termination of her parental rights to T.C.Y. Parents raise the

following consolidated and restated issue:

I. Whether the juvenile court’s order terminating Father’s
parental rights to R.Y. and T.Y. and Mother’s parental rights to
R.Y., T.Y., and T.C.Y (collectively, “Children”) are clearly
erroneous.

Mother, alone, raises the following restated issue:

II. Whether Mother’s trial counsel was ineffective.

[2] We affirm.

Facts and Procedural History
[3] Mother and Father (together, “Parents”) are the biological parents of R.Y., who

was born on January 19, 2011, and T.Y., who was born on May 15, 2012.
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 Mother is also the biological mother of T.C.Y., who was born on May 31,

2008.1 In the early morning hours of February 15, 2013, the Indiana

Department of Child Services (“DCS”) received a call from the East Chicago

Police Department (“ECPD”) regarding Children being left at home alone. At

that time, Children were four years, two years, and nine months of age.

[4] Earlier that evening, an ECPD officer had responded to Mother’s call that she

and Father were fighting. During the dispute, Father had left, and Mother,

concerned he was going to slash the tires on her car, called the police. The

officer assured Mother, who was under the influence of alcohol, that her tires

had not been slashed. Shortly thereafter, the same officer was again on patrol

when he saw Mother at a neighborhood gas station putting air in her tires.

Knowing that Mother had been the only caretaker at the home, the officer

detained Mother, while other officers went to Mother’s home. There, they

discovered Children alone and awake. Mother was arrested for public

intoxication and remained in jail for two or three days. DCS Family Case

Manager Veronica Martinez (“FCM Martinez”), responding to ECPD’s call to

assess the situation, arrived at Mother’s home around 2:00 a.m. and found the

home in “disarray,” and the refrigerator knocked over onto its side. Tr. at 11.

Efforts to find someone to care for Children were unsuccessful, and Children

were removed from the home and placed in foster care.

1
Father’s brief mistakenly states that he is the Father of all three children. However, DNA testing eliminated
Father as the biological father of T.C.Y. The identity of T.C.Y’s father is unknown.

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[5] On February 19, 2013, DCS filed a petition alleging Children were children in

need of services (“CHINS”) based, in part, on Mother’s arrest for public

intoxication and Children having been left alone at home at such young ages.

A hearing was held that same day, and Mother admitted to the material

allegations of the CHINS petition. Children were adjudicated CHINS and

ordered to remain in foster care as temporary wards of DCS. At that time, the

CHINS court ordered Mother to participate in and comply with services,

including, drug and alcohol evaluations, clinical assessments, parenting

assessments, and supervised visitation. Mother was also ordered to submit to

random drug screens. While Father initially denied the CHINS allegations, the

CHINS court adjudicated Children were CHINS as to Father when he failed to

appear at a March 2013 fact-finding hearing. At that time, the court ordered

him to participate in the same services previously ordered for Mother. During a

July 2014 permanency hearing, the CHINS court approved concurrent

permanency plans of reunification and adoption. About one year later, the

CHINS court changed the permanency plan to adoption.

[6] Meanwhile, in May 2015, DCS filed petitions to terminate Parents’ parental

rights to their respective children. The juvenile court held an evidentiary

hearing on the termination petitions in April 2016 at which Mother, Father,

FCM Martinez, Caring Corner therapist Sharon Parker (“Therapist Parker”),

and DCS Family Case Manager Darren Washington (“FCM Washington”) all

testified. FCM Martinez testified that she spoke with Father a few days after

Children were removed, and he reported that Mother was drinking on the night

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 in question and “when she drinks, she gets argumentative.” Tr. at 13. Father

had been arrested before for domestic violence against Mother and admitted to

FCM Martinez that he left the home after Mother called the police because he

was concerned about again being arrested for domestic violence. Id. at 13, 18.

[7] FCM Martinez testified that Mother told her that Children had not been left

alone, instead, a neighbor had agreed to “watch the children, but not in

[Mother’s] home. [The neighbor] would visually check on the home” from her

own home across the street. Id. at 14 (emphasis added). FCM Martinez

learned from police that no one was checking on Children. FCM Martinez

testified at the April 2016 hearing that it is customary in each case to look at a

parent’s prior child protective services history and criminal history to

understand the situation. In this case, FCM Martinez noted that Mother had

two older children who were living with their father. Additionally, there had

been an Informal Adjustment in June 2012 regarding Parents’ youngest child,

T.Y., the details of which FCM Martinez could not recall. FCM Martinez

recommended, and the CHINS court ordered, Parents to participate in clinical

assessments, parental assessments, supervised visitation, and substance abuse

assessments.

[8] Evidence was also presented that, in 2013, DCS had referred Mother to

Therapist Parker, who provided Mother with individual therapy and substance

abuse therapy for over two years (ending July 2015). Therapist Parker testified

that Mother resisted treatment, believing that Children should never have been

removed from her home and denying that she had issues “she needed to work

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 on.” Tr. at 29-30. About six months later, Therapist Parker found that the

program was not going well and identified various obstacles, including,

Mother’s denial of being accountable for poor decision making, Mother’s

“cognitive deficits,” and Mother’s inconsistency with taking medication

prescribed to stabilize her mood. Id. at 31-33, 37. Additionally, Therapist

Parker noted that Mother’s relationship with Father was “toxic” because both

had a history of substance abuse, which meant that they could thwart each

other’s attempt to “get clean.” Id. at 35. Therapist Parker testified that Mother

had no “true progression” with therapeutic services over the next year and a

half. Id. at 38. While recognizing that Mother attended a group to address

substance abuse issues, Therapist Parker confirmed that Mother continued to

have relapses. In fact, Mother was charged with alcohol-related offenses, and

she had used marijuana on the day before the termination hearing. Id. at 39,

100. Therapist Parker noted that Mother was not “making much better

decisions than when [Therapist Parker] first started working with her.” Id. at

39. Therapist Parker agreed that Mother had plenty of time and opportunities,

and was able to meet with Therapist Parker, but despite all of that “we are kind

of right where we started.” Id. at 43. By the time therapy ended, Mother still

had not admitted that she had a problem. Id. at 44.

[9] Father also had been referred to Therapist Parker, who identified issues that

Father needed to work on, including anger and alcohol abuse. Id. at 41.

Therapist Parker testified that Father lived in Illinois and was inconsistent in

attending services, even though she offered to meet him in Illinois. He also did

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 not respond to her calls. Therapist Parker stated that Father was involved when

he attended therapeutic services, but his attendance was too inconsistent. She

opined that Father had made no real progress.

[10] In February 2014, FCM Washington was assigned to work on concurrent plans

of reunification and termination. He testified that his focus was Children’s

safety, stability, and permanency, and he tried to keep Parents compliant with

the case plans. Id. at 172. Initially, the plan for Children was reunification with

Father. Father was given the opportunity to participate in numerous services,

but he failed to participate consistently. Id. at 174. FCM Washington learned

that Father did not have a job or means of transportation. Id. at 177. FCM

Washington told Father “he needed to comply with services in order . . . to

move forward,” but Father “disappeared” and disconnected his phone. Id.

Father did not get in touch with FCM Washington again until November or

December of 2014, after Father learned that DCS had filed a petition to

terminate his parental rights. Id.

[11] Father was unsuccessful in complying with services, and the juvenile court

changed the permanency plan from reunification with Father to reunification

with Mother. Tr. at 174. FCM Washington testified that Mother, initially, was

able to “go through parenting and then parenting interaction with the

[C]hildren. She was taking drug screens.” Id. at 175. Abuse of alcohol became

an issue for Mother and, at the time of the April 2016 fact-finding hearing, she

had two pending cases for alcohol-related offenses in East Chicago. Id. at 175-

76. Initially, parenting education was provided by Kitty Taylor (“Taylor”).

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 FCM Washington testified that when he or Taylor visited, Mother had the

habit of answering the door late or not at all. Tr. at 179. During the CHINS

and termination proceedings, Mother had positive screens for alcohol. Id. At

one point, FCM Washington and Therapist Parker spoke with Mother about

the option of inpatient treatment as a means to address her persistent problem

with alcohol abuse, drugs, and rage. Id. FCM Washington opined that

Mother’s condition was serious enough to warrant such treatment, but Mother

was “vehemently” against it. Id. at 179-80.

[12] During the entire month of April 2015, Mother did not participate in services.

Id. at 181. She also did not see Children because she refused to answer the door

when Taylor brought them for a visit. Id. FCM Washington stated that it was

difficult to bring about reunification because Mother had made insufficient

progress on the issue of substance abuse as revealed by her two arrests (March

2014 and April 2015) for public intoxication. Furthermore, although Mother

had been referred to a psychiatrist who prescribed medication to stabilize her

mood, Mother refused to take the medication “because she didn’t know why

she even had a DCS case in the first place.” Id. at 184. At Mother’s request,

FCM Washington removed Taylor from the case and replaced her with

Kimberlee Woods (“Woods”). Mother made no dramatic improvements and

still refused to answer the door when Woods brought Children for visitation.

Moreover, Mother again tested positive for alcohol and synthetic marijuana.

Id. at 185. FCM Washington stressed to Mother the importance of no longer

using drugs.

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[13] FCM Washington testified that, although Mother initially did well with

services, there was a sharp decline in cooperation once Mother resumed contact

and communication with Father. Id. at 188. It was FCM Washington’s

opinion that inpatient treatment could have worked, but Mother rejected that

option twice. Id. at 188-89. FCM Washington maintained that, such treatment

would have taken Mother away from the neighborhood environment and

influences that were harmful to her. He opined, “I think those influences are

going to continue to be there and [Mother] hasn’t done anything to prevent

those influences from coming in and taking over.” Id. at 189-90.

[14] In light of Mother’s consistent substance abuse, her continued volatile

relationship with Father, and her “consistent negative behavior,” FCM

Washington concluded that Mother’s home would be an unstable and unsafe

placement for Children. Id. at 187. He testified that, as of the date of the

permanency fact-finding hearing, DCS was no closer to reuniting Children with

Mother than it had been when FCM Washington joined the case in February

2014. Id. at 192-93. He testified that DCS did everything it could to reunite

Children with Parents; however, it was now in Children’s best interests to

proceed with the termination of Parents’ parental rights and pursue the

permanency plan of being adopted by their foster mother. Id. at 193. On April

27, 2016, the juvenile court entered its order terminating Father’s parental rights

to R.Y. and T.Y. and Mother’s parental rights to Children. Parents now

appeal.

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 Discussion and Decision

I. Termination of Parental Rights
[15] “The traditional right of parents to establish a home and raise their children is

protected by the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution.” In

re J.W., Jr., 27 N.E.3d 1185, 1187-88 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015), trans. denied.

“However, a trial court must subordinate the interests of the parents to those of

the child when evaluating the circumstances surrounding a termination.” Id. at

1188. Termination of a parent-child relationship is proper where a child’s

emotional and physical development is threatened. Id. “Although the right to

raise one’s own child should not be terminated solely because there is a better

home available for the child, parental rights may be terminated when a parent is

unable or unwilling to meet his or her parental responsibilities.” Id.

[16] Before an involuntary termination of parental rights may occur, DCS is

required to allege and prove, among other things:

(B) that one (1) of the following is true:

(i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that
resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for placement
outside the home of the parents will not be remedied.

(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of the
parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-being of the
child.

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 (iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been
adjudicated a child in need of services;

(C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and

(D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of
the child.

Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2).2 DCS’s burden of proof for establishing these

allegations in termination cases is one of clear and convincing evidence. In re

H.L., 915 N.E.2d 145, 149 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009). If the court finds that the

allegations in a petition described in section 4 of this chapter are true, the court

shall terminate the parent-child relationship. Ind. Code § 31-35-2-8(a).

[17] When reviewing a termination of parental rights issue, our court will not

reweigh the evidence or judge the credibility of the witnesses. In re R.S., 56

N.E.3d 625, 628 (Ind. 2016). We consider “only the evidence and any

reasonable inferences therefrom that support the judgment,” and give “‘due

regard’ to the trial court’s opportunity to judge the credibility of the witnesses

firsthand.” K.T.K. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 989 N.E.2d 1225, 1229 (Ind.

2013). Here, in terminating Parents’ parental rights to their respective children,

the juvenile court entered specific findings and conclusions. When a trial

court’s judgment contains specific findings of fact and conclusions thereon, we

2
Father and Mother concede that the juvenile court was correct in finding that Children were removed from
Parents’ care for at least six months under a dispositional decree, thus satisfying the element required under
Indiana Code § 31-35-2-4(2)(A)(1). Mother’s Br. at 9; Father’s App. at 12-13.

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 apply a two-tiered standard of review. In re R.S., 56 N.E.3d at 628 (citation

omitted). First, we determine whether the evidence supports the findings, and

second, we determine whether the findings support the judgment. Id. (citation

omitted). We will set aside the court’s judgment terminating a parent-child

relationship only if it is clearly erroneous. Id. Findings are clearly erroneous

only when the record contains no facts or inferences drawn therefrom that

support them. In re A.G., 6 N.E.3d 952, 957 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). A judgment

is clearly erroneous if the findings do not support the trial court’s conclusions or

the conclusions do not support the judgment. Id. If the evidence and inferences

support the trial court’s decision, we must affirm. A.D.S. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child

Servs., 987 N.E.2d 1150, 1156 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied.

[18] In its April 27, 2016 order terminating Parents’ parental rights, the juvenile

court entered findings of fact and conclusions thereon. While Mother

challenges four of the juvenile court’s findings, as we discuss below, Father

challenges none of the findings. An unchallenged finding is taken as true. See

McMaster v. McMaster, 681 N.E.2d 744, 747 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997) (accepting as

true trial court findings that appellant did not challenge). Children were

removed from Mother’s home on February 15, 2013 and have been under the

supervision of DCS for at least fifteen of the most recent twenty-two months.

Mother’s App. at 1, paras. 1, 2.3 The juvenile court found that Parents had been

3
The juvenile court does not number its findings. For clarity, we have assigned numbers to each paragraph
beginning with Paragraph 1 after the phrase, “The allegations of the petition are true,” and ending with
Paragraph 27 before the phrase, “Further the factors requiring dismissal . . . .” Mother’s App. at 1-5.

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 previously involved with DCS in connection with an Informal Adjustment

pertaining to T.Y. having been born testing positive for marijuana. The

Informal Adjustment was open from June 2012 until December 2012.

A. Father

[19] Although he does not contest any of the juvenile court’s findings, Father argues

that the termination of his parental rights was not supported by clear and

convincing evidence. He contends that the juvenile court was clearly erroneous

in concluding that: (1) there is a reasonable probability that: (a) the conditions

that resulted in the removal of R.Y. and T.Y. or the reasons for placement

outside Parents’ home will not be remedied; and (b) the continuation of the

parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-being R.Y. and T.Y.; (2)

termination was in the best interests of R.Y. and T.Y.; and (3) there was a

satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of R.Y. and T.Y.

[20] In determining whether the conditions that resulted in the removal of R.Y. and

T.Y. will likely not be remedied, we engage in a two-step analysis. In re E.M., 4

N.E.3d 636, 642-43 (Ind. 2014). First, we identify the conditions that led to

removal; and second, we determine whether there is a reasonable probability

that those conditions will not be remedied. Id. at 643. “In the second step, the

trial court must judge a parent’s fitness as of the time of the termination

proceeding, taking into consideration evidence of changed conditions,”

balancing a parent’s recent improvements against “habitual pattern[s] of

conduct to determine whether there is a substantial probability of future neglect

or deprivation.” Bester v. Lake Cnty. Office of Family & Children, 839 N.E.2d 143,
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 152 (Ind. 2005). “We entrust that delicate balance to the trial court, which has

discretion to weigh a parent’s prior history more heavily than efforts made only

shortly before termination.” In re E.M., 4 N.E.3d at 643. “Requiring trial

courts to give due regard to changed conditions does not preclude them from

finding that parents’ past behavior is the best predictor of their future behavior.”

Id.

[21] Father, who was not present at the time DCS removed R.Y. and T.Y. from

Mother’s home, contends they were removed because Mother was drunk, and

she left them unattended. Father’s Br. at 7. While Father suggests that these are

conditions he cannot remedy, Father fails to address the juvenile court’s

uncontested finding that Parents had a history of domestic violence and that

R.Y. and T.Y. were placed outside the home because Mother was arrested and

“[F]ather was unavailable.” Mother’s App. at 2, para. 3.4

[22] The condition of Father’s unavailability has not been remedied. Services were

offered to Father, including clinical assessment, substance abuse evaluations,

psychological and psychiatric evaluations, parenting education, individual

therapy, and domestic violence services. Id. at 2, para. 5. The juvenile court

found that Father was inconsistent with his services, was highly inconsistent

with therapy services, and made no progress because he failed to make himself

4
Father also suggests that DCS did not intend to reunite him with his children, Father’s Br. at 5. We find no
evidence to support that statement. Here, Father was provided numerous services and offered supervised
visitation in an effort to reunite him with his children. Father’s lack of involvement does not change the
efforts DCS expended on Father’s behalf.

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 available for services. Id. at 2, para. 7. Anger and abuse of alcohol were major

factors that Father did not address. The juvenile court found credible Father’s

testimony that “he made the decision not to participate in any services for

reunification and voluntarily stopped all services.” Id. at 3, para. 11. Father

was “totally non-compliant with services and services were stopped July of

2015.” Id. “After three years of service, [Father is] no closer to reunification

with [his] children than [he] was three years ago, when the children were

removed.” Id. at 5, para. 23. “Father voluntarily did not see his children for six

months. Father was not vested in services, did not visit his children

consistently, and has shown no interest in parenting these children.” Id. at 3,

para. 11. The juvenile court’s conclusion that the reasons R.Y. and T.Y. were

removed in February 2013 have not been remedied and are unlikely to be

remedied in the near future is not clearly erroneous.5 Id. at 5, para. 23.

[23] Father also asserts that there was insufficient evidence to support the juvenile

court’s conclusion that termination of the parent-child relationship was in the

best interests of R.Y. and T.Y. Father contends that the juvenile court failed to

address the pain and suffering R.Y. and T.Y. will feel when they realize that

5
Father also contends that DCS failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that there was a reasonable
probability that the continuation of the parent-child relationship posed a threat to the well-being of R.Y. and
T.Y. Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B) is written such that, to properly effectuate the termination of
parental rights, the juvenile court need only find that one of the requirements of subsection (b)(2)(B) has been
established by clear and convincing evidence. A.D.S. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 987 N.E.2d 1150, 1156 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied. Therefore, finding, as we do, that sufficient evidence supports the conclusion
that the conditions resulting in the removal of R.Y. and T.Y. will likely not be remedied, we need not also
address whether sufficient evidence supported the conclusion that the continuation of the parent-child
relationship posed a threat to the well-being of those children.

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 they “will not have any further contact with their father or his family.” Father’s

Br. at 14. Father also asserts that he is young, may have more children, and

R.Y. and T.Y. “should have a fundamental right to have a relationship with

their other siblings.” Id. at 15. Father, however, cites to no authority to suggest

how the above considerations impact a best-interests analysis. Generally,

failure to make a cogent argument results in waiver of the issue. See A.D.S., 987

N.E.2d at 1156 n.4 (arguments waived on appeal when mother failed to support

them with cogent argument). However, considering the significance of

terminating parental rights, here, we choose to address whether termination of

Father’s parental rights was in the best interests of R.Y. and T.Y.

[24] In determining what is in the best interests of a child, the juvenile court must

look beyond the factors identified by DCS and consider the totality of the

evidence. A.D.S., 987 N.E.2d 1158. In so doing, the juvenile court must

subordinate the interests of the parent to those of the child. Id. A court need

not wait until the child is irreversibly harmed before terminating the parent-

child relationship. Id. “Moreover, we have previously held that the

recommendation by both the case manager and child advocate to terminate

parental rights, in addition to evidence that the conditions resulting in removal

will not be remedied, is sufficient to show by clear and convincing evidence that

termination is in the child’s best interests.” Id. at 1158-59.

[25] Here, the domestic violence issues between Mother and Father were a concern

throughout DCS’s involvement. Father testified that he completed anger

management counseling in 2013; however, the juvenile court found that

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 episodes of domestic violence between Parents occurred after that date. Id. at 3,

paras. 10, 14. Father was totally non-compliant in services and did not contact

DCS, nor could DCS find him, from about March 2014 until around December

2014. Tr. at 191. Additionally, Father chose not to participate in any services

for reunification and voluntarily stopped all services. Mother’s App. at 3, para.

11. During the three years preceding the termination, all three children were

able to live together with the same foster mother—the mother who intends to

adopt them. FCM Washington testified that, as of the date of the permanency

fact-finding hearing, DCS was no closer to reuniting R.Y. and T.Y. with Father

than it had been when FCM Washington joined the case in February 2014. Id.

at 193. FCM Washington testified, and the juvenile court agreed, that DCS did

everything it could to reunite R.Y. and T.Y. with Father; however, it was now

in the best interests of R.Y. and T.Y. to proceed with the termination of

Father’s parental rights and pursue the permanency plan of being adopted by

their foster mother.6 Tr. at 193. The juvenile court did not err in concluding

that termination of Father’s parental rights was in his children’s best interests.

[26] Finally, Father argues that DCS does not have a satisfactory plan for the care

and treatment of R.Y. and T.Y. FCM Washington testified that he had

conferred with Children’s foster mother prior to the hearing and that she

confirmed her interest in adopting Children. Father, however, noting that

6
Although attorneys for the Court Appointed Special Advocate (“CASA”) appeared at the evidentiary
hearing, the CASA did not testify.

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foster mother did not testify at the termination hearing regarding her intent to

adopt Children, maintains that the DCS plan for the future care and custody of

R.Y., T.C.Y., and T.Y. is “marginal at best.” Father’s Br. at 14. We disagree.

Indiana courts have traditionally held that for a plan to be “satisfactory” for the

purposes of the termination statute, it need not be detailed, so long as it offers a

general sense of the direction in which the child will be going after the parent-

child relationship is terminated. In re A.S., 17 N.E.3d 994, 1007 (Ind. Ct. App.

2014), trans. denied. A DCS plan that attempts to find suitable parents to adopt

the children is a satisfactory plan. Id. “In other words, there need not be a

guarantee that a suitable adoption will take place, only that DCS will attempt to

find a suitable adoptive parent.” Id. Accordingly, a plan is not unsatisfactory

just because DCS has not identified a specific family to adopt the children. Id.

Here, DCS confirmed that the foster mother intended to adopt Children. The

juvenile court did not err in concluding there was a satisfactory plan for the care

and treatment of R.Y. and T.Y. DCS alleged and proved by clear and

convincing evidence each element of Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2). The

juvenile court did not err in terminating Father’s parental rights as to R.Y. and

T.Y.

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 B. Mother

[27] Mother challenges the juvenile court’s findings of fact in Paragraphs 12, 13, 18,

and 22.7 Addressing Paragraph 12, Mother contends that the fact that she has

two older children who do not live with her does not support the juvenile

court’s finding that “Mother does not have custody of any of her children.”

Mother’s Br. at 5-6; Mother’s App. at 3, para. 12. Here, the juvenile court was not

concerned with determining who had legal custody of each of Mother’s five

children; instead, the court was concerned with whether any of those children

were in Mother’s home and under her care. Viewing the evidence in the light

most favorable to the juvenile court’s findings, as we must, we cannot say that it

was error for the juvenile court to find that evidence that all of Mother’s

children lived outside her home equated to a finding that Mother did not have

custody of any of her children. See In re Termination of Parent-Child Relationship

of D.D., 804 N.E.2d 258, 265 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004) (we consider only evidence

and reasonable inferences most favorable to judgment), trans. denied.

[28] Mother also argues that, notwithstanding her five years of college, her cognitive

defects prevented her from engaging in services; therefore, it was error for the

juvenile court to find in Paragraph 13 that she “is an educated person,” was not

accepting of therapy, and “did not vest herself in the services.” Mother’s Br. at

7
Mother also mentions that the evidence does not clearly and convincingly support Paragraph 24. Mother’s
Br. at 8. Because Mother fails to support her assertions with argument or citations to the record, her
argument is waived. See Ramsey v. Madison Cnty. Dep’t of Family & Children, 707 N.E.2d 814, 818 (Ind. Ct.
App. 1999).

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 10-11; Mother’s App. at 3, para. 13. Mother asserts that her requests for help

from FCM Washington and her participation in group therapy undermine the

juvenile court’s finding in Paragraph 18 that she “did not become vested in the

services and did not seem willing to remedy the reasons for the removal of the

children.” Mother’s Br. at 11; Mother’s App. at 4, para. 18. Finally, Mother

admits that, while there is evidence that she did not answer her door or do

services for the month of April 2015, those facts, alone, are insufficient to

support the juvenile court’s finding in regarding Paragraph 22 that she would

not answer her door for her case manager or to allow the Children to visit.

Mother’s App. at 5, para. 22. We find Mother’s arguments regarding Paragraphs

13, 18, and 22 are an invitation for us to reweigh the evidence and judge the

credibility of witnesses, which we cannot do. In re J.C., 994 N.E.2d 278, 288

(Ind. Ct. App. 2013). The trial court’s findings in Paragraphs 12, 13, 18, and 22

are not clearly erroneous.

[29] Mother also challenges the juvenile court’s conclusions that: (1) there is a

reasonable probability that: (a) the conditions that resulted in the removal of

Children or the reasons for placement outside Parents’ home will not be

remedied; and (b) the continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a

threat to the well-being of Children; and (2) termination was in the best interests

of Children.

[30] Children were removed from Mother’s care when Parents were fighting and a

refrigerator was knocked onto its side and after Mother had been drinking, left

Children alone, and was arrested for public intoxication. Mother and Father

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 had a history of domestic violence. Mother contends that the evidence did not

clearly and convincingly prove that conditions resulting in removal of Children

likely will not be remedied. We disagree.

[31] The CHINS and termination proceedings extended over a period of three years.

Mother was offered numerous services during that period of time, including

clinical assessments, supervised visitation, psychiatric and psychological

evaluations, substance abuse evaluations, and services to address domestic

violence, anger management, and parenting education. Mother’s App. at 2, para.

5. Therapist Parker testified that, although Mother initially made herself

available for services, she did not participate during services, she was resistant

to take prescribed drugs to stabilize her mood, and she denied she had a

problem with alcohol. Id. at 3, para. 13. Mother continued her toxic

relationship with Father even after obtaining a protective order against him. Id.

at 3, para. 14. It was Mother’s opinion that Children should never have been

removed from her home and that she did not have anything “she needed to

work on.” Tr. at 29-30.

[32] Mother believes she has no problem with alcohol or drugs. Mother’s App. at 4,

para. 16. On appeal, Mother contends that her use of alcohol is not a habit, but

directly related to DCS having removed Children from her home. Mother

claims she was too busy to drink when Children were home and that she drinks

now to feel better about Children being gone. Mother’s Br. at 13. The evidence,

however, does not support Mother’s contention that she does not have a

substance abuse issue. Mother’s history of substance abuse predates DCS’s

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current involvement in Mother’s life. Mother’s youngest child tested positive

for marijuana at birth resulting in an Informal Adjustment. Mother also

testified that one or two of her arrests between 2008 and February 2013 were

related to alcohol. Tr. at 109, 111. Mother was arrested for public intoxication

on the night Children were removed. In February 2013, referring to Mother’s

prior use of alcohol, Father stated that Mother “became angry and violent when

she was drinking.” Mother’s App. at 2, para. 8. Mother was not able to change

this habitual behavior. Recognizing that Mother attended a group session to

address substance abuse issues, Therapist Parker confirmed that Mother

continued to have relapses, as reflected by subsequent legal charges related to

Mother’s use of alcohol. In fact, Mother even admitted to using marijuana on

the day before the April 2016 evidentiary hearing. Tr. at 100. Therapist Parker

opined that Mother “had plenty of time, plenty of opportunities, was able to

meet with [Therapist Parker], but despite all of that we are kind of right where

we started.” Id. at 43. By the time therapy ended, Mother still had not

admitted that she had a problem. Id. at 44. Based on this evidence, the juvenile

court did not err in concluding that the conditions that resulted in the removal

of Children from Mother will likely not be remedied.8

8
Like Father, Mother also contends that DCS failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that there
was a reasonable probability that the continuation of the parent-child relationship posed a threat to the well-
being of Children. DCS must prove only one of the requirements of Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B).
A.D.S., 987 N.E.2d at 1156. Finding sufficient evidence that conditions will likely not be remedied, we do
not address the issue of threat.

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[33] Mother also suggests that the findings do not support the juvenile court’s

conclusion that termination of the parent-child relationship was in the best

interests of Children. Mother argues that, in the absence of testimony regarding

Children’s relationship with Mother and with the foster mother, there was

insufficient evidence to conclude that termination of Mother’s rights were in the

best interests of Children. We disagree.

[34] A determination of the best interests of the children should be based on the

totality of the circumstances.” In re A.P., 981 N.E.2d 75, 82 (Ind. Ct. App.

2012). Here, the domestic violence issues between Mother and Father were a

concern throughout DCS’s involvement. Mother continued her toxic

relationship with Father even though she had obtained a protective order

against him. Mother’s App. at 3, para. 14. Mother did not engage during

services and denied she had a problem with alcohol, yet continued to drink. Id.

at 3, para. 13. FCM Washington testified that it was in the best interests of

Children that Mother’s parental rights be terminated. Tr. at 193.

[35] The juvenile court found:

The reasons that the children were removed in February of 2013
have not been remedied by either parent and is [sic] unlikely to
be remedied in any near future. After three years of services, the
parents are no closer to reunification with their children than
they were three years ago when the children were removed.

Neither parent is providing any emotional or financial support
for the children. Neither parent has completed any case plan for
reunification. Neither parent can maintain sobriety and provide

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 a safe environment for children. The children have been in
placement since February of 2013 and have never been returned
to parental care or custody. The children are placed together in
the home and are bonded and thriving.

Mother’s App. at 5, paras. 23, 24.

[36] Mother recognizes that permanency is a central consideration in determining

what will be in Children’s best interest. Mother’s Br. at 16. Children have been

out of Mother’s care and have lived together in the same foster home for three

years, and the foster mother intends to adopt Children. The foster home is a

place where Children are bonded and thriving. We find no error in the juvenile

court’s conclusion that termination of Mother’s parental rights is in the best

interests of Children. The State alleged and proved the elements of Indiana

Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2) by clear and convincing evidence, and the juvenile

court did not err in terminating Mother’s parental rights to Children.

II. Effective Assistance of Counsel
[37] Mother asserts that she received ineffective assistance of counsel. The standard

for such a review was set forth by our Supreme Court’s in Baker v. Marion

County Office of Family & Children, 810 N.E.2d 1035 (Ind. 2004) where our

Supreme Court held:

Where parents whose rights were terminated upon trial claim on
appeal that their lawyer underperformed, we deem the focus of
the inquiry to be whether it appears that the parents received a
fundamentally fair trial whose facts demonstrate an accurate
determination. The question is not whether the lawyer might

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 have objected to this or that, but whether the lawyer’s overall
performance was so defective that the appellate court cannot say
with confidence that the conditions leading to the removal of the
children from parental care are unlikely to be remedied and that
termination is in the child’s best interest.

Baker, 810 N.E.2d at 1041. Mother contends that her trial counsel was

ineffective for failing to: (1) object to questions about her criminal history; (2)

object to the admission of Mother’s July 2012 police report, State’s Exhibit AA;

(3) elicit testimony about Mother’s cognitive delays; and (4) elicit testimony

about her relationship with Children. Mother’s Br. at 18.

[38] Regarding the failure of Mother’s counsel to object to evidence about Mother’s

criminal history, items (1) and (2) above, any objection trial counsel could have

made would have been properly overruled by the juvenile court. A

determination of a parent’s fitness to care for his or her child requires an

evaluation of a parent’s habitual pattern of behavior as evidence of possible

future neglect or deprivation. Bester, 839 N.E.2d at 152. In addressing this

inquiry, courts may consider factors including a parent’s prior criminal history,

drug and alcohol abuse, lack of employment, and failure to provide support.

A.B. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 61 N.E.3d 1182, 1189 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016).

Trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to object to the admission of

evidence pertaining to Mother’s criminal history.

[39] Mother also contends that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate

Mother’s alleged cognitive delay. It is not clear how further investigation

would have aided Mother’s cause. Therapist Parker’s testimony on the subject
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 was strong, suggesting, as she did, that Mother may suffer cognitive deficits that

could have prevented her from understanding information provided to her

during therapy. Tr. at 30-32. This testimony alone could have allowed the

juvenile court to conclude that Mother needed more time to pursue services for

reunification. However, further inquiry into this subject could have provided

additional support for the juvenile court’s conclusion that conditions resulting

in Children’s removal from Mother’s care would not be remedied. On this

issue, we again find no ineffective assistance of counsel.

[40] Finally, Mother argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to elicit

testimony about her relationship with Children. Children were removed from

Mother’s care when they were four years, two years, and nine months of age

and, during the ensuing three years were not returned to Mother’s care.

Mother’s App. at 5, para. 24. Mother was inconsistent in her visits with

Children, and all visitation was terminated in July 2015. State’s Ex. Y at 2. By

Mother’s own admission, she continued to drink alcohol after Children were

removed as a way to “socialize and make [her]self happy.”9 Tr. at 93. Under

these conditions, it is unclear how Children could have had a strong

relationship with their Mother. However, assuming, arguendo, that they did,

the reasons for terminating Mother’s parental rights Children still would have

outweighed any such relationship.

9
When asked during the fact-finding hearing whether Mother has “more time to drink and get in trouble
now,” Mother responded, “No, I’m saying I have more time to socialize.” Tr. at 100.

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[41] Here, we can say with confidence that the conditions leading to Children’s

removal or the reasons for placement outside the home of Mother are unlikely

to be remedied and that termination of Mother’s parental rights is in the

Children’s best interests. Mother’s trial counsel was not ineffective, and she

received a fundamentally fair trial, the facts of which demonstrate an accurate

determination. Baker, 810 N.E.2d at 1041.

[42] Finding no error on the part of the juvenile court or Mother’s trial counsel, we

affirm the juvenile court’s decision to terminate Father’s parental rights to R.Y.

and T.Y. and to terminate Mother’s parental rights to Children.

[43] Affirmed.

May, J., and Crone, J., concur.

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