NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 16a0689n.06
No. 15-1725
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FILED
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT Dec 20, 2016
DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
NIGEL WRIGHT, )
)
Petitioner-Appellee, )
)
v. )
ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
)
STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
S. L. BURT, Warden, )
EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
)
Respondent-Appellant. )
)
)
AMENDED OPINION
BEFORE: DAUGHTREY, MOORE, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.
MARTHA CRAIG DAUGHTREY, Circuit Judge. Petitioner Nigel Wright was tried and
convicted of aiding and abetting in the murder of Travis Goodwin and sentenced to life
imprisonment. The evidence against Wright included the identification testimony of eyewitness
Dawayne Currie and the testimony of Officer Thomas about statements Goodwin made before
his death, indicating his fear of Wright. In his petition for a writ of habeas corpus, Wright
claimed that the admission of Goodwin’s statements violated his Sixth Amendment right to
confrontation and that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object on this basis. The key
issue in assessing the merits of both claims is whether admission of Goodwin’s statements
affected the outcome of the trial by bolstering Currie’s credibility. The state appellate court said
no, but the district court said yes. The respondent appeals the district court’s grant of the writ.
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We reverse because we do not find the state court’s decision to be contrary to or an unreasonable
application of clearly established federal law or an unreasonable determination of the facts in
light of the evidence.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Early in the morning on December 29, 2007, Travis Goodwin was shot while sitting in a
van parked outside of his mother’s house. He died 12 days later from his wounds. Wright was
charged with aiding and abetting the shooters, two men known as Worm and Black, by driving
them to and from the shooting.
The primary witness for the prosecution was Dawayne Currie, who lived near the scene
of the shooting. At trial, Currie testified to the following: He was playing video games with his
six-year-old daughter around 2:00 AM when he saw Goodwin pull up and park the van in a
driveway. About 20 minutes later, Currie heard gunshots and took his daughter to the back of
the house before returning to look out the front window. He saw Black backing away from the
van and firing a round with an AK47 assault rifle, Worm getting into the passenger side of
Wright’s black Charger holding a shiny handgun, and Wright sitting in the driver’s seat. Black
and Worm were wearing ski masks but he knew them from their manner of walking and
distinctive body shapes. Even though it was dark and the car’s windows were lightly tinted,
Currie could see Wright’s face and his braided hairstyle. Currie’s testimony that the shooters
used a handgun and an AK47 assault rifle was consistent with the type of shell casings found at
the scene. Currie also acknowledged that, a few weeks prior to Goodwin’s murder, Wright had
paid him $100 to burn a drug house in the neighborhood that belonged to Worm. Currie did so
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knowing that Wright was going to blame Goodwin. Currie testified that Goodwin was involved
in the drug business and had conflicts with Wright, Black, and Worm because of it.
Currie’s testimony contained some inconsistencies. Although he testified that he told
Goodwin’s mother, Alice Smiley, who shot her son before Goodwin’s funeral, Smiley testified
that Currie never told her who killed her son. Currie testified that he saw Wright’s face the night
of the shooting, but he told defense counsel before trial that he never saw Wright’s face. Currie
also admitted at trial that he had lied under oath at the preliminary examination regarding his
knowledge of any conflict between Wright and Goodwin. Despite the inconsistencies in his
testimony, Currie was consistent in his identifications of the perpetrators. On redirect, Currie
testified adamantly that Wright was the person who asked him to burn the drug house, blamed
Goodwin for it, and drove the black Charger to and from the shooting.
Other than Currie’s testimony, another component of the prosecutor’s case-in-chief was
recordings of phone calls Wright made from jail. The prosecutor argued that Wright admitted
involvement in the murder when he made statements such as “even if I didn’t do it,” “he was out
there the night when Trav got shot . . . . I remember,” and “they know I didn’t do no shooting.”
Wright also told his girlfriend of his decision to take out his braids and change his hairstyle. In
the recordings, Wright alluded to giving Currie and his father something for not going to court or
for going to court and telling the truth. Currie testified that Wright offered him money not to
come to court.
A third component of the prosecutor’s case, and the one that gave rise to Wright’s habeas
claims at issue in this appeal, was the testimony of Officer Thomas. He testified that, less than
one month before his death, Goodwin flagged him down while he was on patrol and told him that
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Goodwin had received threats from Wright, Damien Bell, and Tommy Dickey, who were
expanding their drug-sales territory. Defense counsel objected to the testimony as extremely
prejudicial and biased, but the trial court held that the testimony did not present a hearsay
problem and could be admitted. Defense counsel impeached Officer Thomas by eliciting that he
did not put Goodwin’s concerns in a police report or seek out the individuals making the threats
and that he was close to Goodwin’s family. The prosecutor’s closing argument referenced
Officer Thomas’s testimony. She stated, “Travis Goodwin reached out to a police officer and
said trouble brewing; I’m worried about – I’m worried about somebody’s going to hurt me,” and
“he named three people first of which was Nigel Wright.”
The jury returned a guilty verdict, and Wright appealed. He argued that the trial court
erred in admitting Goodwin’s out-of-court statements through Officer Thomas. People v.
Wright, No. 288975, 2010 WL 5373811, at *1 (Mich. Ct. App. Dec. 28, 2010). The appellate
court concluded that the statements were inadmissible hearsay but declined to reverse “because it
does not appear more probable than not that the error affected the outcome of the trial.” Id. at
*3. The court carefully reviewed the record and concluded, “[W]e do not agree [with Wright]
that the inconsistencies in Currie’s testimony were so consequential, or the inadmissible
evidence so prejudicial, that one must conclude that more likely than not the jury’s assessment of
defendant’s guilt or innocence turned on the inadmissible evidence.” Id. With regard to
Wright’s Confrontation Clause claim, the court stated:
[D]efense counsel objected to the admission of Officer Thomas’s testimony about
Goodwin’s statements, but not on Confrontation Clause grounds. Accordingly,
this issue is unpreserved. We review unpreserved constitutional error for plain
error affecting substantial rights. A demonstration of plain error affecting
substantial rights generally requires a showing of prejudice, i.e., that the error
affected the outcome of the lower court proceedings. For the reasons already
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noted, defendant has not established that the admission of these statements
affected the outcome of his case.
Id. at *4 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
The Michigan Supreme Court declined review, and Wright filed the instant habeas
petition in federal court. The district court conditionally granted the writ, finding that the
Michigan court unreasonably applied clearly established federal law in concluding that Wright
was not denied effective assistance of counsel when his attorney failed to object on
Confrontation Clause grounds to Officer Thomas’s testimony. Wright v. Rivard, No. 2:12-CV-
14164, 2015 WL 3441154, at *1 (E.D. Mich. May 28, 2015). The district court further found
that ineffective assistance of counsel excused Wright’s procedural default of his Confrontation
Clause claim, and that the Confrontation Clause violation was not harmless error. Id. The
respondent appealed.
DISCUSSION
In a habeas proceeding, we ordinarily review the district court’s legal conclusions de
novo and its findings of fact for clear error. Davis v. Lafler, 658 F.3d 525, 530 (6th Cir. 2011)
(en banc). However, “when the district court’s decision in a habeas case is based on a transcript
from the petitioner’s state court trial, and the district court thus makes no credibility
determination or other apparent finding of fact, the district court’s factual findings are reviewed
de novo.” Wolfe v. Brigano, 232 F.3d 499, 501 (6th Cir. 2000) (internal quotation marks
omitted).
Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA), Pub. L. No. 104-
132, 110 Stat. 1214 (1996), an application for a writ of habeas corpus may not be granted unless
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the state court adjudication of the merits of the claim “resulted in a decision that was contrary to,
or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the
Supreme Court of the United States,” or “resulted in a decision that was based on an
unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court
proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). Section 2254(d)’s “highly deferential standard . . . demands
that state-court decisions be given the benefit of the doubt.” Woodford v. Visciotti, 537 U.S. 19,
24 (2002) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
A state court’s decision is contrary to clearly established federal law “if the state court
arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by [the Supreme Court] on a question of law or if
the state court decides a case differently than [the Supreme Court] has on a set of materially
indistinguishable facts.” Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 413 (2000). A state court
unreasonably applies clearly established law if it identifies the correct legal principle but
unreasonably applies it to the facts of the case. Id. “For purposes of § 2254(d)(1), an
unreasonable application of federal law is different from an incorrect application of federal
law.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 101 (2011) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted). Once a state court has determined that a claim lacks merit, a federal court is precluded
from reaching a contrary conclusion as long as “fairminded jurists could disagree on the
correctness of the state court’s decision.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Similarly, “a
state-court factual determination is not unreasonable merely because the federal habeas court
would have reached a different conclusion in the first instance.” Wood v. Allen, 558 U.S. 290,
301 (2010).
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Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Claim
Wright argues that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel guaranteed by the
Sixth Amendment when his attorney failed to object to Officer Thomas’s testimony as a
violation of the Confrontation Clause. “An ineffective assistance claim has two components:
A petitioner must show that counsel’s performance was deficient, and that the deficiency
prejudiced the defense.” Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 521 (2003) (citing Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984)).
On direct appeal, the state court applied Strickland and held that, “[e]ven if defendant
could overcome the presumption of effective assistance, he has not established that any
deficiency was prejudicial.” People v. Wright, 2010 WL 5373811, at *5. The state court
reasoned that admission of Goodwin’s hearsay statements to Officer Thomas was not outcome
determinative, “[i]n light of the other evidence connecting defendant with the murder.” Id. at *4.
In its analysis, the state court emphasized that, despite some inconsistencies in his testimony,
Currie’s identification of the suspects never wavered once he identified them. Id. at *3. Also,
Currie’s testimony was consistent with the expert witness’s testimony about the type and number
of firearms at the scene. Id. Further, even if Goodwin’s statements had not come in through
Officer Thomas, the jury still would have heard Currie testify that he burned the drug house
knowing Goodwin would be blamed. Id.
In assessing Wright’s ineffective-assistance claim on habeas review, the district court
first reviewed de novo whether trial counsel was deficient because “the state court did not decide
the question.” Wright v. Rivard, 2015 WL 3441154, at *6. The court determined that because
Goodwin’s statements to Officer Thomas were testimonial, an objection under the Confrontation
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Clause would have been sustained and that counsel’s failure to object was “outside the wide
range of professionally competent assistance.” Id. at *8. The court then reviewed under the
deferential AEDPA standard the Michigan court’s holding that Wright was not prejudiced, and
found it to be unreasonable because “[t]he evidence implicating Wright was far from
overwhelming and rested almost exclusively on the testimony of Currie [who] . . . suffered from
numerous credibility problems.” Id. at *9. The court concluded that “[h]ad jurors not heard
Goodwin’s statements to Officer Thomas, there is a reasonable probability that the jury would
have changed their assessment of Currie’s credibility and their verdict.” Id. at *10.
On appeal, the respondent asserts that the district court failed to give the state court’s
lack-of-prejudice finding true AEDPA deference and instead substituted its own evaluation of
Currie’s credibility. We agree and hold that, although Wright’s trial counsel’s performance was
deficient, the state court’s determination that Wright was not prejudiced by the deficiency was
not unreasonable.
The district court correctly reviewed the deficiency prong de novo. See Rayner v. Mills,
685 F.3d 631, 636–39 (6th Cir. 2012) (analyzing the continued vitality of the rule that “AEDPA
deference does not apply to review of the Strickland prong not relied upon by the state court” in
light of Harrington and concluding that this standard remains correct). Deficient performance is
that which falls below an objective standard of reasonableness. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688.
The Sixth Amendment affords criminal defendants the right to confront the witnesses
against them. U.S. Const. amend. VI. Under the Confrontation Clause, a testimonial statement
of a witness who does not testify at trial cannot be introduced for its truth unless the witness is
unavailable and the defendant had a prior opportunity to examine the witness. Crawford v.
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Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 68 (2004). In the present case, Goodwin, the deceased victim, was
unavailable but Wright did not have a prior opportunity to examine him. Therefore, the
admission of Goodwin’s statements to Officer Thomas violated the Confrontation Clause if the
statements were testimonial in nature. Id. The Supreme Court has formulated this test:
Statements are nontestimonial when made in the course of police interrogation
under circumstances objectively indicating that the primary purpose of the
interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency. They
are testimonial when the circumstances objectively indicate that there is no such
ongoing emergency, and that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to
establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution.
Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 822 (2006). Testimony that is volunteered, rather than
elicited through interrogation, can also be testimonial. Id. at 822 n.1 (“The Framers were no
more willing to exempt from cross-examination volunteered testimony or answers to open-ended
questions than they were to exempt answers to detailed interrogation.”).
The district court correctly found Goodwin’s statements to be testimonial. Goodwin was
not in the midst of an ongoing emergency when he flagged down Officer Thomas, and the
primary purpose of his statements was to “establish or prove past events potentially relevant to
later criminal prosecution.” Id. at 822. Officer Thomas did not interrogate him; rather, Goodwin
provided the information voluntarily. See id. at 822 n.1. We conclude that the Confrontation
Clause violation was obvious, and Wright’s trial counsel was objectively unreasonable for failing
to object on this ground.
That determination does not end the inquiry, however. To show that he was prejudiced by
his counsel’s deficient performance, Wright “must show that there is a reasonable probability
that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. “A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to
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undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. “[A] federal habeas court may not issue the writ
simply because that court concludes in its independent judgment that the state-court decision
applied Strickland incorrectly.” Woodford, 537 U.S. at 24–25.
Wright first claims that the state court applied the wrong legal standard, contrary to
Strickland, when it decided that admission of Goodwin’s statements was not “outcome
determinative.” In analyzing Wright’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim, the state court
first set out the correct standard: “the defendant must show . . . that the deficiency was so
prejudicial that there is a reasonable probability that but for counsel’s unprofessional errors the
trial outcome would have been different.” People v. Wright, 2010 WL 5373811, at *5. One
paragraph later, however, it concluded that the error was not “outcome determinative.” Id. The
Supreme Court distinguished between these two standards in Harrington, 562 U.S. at 111–12,
but noted that “the difference between Strickland’s prejudice standard and a more-probable-than-
not standard is slight and matters only in the rarest of cases.” Id. at 112 (internal quotation marks
omitted). Because the state court articulated the correct standard when it began its analysis, and
because this case is not one of those “rare” situations in which the “slight” difference between
the standards matters, see id., we hold that the state court decision was not contrary to clearly
established federal law.
Wright also claims that the state court unreasonably applied Strickland in finding that
admission of Goodwin’s statements did not prejudice him because “Goodwin’s statements were
the strongest evidence that the prosecution presented to corroborate Currie’s identification of
Wright.” The state court’s reason for finding no prejudice from the erroneous admission of
Goodwin’s statements was “the other evidence connecting defendant with the murder.” People
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v. Wright, 2010 WL 5373811, at *4. The other evidence it summarized was: Currie’s consistent
identification of the perpetrators once he identified them; Currie’s testimony that he burned the
drug house knowing Wright would blame Goodwin; the firearm expert’s testimony, which was
consistent with Currie’s testimony; and Currie’s adamant testimony on re-direct that Wright
asked him to burn the house, blamed Goodwin for it, and drove Worm and Black to the scene.
Id. at *3–4.
In light of the deferential AEDPA standard, said to be “doubly deferential” in analyzing a
claim under Strickland, Burt v. Titlow, we hold that the state court’s finding of no prejudice was
not unreasonable. The expert testimony about firearms corroborated Currie’s testimony.
Currie’s identifications were confident and consistent at trial. Further, although the state court
apparently did not mention or rely on it, the jury could have found that Wright’s statements in
the phone calls from the jail implicated him in the murder and supported a guilty verdict.
Confrontation Clause Claim
Wright argued on direct appeal that the admission of Goodwin’s statements violated his
rights under the Confrontation Clause. The Michigan Court of Appeals reviewed for plain error
because the issue was unpreserved, and held that the error did not affect the outcome of the trial.
People v. Wright, 2010 WL 5373811, at *4. The respondent contends that Wright’s claim is
procedurally defaulted and, regardless, is without merit because any Confrontation Clause
violation was harmless. The district court found that the procedural default was excused by
ineffective assistance of counsel and concluded that the error in admitting Goodwin’s statements
was not harmless, for the same reasons that it articulated in its analysis of Strickland prejudice.
Wright v. Rivard, 2015 WL 344154, at *11.
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Federal courts on habeas review are not required to analyze whether an issue was
procedurally defaulted before deciding against the petitioner on the merits, and we opt to begin
by analyzing the merits of Wright’s claim. See Bales v. Bell, 788 F.3d 568, 573 (6th Cir. 2015).
As discussed above, despite the existence of a Confrontation Clause violation, Wright is entitled
to relief only if the violation “had substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the
jury’s verdict.” Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 637 (1993). In other words, Wright must
establish actual prejudice, and “[t]here must be more than a reasonable possibility that the error
was harmful.” Davis v. Ayala, 135 S. Ct. 2187, 2198 (2015) (internal quotation marks omitted)
(citing Brecht, 507 U.S. at 637).
Our first step in analyzing Wright’s Confrontation Clause claim is to determine whether
the state court adjudicated the merits of the claim such that AEDPA deference applies to the state
court’s determination. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). The state court reviewed Wright’s Confrontation
Clause claim for plain error using the standard from United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725
(1993). See People v. Wright, 2010 WL 5373811, at *4 (citing People v. Carines, 597 N.W.2d
130, 138-39 (Mich. 1999) (adopting the rule from Olano for unpreserved claims of constitutional
error)). Under Olano, a court should not grant relief on a forfeited claim unless there was (1) an
error, (2) that was plain, (3) that affected substantial rights, and (4) that “seriously affect[ed] the
fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Olano, 507 U.S. at 732–36. In
most cases, an error affected substantial rights if it affected the outcome of the trial-court
proceedings. Id. at 734–35.
In ruling on Wright’s appeal, the state court considered only the third portion of the plain-
error analysis, i.e., whether any Confrontation Clause violation affected substantial rights.
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People v. Wright, 2010 WL 5373811, at *4. It determined that Wright had not established that
admission of Goodwin’s statements affected the outcome of the case. Id. The portion of the
plain-error analysis the Michigan court undertook in this case was analogous to a harmless-error
analysis because its conclusion that the error did not affect the outcome of the case is another
way of saying that the error was not harmful. In Davis v. Ayala, the Supreme Court held that a
state court’s harmless-error analysis is an adjudication on the merits. 135 S. Ct. at 2198.
Therefore, we find that the state court’s determination in this case adjudicated the merits of
Wright’s claim for purposes of AEDPA,1 and we will defer to it if it is not contrary to or an
unreasonable application of clearly established federal law or an unreasonable determination of
the facts. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).
The state court determined that admission of Goodwin’s statements did not affect the
outcome of Wright’s trial. People v. Wright, 2010 WL 5373811, at *4. Although it did not
articulate the harmless-error standard from Brecht, it conducted the same analysis when
assessing whether the error was outcome-determinative. Although the standard for prejudice
under Strickland is more onerous than the Brecht standard, see Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419,
435–36 (1995), our previous analysis of Strickland prejudice applies to the assessment of
whether the Confrontation Clause violation was harmless error under Brecht. As with our ruling
above regarding Wright’s ineffective-assistance claim, we hold that the state court’s
determination that he was not prejudiced by the admission of Goodwin’s statements was not
unreasonable.
1
Our opinion should not be read as holding that the plain-error and harmless-error analyses are equivalent or that
every state-court plain-error analysis is an adjudication on the merits.
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CONCLUSION
Wright’s Sixth Amendment right to confrontation was violated when the trial court
admitted Goodwin’s statements to Officer Thomas, and Wright’s counsel rendered ineffective
assistance by failing to object to this violation. However, Wright is not entitled to habeas relief
because the state court’s determination that these violations did not affect the outcome of the trial
was not contrary or an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law or an
unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence. Accordingly, we must
REVERSE the district court’s conditional grant of the writ and REMAND the case for such
further proceedings as are necessary.
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