Roger Halvorson and Constance Halvorson, plaintiffs/counter-claim v. Allen Bentley and Dixie Bentley, defendants/counter-claim plaintiffs/cross-claim Plaintiffs-Appellees/ and Kerndt Brothers Savings Bank, defendant/cross-claim defendant-appellant/cross-appellee.

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 15-0877
Filed December 21, 2016

ROGER HALVORSON and CONSTANCE HALVORSON,
Plaintiffs/Counter-Claim Defendants-Appellees,

vs.

ALLEN BENTLEY and DIXIE BENTLEY,
Defendants/Counter-Claim Plaintiffs/Cross-Claim Plaintiffs-Appellees/
Cross-Appellants,

and

KERNDT BROTHERS SAVINGS BANK,
Defendant/Cross-Claim Defendant-Appellant/Cross-Appellee.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Clayton County, Andrea J. Dryer,

Judge.

Seller Kerndt Brothers Savings Bank appeals and land purchasers Allen

and Dixie Bentley cross-appeal the order of the district court finding that the Bank

breached its warranty under its deed to the Bentleys because it represented the

easement on the adjoining land it sold to Roger and Constance Halvorson

permitted parking when the language of its contract with the Halvorsons only

expressly mentioned “access.” JUDGMENT VACATED IN PART, AFFIRMED

IN PART, AND REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS.
 2

Dennis G. Larson of Larson Law Office, Decorah, and James A. Garrett of

James A. Garrett Law Office, Waukon, for appellant/cross-appellee Kerndt

Brothers Savings Bank.

J.K. Robison and Anne E.H. Kruse of Allen, Vernon & Hoskins, P.L.C.,

Marion and McGregor, for appellees/cross-appellants Bentley.

Alan T. Heavens of McClean & Heavens Law Offices, Elkader, for

appellees Halvorson.

Heard by Danilson, C.J., and Doyle and McDonald, JJ.
 3

DOYLE, Judge.

The dispute in this case concerns an easement on land Kerndt Brothers

Savings Bank (Bank) sold to Roger and Constance Halvorson. The easement

was granted for the benefit of the adjoining lot of land, which the Bank sold to

Allen and Dixie Bentley. The central issue is whether or not the easement grants

the Bentleys parking privileges. Following trial on the Halvorsons’ petition for

declaratory judgment, along with the Bentleys’ cross-claims against the Bank, the

district court concluded the easement only granted the Bentleys “access” to their

land—meaning ingress and egress only, not parking. Because the warranty

deed the Bank delivered to the Bentleys does not limit the easement to access

only, the court found the Bentleys were entitled to the consideration they paid to

the Bank for the easement they thought they were getting—one that allowed

parking, and awarded the Bentleys $7500 in compensatory damages. The court

also awarded the Bentleys their attorney fees for defending the Halvorsons’

action. The court then entered a judgment against the Bank in favor of the

Bentleys for $21,757.28.

The Bank now appeals the district court’s ruling in favor of the Bentleys,

arguing both the Bentleys and the Halvorsons received the easement they

bargained for with the Bank and, therefore, it did not breach any warranty deed.

The Bentleys cross-appeal, challenging the court’s determination the easement

was for ingress and egress only.

I. Background Facts.

The facts of the case are essentially undisputed. In 2009, after its

mortgagee defaulted on a loan, the Bank acquired title to the real estate that
 4

secured the mortgage loan. The property consisted of several lots in the

picturesque river town of Marquette. A two-level duplex was located on one of

the lots. A house that was in “very bad shape” was located on an adjoining lot to

the west. The two buildings were situated on a steep hill on the south side of the

west end of North Street. The house and the duplex were separated by a path

that was used as a driveway (Driveway), shown in the aerial photo below.1 The

Driveway inclines from North Street at a grade of approximately ten to fifteen

percent and flattens out near its southern terminus.

In making the duplex conversion, the mortgagee “cut the roof off and

raised it up so [he] could have an upstairs.” He then “added on to make it a

1
Though there was some disagreement at oral argument as to whether the path had
been used as a driveway prior to this dispute, it does not appear that information was
challenged at trial beyond the Bank’s statute-of-frauds and parol-evidence-rule
objections, which we address later in this opinion. We note that the Halvorsons’
purchase offer, which was accepted by the Bank, expressly referred to the path as “the
existing driveway” when describing where the easement would be placed. Moreover,
several witnesses testified at trial that the path had been used as a driveway, including
James Garrett, the Bank’s attorney who prepared its title opinion; James Kerndt, the
Bank’s representative; and Roger Halvorson.
 5

duplex,” and he “took the [interior] stairs out of the house.” Without interior stairs,

there was no access between units inside the duplex. To provide access to the

upper unit, the mortgagee installed an exterior door on the south side of the unit

and built a walkway from that exterior door to the southern terminus of the

Driveway. Because of the incline and the topography, the walkway was built in a

southwest direction where it eventually met the Driveway at an acute angle. The

mortgagee lived in the upper-level unit of the duplex and parked his vehicle at the

end of the Driveway near the walkway. The mortgagee made the lower level of

the duplex into a rental unit. Another driveway, which could hold two or three

vehicles, existed on the north side of the lower level of the duplex. Parking in

front of the duplex on North Street would obstruct the driveway to the house.

After the Bank acquired the property, it decided to sell the property in

separate lots, with the house and duplex each in its own separate lot. To that

end, the Bank hired Roger Mohn, a civil engineer and professional land surveyor,

to identify the exterior lot lines of the property so it could divide the property into

lots accordingly.

Based upon the boundaries of the existing lots, which can be seen in the

aerial photo above, the Driveway and most of the walkway fell within the house

lot—not the duplex lot. The Bank determined an easement would be established

on the house lot to allow the future owners of the duplex lot to reach the entrance

of the duplex’s upper-level unit. Based upon the topography of the house lot, the

existing Driveway path and walkway were used for determining the placement of

the easement. After the surveyor informed the Bank’s representative James
 6

Kerndt that easements were normally between ten to twelve feet wide, it was

decided the easement would be twelve feet wide.

On February 2, 2010, the plat of the lots prepared by the surveyor was

recorded—without the easement shown or described therein. Though the

surveyor provided to the Bank a metes and bounds description of the centerline

of the proposed easement, the Bank did not have that description recorded with

the plat. The proposed easement’s written description stated, in relevant part: “A

twelve (12) [sic] wide easement located in Lot Ten (10) of Block Five (5) and in

vacated Third Street . . . .” The description went on to set forth the metes and

bounds of the centerline of the easement. The proposed easement did not

include the terms “access,” “ingress,” “egress,” or “parking”; in fact, no purpose

for the easement was given in the written description.

Roger Halvorson contacted Kerndt at the Bank about buying some of the

lots on the property. The Halvorsons live three blocks from the property, and

they operate a winery on North Street near the property. Roger wanted to

preserve the hillside where the house was located and “had strong feelings about

preventing anyone from developing that hillside.” Roger was advised that if he

did not purchase both the house lot and the duplex lot, an easement across the

house lot would be necessary to allow the future owners of the duplex lot access

to the duplex’s upper-level unit. On February 20, 2010, the Halvorsons made

and the Bank accepted a written offer to purchase several lots of land, including

the house lot but not the duplex lot. The offer stated on the first page that it was

subject to “an easement to be placed approximately in existing driveway for

access to adjacent house upper level.” Handwritten next to the above quoted
 7

sentence were the words “Exhibit C.” Exhibit “C” was attached to the agreement

and set forth the metes and bounds description of the centerline of the easement

exactly as drafted by the surveyor.

The Bank listed the duplex lot for sale with a realtor. Allen and Dixie

Bentley contacted another realtor, who was with the same realty agency as the

Bank’s realtor, to view the duplex lot, and they and their realtor viewed the

property together. The Bentleys liked the property but were concerned about the

parking situation for the upper-level unit of the duplex. The Bentleys’ realtor

expressed the Bentleys’ concerns about the parking situation to the Bank’s

realtor, and the Bank’s realtor clarified with Chad Curtain, a representative of the

Bank, that an easement would be drawn up “to amend the problem.” The Bank’s

realtor believed that “parking was involved in the negotiations,” though it “did not

end up being in the easement description.” The Bank’s realtor believed the

purpose of the easement was for parking. Ultimately, the Bentleys decided to

purchase the duplex lot and the closing occurred sometime around the beginning

of July 2010. The warranty deed for the duplex lot was recorded on July 12,

2010, and it sets forth the metes and bounds description of the easement exactly

as proposed by the surveyor. The easement’s description lacks any explicit

reference to “access,” “parking,” or purpose.

It appears the Halvorsons never had a formal closing. The Bank had quit-

claimed some of the property the Halvorsons intended to purchase “to provide

[them] basically with possession while the [Bank] continued its efforts to foreclose

on the property.” The Halvorsons received a warranty deed for the house, as

well as other land they purchased from the Bank. The deed was signed by the
 8

Bank’s representatives July 14, 2010 and recorded July 19, 2010. The

Halvorsons’ warranty deed makes no reference to the easement.

After their purchase, the Bentleys used the Driveway as a driveway. They

parked their vehicles at the end of the driveway near the walkway. At some

point, the Halvorsons had the house torn down, creating more open area by the

Driveway. Sometime thereafter, a neighbor contacted Roger and told him, “You

better come up here. You got a parking lot up here.” Roger went to investigate

and found “there were four cars up there. There was the Bentleys’

pickup, . . . and a car, and a couple other pickups. So there [were] a number of

people parked . . . on the lots up there.” And the battle began.

When the parties could not reach an agreement, the Bentleys contacted

the surveyor and requested that he draw a plat of the easement based upon the

metes and bounds set forth in their deed. The surveyor then platted the

easement and lots. That platting is distilled into the following illustration:

II. Proceedings.

In July 2011, the Halvorsons filed a petition “in equity” and “for declaratory

judgment” against the Bentleys and the Bank. The Halvorsons requested the
 9

district court declare “the nature and scope of the easement [was] limited to

ingress and egress only and that it may not be used by the Bentleys for any other

purpose,” declare the “size and dimensions of the easement [were] limited to the

narrowest possible [twelve]-foot strip of land,” and find the Bank negligent and

award the Halvorsons damages. The Bank admitted in its answer that its

“understanding and intent with respect to the [Bentleys’] easement” was that the

Bentleys could come and go across the easement but had no right to park there.

The Bank denied it was negligent and affirmatively asserted it did not owe the

Halvorsons any duty with respect to the Bentleys’ easement “in that the Bentley

transaction was fully consummated prior to the [Halvorsons’] acquisition” of the

house lot that was subject to the easement.

The Bentleys answered and asserted counterclaims against the

Halvorsons, including a claim that the Halvorsons intentionally damaged the

Bentleys’ property. The Bentleys also asserted cross-claims against the Bank for

breach of warranty and breach of contract. The Bank answered the Bentleys’

cross-claims and admitted “that no express limitation on the scope of the

easement [was] set forth on the face of the deed,” but it affirmatively stated “the

real estate description for the easement [made] it clear that motor vehicle access

[was] not included within its scope.” The Bank denied that “there was a meeting

of the minds between [the] Bentleys and the [Bank], through its employed real

estate agent, that the easement would be used for travel over and across the

servient estate, and for parking a vehicle thereon.”

A bench trial was held in May 2014. At the trial’s outset, the court noted it

had before it “a blend of legal and equitable claims,” and it advised the parties it
 10

was “going to try this as if the whole [was] in equity,” but that when evidence was

offered to which there was an objection, each party should “state your objection”

and “the basis for your objection so that it’s in the record.” The court stated it

would admit the evidence subject to the objections and explained it would not

consider irrelevant or inadmissible evidence with respect to each claim in making

its decision.

At trial, Roger Halvorson admitted he read the legal description of the

easement, but he testified he “just assumed that the easement was going to go

closer to the property line rather than . . . meandering back through the other two

lots.” Roger did not know the prior owner/mortgagee had been parking in the

Driveway; Roger testified he had “never visualized the driving and parking

situation” and believed “[a]ccess was by foot traffic primarily.” Curtain testified he

told the Bank’s realtor that he “believed there was going to be an easement,” but

he did not “have any specifics.” The Bank’s realtor testified she did not

remember Curtain expressly using the word “parking,” but she believed it was

Curtain’s understanding that the purpose of the easement was for parking,

testifying “[t]hat was the purpose of the easement.”

Following trial, the court entered its decree on March 3, 2015, finding the

easement created by the Bank was for “access” only, meaning the right to

ingress and egress and not for parking. The court noted that the Bentleys’ deed

does not define any purpose for the easement, and it relied upon the Halvorsons’

purchase agreement which only references “access.” The court found the

easement was intended to be twelve feet wide. Additionally, the court found this
 11

easement was what the Halvorsons bargained for, so the Bank was not negligent

in this respect.

As to the Bentleys, the court found the easement set forth in their warranty

deed was not accurate because the easement omits the “access” limitation

language that is included in the Halvorsons’ purchase agreement, which

predated the Bentleys’ deed. Since the Bank chose to include the easement’s

description in the warranty deed it gave to the Bentleys, the court found the Bank

had a duty to defend the Bentleys in the Halvorsons’ declaratory-judgment action

concerning the easement, and it awarded the Bentleys attorney fees of

$14,257.28. The court also found the Bank was liable “for the amount of

consideration that [the Bentleys] paid for the easement described in their

warranty deed rather than the easement that was created” in the purchase

agreement between the Bank and the Halvorsons. The court found $7500 was

“approximately what the Bentleys paid in the expectation that they would receive

the easement described in their warranty deed rather than the more limited

easement that they actually received.” The court concluded the Bentleys did not

prove any breach of contract separate from the warranty deed, and it entered a

final judgment in favor of the Bentleys for $21,757.28 against the Bank. The

court also denied the Bentleys’ counterclaims against the Halvorsons.

III. Post-Trial Proceedings.

On March 9, 2015, the Bank filed a motion pursuant to Iowa Rule of Civil

Procedure 1.1007 requesting additional time to file post-trial motions. It stated it

intended “to file one or more motions pursuant to [rule] 1.904 and/or 1.004 (sic)”

and gave reasons it asserted were good cause for the extension. Neither the
 12

Bentleys nor the Halvorsons filed a resistance, and the court on March 17, 2015,

entered its order granting the motion, extending the deadline for post-trial

motions for all parties to April 17, 2015.

On April 17, 2015, the Bank filed its rule 1.904(2) motion challenging the

court’s findings and conclusions.2 Among other things, it argued the court erred

in ignoring its evidentiary objections under the parol evidence rule and “in

imposing a warranty of an easement upon the parties which the parties at the

time of the [warranty deed] did not agree upon.” The Bentleys filed their

resistance to the motion on April 27, 2015, which asserted, among other things,

that the Bank’s motion was “a poorly written, hurried and confused scattergun-

shot of supposed judicial errors, presenting no persuasive argument to change

the basis for the [district court’s] award of damages.” The Halvorsons did not

respond. On May 1, 2015, the court denied the Bank’s motion.

The Bank filed its notice of appeal on May 20, 2015. The Bentleys filed

their notice of appeal the next day. On its own motion, the Iowa Supreme Court

determined the Bentleys’ notice should be treated as a notice of cross-appeal. It

subsequently transferred the case to this court in May 2016, and it was submitted

following oral argument in November 2016.

IV. Scope and Standard of Review.

“Whether the district court tried a declaratory judgment proceeding in

equity or at law is determinative of our scope of review on appeal.” Ernst v.

Johnson Cty., 522 N.W.2d 599, 602 (Iowa 1994). Generally, “the determination

2
The docket shows the Bank faxed a copy of its rule 1.904(2) motion to the Clayton
County Clerk of Court on April 17, 2015, and another copy of the motion was received
and file stamped on April 21, 2015.
 13

of easement rights is equitable,” Gray v. Osborn, 739 N.W.2d 855, 860 (Iowa

2007), prompting a de novo review, see Ernst, 522 N.W.2d at 602. However, “an

action on contract is treated as one at law.” Van Sloun v. Agans Bros., 778

N.W.2d 174, 178 (Iowa 2010). Additionally, “we review a decision by the district

court to admit oral evidence of a contract under an exception to the statute of

frauds for correction of errors at law.” Pavone v. Kirke, 801 N.W.2d 477, 491

(Iowa 2011).

“If both legal relief and equitable relief are demanded, the action is

ordinarily classified according to what appears to be its primary purpose or its

controlling issue.” Van Sloun, 778 N.W.2d at 179 (internal quotation marks and

alterations omitted). If “an action at law and an action in equity are consolidated

and tried in equity, our review of both matters is de novo.” In re Marriage of

Tigges, 758 N.W.2d 824, 826 (Iowa 2008) (citing Knigge v. Dencker, 72 N.W.2d

494, 495 (Iowa 1955)). “Where there is uncertainty about the nature of a case, a

litmus test we use in making this determination is whether the trial court ruled on

evidentiary objections. In addition, where the trial court labels its ruling a

‘decree,’ this is an indication it tried the matter in equity.” Ernst, 522 N.W.2d at

602.

Here, the district court heard all evidence, subject to objections, but did

not expressly rule upon the objections. Additionally, it issued a “Judgment and

Decree” following trial. We believe the relevant factors considered together

indicate the court tried this matter in equity, and our review is therefore de novo.

See id. “This means that the district court’s findings of fact are not binding, but

we will ‘give deference to those findings because the district court had the
 14

opportunity to assess the credibility of the witnesses.’” Horsfield Materials, Inc. v.

City of Dyersville, 834 N.W.2d 444, 452 (Iowa 2013) (citation omitted).

V. Discussion.

The Bank appeals the district court’s ruling finding it owed a duty to the

Bentleys concerning the easement, asserting the court considered impermissible

evidence in reaching that decision. The Bentleys cross-appeal, arguing the court

erred in finding the easement does not include parking but correctly determined

the Bank owed them a duty based upon their warranty deed. The Halvorsons

responded to the Bank’s appeal requesting the district court’s ruling be affirmed

in all respects. They also responded to the Bentleys’ cross-appeal, asserting the

Bentleys’ appeal was untimely. Alternatively, they argued the court correctly

found the easement was created for access only and not parking.

A. Timeliness.

The Halvorsons concede the Bentleys filed “a timely notice of cross-

appeal.” However, because some of the issues the Bentleys raise on appeal

were not raised by the Bank in its direct appeal and in its rule 1.904(2) motion,

the Halvorsons assert the Bentleys were required to appeal their claims within

thirty days of the district court’s March 3, 2015 decree. Because the Bentleys’

appeal was not filed within that time, the Halvorsons believe we must dismiss the

Bentleys’ appeal on those claims for lack of appellate jurisdiction. The Bank joins

the Halvorsons’ claim that the Bentleys’ appeal was untimely, arguing the

Bentleys’ “new issues constitute a ‘direct appeal’ disguised as a ‘cross appeal.’”

In response, the Bentleys argue they had thirty days from the time the district

court filed its ruling denying the Bank’s rule 1.904(2) motion to file their notice.
 15

“The timeliness of the filing of a notice of appeal is a jurisdictional

question.” Homan v. Branstad, ___ N.W.2d ___, ___ 2016 WL 6650114, at *2

(Iowa 2016). If the notice of appeal is not filed within the proper time period,

appellate courts “do not have subject matter jurisdiction over the appeal.” McKee

v. Isle of Capri Casinos, Inc., 864 N.W.2d 518, 525 (Iowa 2015). Consequently,

“[a]n appeal taken after the deadline must normally be dismissed.” Concerned

Citizens of Se. Polk Sch. Dist. v. City Dev. Bd. of State, 872 N.W.2d 399, 402

(Iowa 2015); see also Explore Info. Servs. v. Court Info. Sys., 636 N.W.2d 50, 54

(Iowa 2001) (stating the “rule is mandatory and jurisdictional” and requires

appellate courts “to dismiss a case not meeting these deadlines even if the

parties do not raise the issue”).

Iowa Rule of Appellate Procedure 6.101(1)(b) requires a notice of appeal

be filed within thirty “days after the filing of the final order or judgment” unless a

proper post-trial motion was “timely filed under [rule] 1.904(2) or [rule] 1.1007,” in

which case “the notice of appeal must be filed [thirty] days after the filing of the

ruling on such motion.” See Homan, ___ N.W.2d at ___. Rule 1.904(2) requires

that a motion brought under it be filed “within the time allowed for a motion for a

new trial.” Rule 1.1007 provides that motions brought under rule 1.1004, which

governs the requirements for filing a motion for a new trial, “be filed within fifteen

days after filing of the verdict . . . unless the court, for good cause shown and not

ex parte, grants an additional time not to exceed [thirty] days.”

Here, the district court was permitted to extend the deadline for filing post-

trial motions upon the Bank’s rule 1.1007 motion for good cause, which was not

challenged by the Halvorsons or the Bentleys. The court pushed out the
 16

deadline for filing post-trial motions thirty days from the date it filed its order

granting the motion, expressly extending the deadline for filing post-trial motions

for all parties to April 17, 2015. Because the Bank filed its rule 1.904(2) motion

on April 17, 2015, its motion was timely filed. See also Blessum v. Howard Cty.

Bd. of Sup’rs, 295 N.W.2d 836, 840-41 (Iowa 1980) (“Because the order

extending time to file post-trial motions was valid . . . under rule 247, defendant’s

post-trial motions filed thirty days after verdict were timely and notice of appeal

therefrom was timely, giving us jurisdiction of this appeal.”).

Yet, if its motion was not proper, the time to file its notice of appeal would

not have been tolled.3 See Baur v. Baur Farms, Inc., 832 N.W.2d 663, 669 (Iowa

2013). A rule 1.904(2) motion is proper when it seeks “to obtain a ruling on an

issue that the court may have overlooked, or to request the district court enlarge

or amend its findings when it fails to comply with rule 1.904(1).” Id. It is not

proper if it merely “amounts to nothing more than a rehash of legal issues

previously raised.” Id.

The Bank’s rule 1.904(2) motion is not a model of clarity. Nevertheless, it

highlighted at least one legal issue not explicitly addressed in the district court’s

decree—whether certain evidence was admissible considering the parol

evidence rule, an issue it challenges on appeal. Consequently, we conclude that

the Bank’s rule 1.904(2) motion was proper and tolled the time for it to file its

3
We note the Iowa Supreme Court recently adopted amendments to Iowa Rule of Civil
Procedure 1.904, effective March 1, 2017, which eliminates the need to determine if the
rule 1.904(2) motion was “proper.” See Iowa Supreme Ct. Order, Amendments to Iowa
Rule of Civil Procedure 1.904 and Iowa Rule of Appellate Procedure 6.101 (Nov. 18,
2016) (“[N]ew provisions in [rule 1.904] allow that a timely rule 1.904(2) motion will
extend the appeal deadline, subject to an exception for successive motions.”).
 17

appeal. See, e.g., Sierra Club Iowa Chapter v. Iowa Dep’t of Transp., 832

N.W.2d 636, 642 (Iowa 2013) (finding rule 1.904(2) motion timely filed where

legal issue raised was not addressed by district court); In re Estate of Hord, 836

N.W.2d 1, 5 (Iowa 2013) (same). Accordingly, the Bank’s notice of appeal was

timely filed.

Though neither the Bank nor the Halvorsons challenge the timeliness of

the Bank’s appeal, both argue the Bentleys’ appeal was required to be filed

within thirty days of the court’s March 2015 decree, essentially because the

Bentleys raised new issues in their cross-appeal. Both cite Harvey v. Leonard,

268 N.W.2d 504, 517 (Iowa 1978), in support of their argument. That case

presented the following procedural posture:

Defendants William C. and Eugene Daubendiek appealed
from the judgment and decree of the trial court, and the original
plaintiff Ruth Harvey cross-appealed as to all of the defendants[,
including defendants F.W. Daubendiek and Letha Leonard]. F.W.
Daubendiek and Letha Leonard have not appealed, and filed a
motion to dismiss the cross-appeal against them, since it was not
filed within [thirty] days after the final decree was entered and was
not a cross-appeal as to them because they did not appeal.
....
The final judgment in this case was entered on July 3, 1975.
Defendants William C. and Eugene Daubendiek filed timely notice
of appeal on August 4, 1975, in accordance with [the Iowa Rules of
Civil Procedure].

Harvey, 268 N.W.2d at 511, 517. At that time, the rules stated “that a party may

appeal within [thirty] days of a final judgment and may cross-appeal within the

same [thirty]-day period or within five days of an appeal.” Id. at 517 (discussing

the rule, then numbered 335). The court stated Harvey filed a notice of cross-

appeal on August 7, 1975, “which was within the time for a cross-appeal but not

for a direct appeal.” Id. Because “Leonard and F.W. Daubendiek did not
 18

appeal,” the court held Harvey’s “cross-appeal against them was not timely under

[the rule]” and granted the motion to dismiss. Id.

Though Harvey has not been expressly overruled on this point, we think

later cases demonstrate Harvey is no longer good law for this proposition. In

State ex rel. Iowa Department of Transportation v. General Electric Credit Corp.,

448 N.W.2d 335 (Iowa 1989) (“General Electric”), the Iowa Supreme Court was

presented with the following scenario:

The Iowa Department of Transportation (IDOT) filed an action
against three separate corporate entities regarding their failure to
register and pay statutorily-required fees for the operation of an
aircraft within the state. The district court granted summary
judgment in favor of the IDOT against two of the defendants,
Heritage and G.E. Delaware, but refused to pierce the corporate
veil and granted summary judgment in favor of the third defendant,
G.E. Capital.
Heritage and G.E. Delaware filed a notice of appeal on the
twenty-ninth day after the district court’s judgment. IDOT filed a
notice of cross-appeal more than thirty days after the district court
judgment, seeking to appeal from that portion of the district court’s
ruling which granted summary judgment on behalf of G.E. Capital.
G.E. Capital sought to dismiss the cross-appeal as untimely,
claiming that because G.E. Capital was not a party to the original
appeal, the filing of the IDOT was not a cross-appeal but in fact
should be treated as an original appeal.

Stew-Mc Dev., Inc. v. Fischer, 770 N.W.2d 839, 845 (Iowa 2009) (citations

omitted) (summarizing Gen. Elec., 448 N.W.2d at 338-40). The IDOT argued the

relevant rule “specif[ying] the time within which a cross-appeal may be taken,”

then Iowa Rule of Appellate Procedure 5(a), permitted “a cross-appeal against

any party to the judgment appealed from, whether appellant or non-appellant.”

Gen. Elec., 448 N.W.2d at 338 (citation omitted).

Ultimately, the court agreed with the IDOT without mentioning Harvey,

only stating it found “no Iowa case on point.” See id. 338-40. Instead, the court
 19

noted the rule did not define the term “cross-appeal,” “designate the parties

against whom a cross-appeal may be filed,” or “extend or restrict the right of

cross-appeal to any particular litigants.” Id. at 338-39. Rather, the rule “merely

direct[ed] that a cross-appeal—an undefined term—must be taken within the

specified time.” Id. at 339. Finding the rule ambiguous on the point, and

construing the rule “liberally so that [the controversy could] be fairly and

efficiently determined,” the court reasoned:

Allowing cross-appeals of this type would streamline the
appellate process by making “precautionary appeals” by a party
that prevailed at the trial level against some, but not all, adverse
parties unnecessary. The risk of any party suffering injustice
because of a last-minute appeal would be minimized, because a
party’s stake in the litigation could still be protected by cross-appeal
if portions of the judgment favorable to it are put in jeopardy by
appeal.
In this case, for example, the [IDOT] may well have chosen
not to appeal the judgment in favor of G.E. Capital only because it
believed that the judgment against Heritage and G.E. Delaware
was surely collectible. That judgment was finally appealed one day
before the time limit for appeal expired. Were we to adopt the
defendants’ construction of [the rule], the [IDOT] would have been
left with only one day to appeal the portions of the judgment
adverse to it so as to protect its rights in the event the portions of
the judgment favorable to it were reversed on appeal. We refuse to
place such a high premium on the gamesmanship likely to occur
under such a rule.
Moreover, litigants in the position of G.E. Capital in this case
would not be unfairly burdened by allowing cross-appeals of this
type against them under the Iowa rules. After all, [the rule] allows a
cross-appeal only if it is filed—at the very latest—no more than five
days beyond the thirty day time limit for an initial appeal. The
advantages of our court considering a judgment in its entirety
outweigh any inconvenience suffered by non-appellants who, like
G.E. Capital, are joined in the fray by cross-appeal within the short
time allowed for cross-appeals under the Iowa rules.
We hold that for purposes of appeal under Iowa Rule of
Appellate Procedure 5, an action involving multiple parties will be
considered to result in a single judgment, so that where one of the
several parties to the action appeals and jeopardizes any part of
the judgment, a party may cross-appeal against any other party to
 20

the litigation within the time allotted for cross-appeals. The [IDOT’s]
cross-appeal, therefore, is properly before the court.

Id. at 339-40 (citations omitted).

The court revisited General Electric in Stew-Mc Development, where a

similar claim was raised:

Stew-Mc Development asserts that the Fischers seek to appeal
issues separate and apart from the issues appealed by the
Schmitts and that, as a result, their action should properly be
classified as an appeal, not a cross-appeal. If the Fischers’ filing is
characterized as an appeal it is untimely because it was not filed
within thirty days of the final judgment. If classified as a cross-
appeal, however, it complies with the rule because it was filed
within five days of the Schmitts’ appeal.

770 N.W.2d at 845. Stew-Mc Development argued General Electric was

distinguishable because, in General Electric, “the party bringing the cross-appeal

was a litigant with respect to the claims challenged in the original appeal.” Id. at

846. Unlike the cross-appellant in General Electric, “the Fischers [were]

attempting to file a cross-appeal against a party that was not part of the original

appeal.” Id. at 846. Stew-Mc Development also argued the Fischers’ claim in

their cross-appeal was “factually and procedurally independent of the claims

appealed in the Schmitt’s original appeal.” Id. The Iowa Supreme Court was not

persuaded, quoting its holding in General Electric and finding “no reason to

depart from this holding now.” Id. Again, without any reference to Harvey, the

court found the Fischers’ cross-appeal was timely filed. See id.

The rules now provide “any notice of cross-appeal must be filed within the

[thirty]-day limit for filing a notice of appeal, or within [ten] days after the filing of a

notice of appeal, whichever is later.” Iowa R. App. P. 6.101(2). Here, the district

court’s ruling on the Bank’s 1.904(2) motion was filed May 1, 2015. The Bank
 21

filed its timely notice of appeal on May 20, 2015. Irrespective of the issues raised

by the Bentleys or the parties they appeal against, General Electric and Stew-Mc

Development establish that once the Bank timely filed its notice of appeal, the

Bentleys had ten days thereafter to file their own notice of appeal. The reasoning

of those cases make sense; perhaps the Bentleys would have stood upon the

judgment entered in their favor against the Bank had the Bank not appealed. But

once the Bank appealed and required them to defend the appeal, there was no

harm in filing their own appeal.

The Bentleys filed their notice of appeal on May 21, 2015, one day after

the Bank filed its notice. Thus, the Bentleys’ notice of appeal was timely filed.

See also Blessum, 295 N.W.2d at 841 (“Because defendants’ appeal was timely,

plaintiff may cross-appeal in accordance with [the rules]. Plaintiff properly filed

his notice of cross-appeal within five days after the appeal. The cross-appeal

also was taken from the trial court’s final judgment on count V, as well as from

the denial of his post-trial motions. Because the cross-appeal was properly taken

from the final judgment on count V, we find that we also have jurisdiction to

entertain plaintiff’s cross-appeal.”).

B. Evidentiary Issues.

We turn to the Bank’s evidentiary claims concerning the statute of frauds

and parol evidence rule. Application of these rules must be discussed in context,

given the Bentleys’ challenge of the district court’s determination the easement is

for ingress and egress only, not parking.
 22

1. Statute of Frauds.

[A]n easement is a liberty, privilege, or advantage in land
without profit existing distinct from ownership of the soil and
because it is a permanent interest in another’s land with the right to
enter at all times and enjoy it, it must be founded upon a grant by
writing or prescription.

Indep. Sch. Dist. of Ionia v. De Wilde, 53 N.W.2d 256, 261 (Iowa 1952).

Because an express easement must be founded upon a grant by writing, it falls

within the statute of frauds. See Gray, 739 N.W.2d at 861 (citing Iowa Code

§ 622.32 (2007)). “The statute of frauds, which is no more than a rule of

evidence, ‘governs, not the validity of a contract, but only the manner in which

one may be proven.’” Garland v. Branstad, 648 N.W.2d 65, 71 (Iowa 2002)

(citation omitted). Iowa’s statute of frauds provides:

Except when otherwise specially provided, no evidence of
the following enumerated contracts is competent, unless it be in
writing and signed by the party charged or by the party’s authorized
agent:
....
3. Those for the creation or transfer of any interest in lands,
except leases for a term not exceeding one year. . . .

Iowa Code § 622.32 (2010). “The Iowa statute of frauds does not render oral

promises invalid. Rather, the statute is a rule of evidence that renders

incompetent oral proof of such promises.” Pavone, 801 N.W.2d at 491.

Here, the written warranty deed between the Bank and the Bentleys

contains an easement that is legally described. The Bank does not dispute there

is an easement. Clearly the statute of frauds has been satisfied here, and the

Bank’s argument concerning the statute of frauds is without merit.
 23

2. Parol Evidence.

“In the construction of written contracts, the cardinal principle is that the

intention of the parties must control; and except in cases of ambiguity, this is

determined by what the contract itself says. This rule is applicable to

construction of easement grants.” Wiegmann v. Baier, 203 N.W.2d 204, 208

(Iowa 1972) (internal citation omitted). “Ambiguity exists if, ‘after the application

of pertinent rules of interpretation to the face of the instrument, a genuine

uncertainty results as to which one of two or more meanings is the proper one.’”

Cairns v. Grinnell Mut. Reins. Co., 398 N.W.2d 821, 824 (Iowa 1987) (citation

omitted). “The parol evidence rule is not violated when extrinsic evidence is

received to assist the trial court in determining the meaning of contractual

language. The rule does not come into play until by interpretation the meaning of

the writing is ascertained.” Westway Trading Corp. v. River Terminal Corp., 314

N.W.2d 398, 402 (Iowa 1982) (citations omitted).

Here, we essentially have three contracts at issue—the two warranty

deeds given by the Bank and the purchase agreement between the Bank and the

Halvorsons. Each describes the easement in different terms, and there is

uncertainty as to which meaning controls. Because of the ambiguity between the

three contracts, we conclude the court’s admission and use of parol evidence

was permissible. We find no error by the district court in this respect.

C. Interpretation.

The district court found the easement “was created in the Offer to Buy

Real Estate and Acceptance that Halvorson and [the Bank] signed on February

20, 2010.” Though the purchase agreement came first in time, we do not agree
 24

that its reference to the creation of an easement determines the meaning of the

easement set out in the Bentleys’ deed. First, “an instrument affecting real estate

is of no validity against subsequent purchasers for a valuable consideration,

without notice . . . unless the instrument is filed and recorded in the county in

which the real estate is located, as provided in [chapter 558].” Iowa Code

§ 558.41(1). However:

Existing rights in property may exist apart from filings in the
recorder’s office:
Absent express notice given, a land purchaser
generally has three established sources of information
to which he should turn for ascertainment of existing
rights in any property he proposes to buy: (1) the
records in the County Recorder’s office where basic
rights involved are recorded; (2) other public records,
to discover existence of rights not always disclosed in
the County Recorder’s office, i.e., judgments, liens
and taxes; and (3) an inspection of the land itself, to
determine by observation any rights which may exist
apart from our recording system by virtue of
occupancy, use or otherwise.

Nat’l Props. Corp. v. Polk Cty., 351 N.W.2d 509, 511 (Iowa 1984) (quoting

Bartels v. Hennessey Bros., Inc., 164 N.W.2d 87, 94 (Iowa 1969)). Thus “notice,”

as referred to in section 558.41(1), may be either actual or constructive. Id.

“Constructive notice is given by compliance with the recording statutes,” whereas

“[a]ctual notice depends upon the purchaser having either actual knowledge of

the easement or knowledge of sufficient facts to charge him or her with a duty to

make inquiry that would reveal the existence of the easement.” Id. If a prudent

person had inquired with ordinary diligence and found actual notice of rights

claimed adversely by another, the land purchaser is charged with having that

notice. See id.; see also 25 Am. Jur. 2d Easements and Licenses § 81 (2016).
 25

The Bank, as owner and seller of both lots, had the right to grant future

owners of the duplex lot an express easement over the house lot. See 25 Am.

Jur. 2d Easements and Licenses § 12. Though its purchase agreement with the

Halvorsons occurred first in time, the purchase agreement was not recorded.

Moreover, the Bentleys’ inspection of the land revealed that the mortgagee was

using the Driveway and parking his vehicles near the walkway. This led them to

inquire what rights they would have over the house lot if they purchased the

duplex lot, and they were never told by the Bank their rights would be limited to

“access” only nor were they given a copy of the purchase agreement between

the Bank and the Halvorsons. Consequently, though that purchase agreement

came first in time, it does not change the easement created by the Bank in the

warranty deed it gave to the Bentleys.

There is no dispute that the Bentleys’ deed with the express easement

was properly recorded before the official sale to the Halvorsons took place. It

was the Halvorsons responsibility to investigate—or perhaps the Bank’s burden

to inform the Halvorsons of—the existence and scope of the easement and

determine what rights it afforded the duplex-lot owners before they purchased the

property. Had they reviewed the Bentleys’ recorded deed, or even asked the

Bank about the easement Roger knew the Bank was creating, they would have

had notice the easement was established by the Bank on the house lot without

any limitation or express purpose. For these reasons, we conclude the Bentleys’

deed, given by the Bank, created the easement and controls the outcome.

The Bentleys’ deed states there is an easement and gives the metes and

bounds of the easement. However, besides the obvious omission of the word
 26

“foot,” the Bentleys’ deed does not state any purpose for the easement. It does

not even contain the word “access.” Does that mean the easement is

ambiguous? We think not.

Where the existence of an easement is in general terms, it
implies a grant of unlimited reasonable use such as is reasonably
necessary and convenient and as little burdensome as possible to
the servient owner. The holder of an easement may make the way
as useable as possible for the purpose of the right owned so long
as he or she does not increase the burden on the servient
tenement or unreasonably interfere with the rights of the owner
thereof. A court’s easement overburdening analysis will evaluate
whether it is reasonable to conclude that a particular use was within
the contemplation of the parties to the conveyance and, in that
context, whether the contested use made of the servient estate by
the dominant estate exceeds the rights granted to the user.

Id. § 62 (footnotes omitted); see also Jon W. Bruce & James W. Ely, Jr., The Law

of Easements & Licenses in Land § 8:3 (2016) (“Despite the professed emphasis

on the binding effect of precise language, the parties are deemed to have

contemplated the easement holder’s right to do whatever is reasonably

convenient or necessary in order to enjoy fully the purposes for which the

easement was granted. What constitutes reasonable usage is a question of

fact.” (footnotes omitted)).

And it is the general rule that where a right of way is granted it may
be used for any purpose to which the land accommodated thereby
may reasonably be devoted, unless the grant contains specific
limitations and the grantee can avail himself of modern inventions,
if by so doing he can more fully exercise and enjoy or carry out the
object for which the easement was granted.

Wiegmann, 203 N.W.2d at 208. Given the general terms of the easement, we

think a grant of unlimited reasonable use as is necessary and convenient was

intended, which included parking.
 27

We would also reach the same result if we found the language to be

ambiguous. As noted above, “the intention of the parties is of paramount

importance.” Gray, 739 N.W.2d at 861 (citing Restatement (Third) of Property:

Intent to Create a Servitude § 2.2 cmt. d (Am. Law Inst. 2000)).

When the purpose of an express easement is not clear, a court
must ascertain the objectively manifested intention of the parties to
the original conveyance in light of the circumstances in existence at
the time the easement was made, as well as the physical condition
of the premises, and the use of the easement and acts acquiesced
to during the years shortly after the original grant.

25 Am. Jur. 2d Easements and Licenses § 63 (footnotes omitted). Furthermore,

“a grant or reservation of an easement will ordinarily be construed in favor of the

grantee.” Id. § 17.

Here, the Bank included the easement in the warranty deed it delivered to

the Bentleys before it finalized the sale of the house lot to the Halvorsons. The

Bank could have limited the scope of the easement in the Bentleys’ deed, but it

did not. The Bentleys were left in the dark as to any pre-existing agreement

between the Bank and the Halvorsons. Moreover, what became the easement

was a driveway used for parking before the Bank sold either lot of land. The

Driveway is not an alleyway or through street; it leads directly to a walkway to the

duplex’s upper unit’s front door. At the time of the sale, that was the only way to

access the upper-level unit. To presume it would be used to drop a person off

(and whatever goods they may have to take in), and then require the driver to

drive back down and park, then walk back up the easement to go into the upper-

level unit makes no sense. The mortgagee’s historical use of the Driveway as a

driveway with parking was evident before the Bank sold the lots. Considering the
 28

parties’ intent, along with the realtors’ testimony, the odd and steep location of

the Driveway and its prior use, and construing any ambiguities against the Bank,

a reasonable person in the Bentleys’ position would believe the easement’s

purpose includes not only ingress and egress to the upper unit of the duplex but

also parking. We reverse the district court on this issue.

D. Remaining Issues.

1. Bentleys’ Appellate Claim for “Turnabout.”

For the first time on appeal, the Bentleys argue the width of the easement

should be expanded to allow them to turn around at the south end of the

Driveway. However, they conceded at oral argument that this claim was not

raised before or decided by the district court. “It is a fundamental doctrine of

appellate review that issues must ordinarily be both raised and decided by the

district court before we will decide them on appeal.” Meier v. Senecaut, 641

N.W.2d 532, 537 (Iowa 2002). We therefore conclude error was not preserved

on this claim.

2. Bentleys’ Judgment Against the Bank.

Because we conclude the easement established by the Bank in the

Bentleys’ warranty deed is not limited to mere access but includes parking, we

reverse and vacate the district court’s award of $7500 to the Bentleys for the cost

of the easement it found they were sold but did not receive. However, we also

must address the district court’s award of trial attorney fees.

Attorney fees are generally not allowable in the absence of statute or an

agreement by the party to be charged. See Van Sloun, 778 N.W.2d at 182. But,

the Iowa Supreme Court “has long allowed the recovery of attorney fees incurred
 29

in defending title as an element of damages for breach of the covenant of title.”

Gaede v. Stansberry, 779 N.W.2d 746, 749 (Iowa 2010). A covenant of

warranty, the principal covenant found in most deeds, constitutes an agreement

by the grantor that upon the failure of the title which the deed purports to convey,

either for the whole estate or part only, the grantor will pay compensation for the

resulting loss. See Kendall v. Lowther, 356 N.W.2d 181, 189-90 (Iowa 1984).

Here, the warranty deed given to the Bentleys by the Bank stated the Bank

“covenants to Warrant and Defend the real estate against the lawful claims of all

persons . . . .”

Generally:

A party is entitled to recover of the covenantor all reasonable
costs attending a litigation of the question of title. Thus, when the
covenantee in good faith defends the title, recovery of the taxable
costs and expenses paid by him or her in that action is allowed. In
fact, in an action for breach of covenant of warranty, the
covenantee may recover for the damages and costs and expenses
of suits brought against him or her, but also for the costs and
expenses of suits brought by him or her, affecting the title to the
estate; this is so because each suit may have been part of the
means by which the title was sought to be defended. In some
jurisdictions, in an action against the covenantor for breach of
covenant, only the taxable costs incurred by the covenantee in
defending the title may be recovered.

20 Am. Jur. 2d Covenants, Etc. § 139 (footnotes omitted). However, “before a

covenantee may recover the expenses attending the defense of the title to the

property, the covenantor must be given notice of the proceeding in which the

validity of the title is attacked and have failed to or chosen not to defend.”

Gaede, 779 N.W.2d at 750 (citation omitted).

Here, the Halvorsons filed suit against the Bentleys concerning the

easement, and the Bentleys requested the Bank defend them in the suit pursuant
 30

to the warranty deed. The Bank refused. Given the Bank’s warranty to the

Bentleys, its refusal to defend them, and its contrary position in the underlying

suit against them, we conclude that the district court’s award of trial attorney fees

to the Bentleys was proper. Accordingly, we affirm that award of $14,257.28 for

trial attorney fees and costs.

3. Bentleys’ Request for Appellate Attorney Fees.

Finally, we address the Bentleys’ request for appellate attorney fees.

“Generally, attorney fees are not allowable unless authorized by statute or

contractual agreement.” FNBC Iowa, Inc. v. Jennessey Grp., L.L.C., 759 N.W.2d

808, 810 (Iowa Ct. App. 2008) (citing W.P. Barber Lumber Co. v. Celania, 674

N.W.2d 62, 66 (Iowa 2003)). However, courts are authorized “to award attorney

fees in an action where ‘judgment is recovered upon a written contract containing

an agreement to pay an attorney’s fee.’” Id. (quoting Iowa Code § 625.22).

Given the terms of the Bentleys’ warranty deed issued by the Bank and the

circumstances of the case, the Bentleys are entitled to reasonable appellate

attorney fees.

VI. Conclusion.

The Bentleys’ appeal was timely filed. They also proved the easement

established by the Bank on the house lot is not merely for access, i.e. ingress

and egress, but also includes parking for the upper unit of the duplex. We

reverse the district court on this issue. We deny the claims raised by the Bank

on appeal.

In light of our conclusion, we vacate the district court’s award of damages

to the Bentleys. We affirm the award of trial attorney fees and costs to the
 31

Bentleys. Additionally, we find the Bentleys are entitled to reasonable appellate

attorney fees and costs. Accordingly, we remand to the district court to enter

judgment consistent with this opinion and to determine the reasonable amount of

appellate attorney fees and costs to be awarded to the Bentleys.

Costs are taxed to the Bank.

JUDGMENT VACATED IN PART, AFFIRMED IN PART, AND

REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS.