IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Gerald George Vidic :
:
v. :
:
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, :
Department of Transportation, :
Bureau of Driver Licensing, : No. 842 C.D. 2016
Appellant : Submitted: November 23, 2016
BEFORE: HONORABLE MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge
HONORABLE ANNE E. COVEY, Judge
HONORABLE DAN PELLEGRINI, Senior Judge
OPINION NOT REPORTED
MEMORANDUM OPINION BY
SENIOR JUDGE PELLEGRINI FILED: December 22, 2016
The Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing
(Department) appeals the Court of Common Pleas of Beaver County’s (trial court)
reversal of the Department’s 18-month suspension of Gerald George Vidic’s
(Licensee) operating privileges for refusing to submit to chemical testing following
his arrest for driving under the influence (DUI). For the reasons that follow, we
reverse.
By official notice dated November 16, 2015, the Department notified
Licensee that his operating privileges were suspended for a period of 18 months
pursuant to Section 1547(b)(1)(ii) of the Vehicle Code1 for refusing to submit to
chemical testing. Licensee appealed.
Before the trial court, Officer Daniel O’Leary (Officer O’Leary) of
the Conway Borough Police Department testified that on July 26, 2015, he
received a radio call from the Beaver County Dispatch Center (Dispatch) that a
male appeared to be intoxicated at the Conway Superette. Officer O’Leary
acknowledged the call and then received a second report from Dispatch that the
male was entering a red 1973 Dodge Charger. This information was received by
1
75 Pa. C.S. § 1547(b)(1)(ii). That provision of the Code provides as follows:
(b) Suspension for refusal.—
(1) If any person placed under arrest for a violation of
section 3802 [driving under influence of alcohol or controlled
substance] is requested to submit to chemical testing and refuses to
do so, the testing shall not be conducted but upon notice by the
police officer, the department shall suspend the operating privilege
of the person as follows:
...
(ii) For a period of 18 months if any of the
following apply:
...
(B) The person has, prior to the refusal under this
paragraph, been sentenced for:
(I) an offense under section 3802.
Licensee was previously convicted of DUI on March 24, 2010.
2
Dispatch from an anonymous caller. Officer O’Leary then received a radio report
from a New Sewickley Township police officer that he had observed Licensee
driving the subject vehicle earlier that day. Officer O’Leary testified that he was
familiar with Licensee and knew what he looked like.
Officer O’Leary testified that as he was leaving the police station,
Licensee drove by in his Dodge Charger and waved at him while making a left
turn. Officer O’Leary assumed he was going to take Route 65 towards his
residence. Officer O’Leary then drove to Route 65, and when he did not observe
Licensee’s vehicle, he turned around, drove back into town and found Licensee’s
vehicle parked at Haglan’s Bar. Officer O’Leary parked his vehicle in the bar
parking lot and was approached by the owner of the bar, who advised him that
Licensee had previously been banned from the bar and was not allowed to be
inside.
Officer O’Leary testified that when he entered Haglan’s Bar, Licensee
was seated at the bar with a full glass of beer in front of him. He identified
himself, asked Licensee to walk outside, and observed that Licensee was
“completely unsteady on his feet” and he “was concerned for his ability to stand.”
(Reproduced Record (R.R.) at 25a.) Once outside, Officer O’Leary observed
Licensee’s clothes were completely disheveled, his face was red, his eyes were
glassy and bloodshot, and he “was sweating profusely and smelled of an
intoxicating beverage.” (R.R. at 25a, 27a.) Officer O’Leary asked Licensee if he
had consumed an intoxicating beverage and Licensee responded yes, “a couple.”
3
(R.R. at 42a.) Officer O’Leary estimated that at this point, it had been five to ten
minutes since he observed Licensee drive by the police station.
Officer O’Leary advised Licensee of the report he received and asked
him to submit to some tests. Officer O’Leary then administered a Horizontal Gaze
Nystagmus (HGN) test, which Licensee failed, and a portable breath test which
indicated a blood alcohol content of over 0.20%. Additional field sobriety tests
were not performed as Licensee indicated that his legs and knees hurt and he
would not be able to perform the balance tests.
Given all of these factors, Officer O’Leary believed that Licensee was
intoxicated, placed him under arrest and drove him to Heritage Valley Beaver
Medical Center for chemical testing. Once at the hospital, Licensee was asked if
he would consent to a blood test, and he said that he would not. Officer O’Leary
then read the DL-26 Implied Consent Warning Form to Licensee and Licensee
again refused testing. Officer O’Leary testified that he showed Licensee the DL-
26 Form and he again refused. After the refusal, Licensee was taken back to the
police station and released into the custody of his son.
On cross-examination, Officer O’Leary admitted that the first contact
he had with Licensee on the night in question occurred when he saw Licensee
drive past the police station. Officer O’Leary also testified that he only observed
Licensee driving for a short distance while he was trying to get into his patrol car,
4
and that he did not observe Licensee commit any traffic violations in that short
period.2
The trial court sustained Licensee’s appeal because “the evidence
presented did not rise to the required standard of reasonable grounds to believe that
at the time the [Licensee] was operating his motor vehicle, he was under the
influence of alcohol.” (R.R. at 118a.) The trial court noted that the anonymous
caller did not testify and was not questioned as to the basis of her opinion, and she
was the only individual who saw Licensee “appearing intoxicated.” (R.R. at 116a.)
The trial court also noted that there were no indications that Licensee committed a
moving violation when Officer O’Leary briefly saw him driving past the police
station, and there was no testimony presented or statements given by anyone who
saw Licensee drinking prior to driving. This appeal followed.3
To sustain a suspension of driving privileges under Section 1547 of
the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § 1547, the Department must establish that:
(1) the licensee was arrested for driving under the
influence by a police officer who had reasonable grounds
to believe that the licensee was operating or was in actual
physical control of the movement of the vehicle while
under the influence of alcohol or a controlled substance;
2
Licensee did not testify on his own behalf nor did he call any witnesses.
3
Our standard of review in a license suspension case is limited to determining whether
the trial court erred as a matter of law or abused its discretion or whether the factual findings are
supported by competent evidence. Marone v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver
Licensing, 990 A.2d 1187, 1189 n.4 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010).
5
(2) the licensee was asked to submit to a chemical test;
(3) refused to do so; and (4) was warned that refusal
might result in a license suspension.
Marone v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing, 990 A.2d
1187, 1190 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010) (citing Banner v. Department of Transportation,
Bureau of Driver Licensing, 737 A.2d 1203, 1206 (Pa. 1999)). Only the first
element is at issue in this case as the Department contends that the trial court erred
as a matter of law in determining that Officer O’Leary did not have reasonable
grounds to believe that Licensee was under the influence of alcohol while he was
in control of a vehicle.4
To have reasonable grounds to request a licensee to submit to
chemical testing is not a demanding one, Marone, 990 A.2d at 1190 (citing
Vinansky v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing, 665 A.2d
860 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1995)); in fact, it is a lesser standard than that of probable cause
needed to support a conviction for driving under the influence. See Marone, 990
A.2d at 1190; Banner, 737 A.2d at 1207. “Reasonable grounds exist when a
person in the position of the police officer, viewing the facts and circumstances as
they appeared at the time, could have concluded that the motorist was operating the
vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor.” Walkden v. Department
of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing, 103 A.3d 432, 436 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2014) (quoting Banner, 737 A.2d at 1207) (emphasis added). This issue is
4
“Whether reasonable grounds exist is a question of law reviewable by this Court on a
case-by-case basis.” Marone, 990 A.2d at 1190 (citation omitted).
6
determined by examining the totality of the circumstances, including the location
of the vehicle, whether there was evidence that the licensee had driven the vehicle
before the arrival of the police, the licensee’s general appearance and behavior, and
the odor of alcohol. See Walkden, 103 A.3d at 436-37; Marone, 990 A.2d at 1190.
Here, the totality of the circumstances support Officer O’Leary’s
conclusion that Licensee was under the influence when operating his vehicle.
Officer O’Leary received two calls from Dispatch stating that an individual
appeared intoxicated at the Superette, and that individual was then seen getting into
a red 1973 Dodge Charger. He then learned from another officer that the
individual in question was Licensee, as that officer saw Licensee in the subject
vehicle earlier that day. Officer O’Leary was familiar with Licensee and when he
walked out of the police station to get into his patrol car, Officer O’Leary
witnessed Licensee drive by and wave to him. Within five to ten minutes, Officer
O’Leary was able to locate Licensee at a local bar. Officer O’Leary testified that
Licensee was extremely unsteady on his feet, his face was red, his eyes were glassy
and bloodshot, and he smelled of alcohol. Licensee failed the HGN test and the
results of his breathalyzer were over 0.20%, well over the legal limit. Given all of
these facts, Officer O’Leary had reasonable grounds to arrest Licensee and request
that he submit to chemical testing.
The trial court placed great emphasis on the fact that Officer O’Leary
did not personally witness Licensee commit a moving violation in the very brief
period of time that he saw him drive past the police station. However, it is not
necessary for an officer to even witness a licensee operating a vehicle – let alone
7
observe him commit a moving violation – in order to have reasonable grounds to
place him under arrest for driving under the influence. See Walkden, 103 A.3d at
437 (collecting cases); Schlag v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver
Licensing, 963 A.2d 598, 603 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2009). Moreover, an officer’s
reasonable grounds can be based on information received from a third party.
Schlag, 963 A.2d at 603 (citing Gasper v. Department of Transportation, Bureau
of Driver Licensing, 674 A.2d 1200 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1996)).
Also, while it is conceivable,5 as the trial court points out, that
Licensee may have become intoxicated after arriving at Haglan’s Bar, the
existence of another reasonable explanation does not vitiate Officer O’Leary’s
reasonable grounds. It is well established that the existence of reasonable
alternative conclusions does not bar the officer’s actual belief from being
reasonable. Schlag, 963 A.2d at 603 (citation omitted). “[F]or ‘reasonable
grounds’ to exist, the police officer obviously need not be correct in his belief that
the motorist had been driving while intoxicated. We are dealing here with the
authority to request a person to submit to a chemical test and not the admission into
evidence of the result of such a test.” Bashore v. Department of Transportation,
Bureau of Driver Licensing, 27 A.3d 272, 275 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2011) (quoting
5
There was no evidence presented before the trial court regarding blood alcohol levels
and the time it takes for alcohol to be absorbed into the bloodstream. However, we note that it
was reasonable for Officer O’Leary to conclude that it was impossible for Licensee to have
become as intoxicated as he appeared in the five to ten minutes between when Dispatch first
called and the time Officer O’Leary confronted Licensee at Haglan’s Bar. See Walkden, 103
A.3d at 438 (citing Hasson v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing, 866
A.2d 1181, 1186 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2005) (“Case law in DUI criminal cases teaches that alcohol is
not intoxicating until absorbed into the bloodstream and that absorption takes place thirty to
ninety minutes after consumption.”)).
8
Department of Transportation, Bureau of Traffic Safety v. Dreisbach, 363 A.2d
870, 872 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1976)). See Schlag, 963 A.2d at 603 (“[T]he test is whether
the officer’s conclusion was reasonable as a matter of law, not whether [the trial
court] might have concluded otherwise had [it] stood in the officer’s shoes.”)
(quoting Helt v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing, 856
A.2d 263 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2004)) (alterations in original). See also Walkden, 103
A.3d at 438; Marone, 990 A.2d at 1191.
Because Officer O’Leary had reasonable grounds to believe that
Licensee was operating or in control of his vehicle while intoxicated, he properly
requested that Licensee undergo a blood test and the Department properly
suspended Licensee’s operating privileges for refusing to submit to that test.
Accordingly, the order of the trial court is reversed and the suspension
of Licensee’s operating privileges is reinstated.
___________________________________
DAN PELLEGRINI, Senior Judge
9
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Gerald George Vidic :
:
v. :
:
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, :
Department of Transportation, :
Bureau of Driver Licensing, :
Appellant : No. 842 C.D. 2016
ORDER
AND NOW, this 22nd day of December, 2016, the order of the Court
of Common Pleas of Beaver County in the above-captioned matter is reversed and
the 18-month suspension of Gerald George Vidic’s operating privileges is
reinstated.
___________________________________
DAN PELLEGRINI, Senior Judge