IN THE SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WYOMING
2016 WY 128
OCTOBER TERM, A.D. 2016
December 28, 2016
ARMANDO RAMIREZ,
Appellant
(Defendant),
v. S-16-0064
THE STATE OF WYOMING,
Appellee
(Plaintiff).
Appeal from the District Court of Laramie County
The Honorable Catherine R. Rogers, Judge
Representing Appellant:
Office of the State Public Defender: Diane Lozano, State Public Defender; Tina
N. Olson, Chief Appellate Counsel; and Eric M. Alden, Senior Assistant Appellate
Counsel.
Representing Appellee:
Peter K. Michael, Wyoming Attorney General; David L. Delicath, Deputy
Attorney General; Christyne Martens, Senior Assistant Attorney General; and
Samuel S. Voyles, Assistant Attorney General.
Before BURKE, C.J., and HILL, DAVIS, FOX, and KAUTZ, JJ.
NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in Pacific Reporter Third.
Readers are requested to notify the Clerk of the Supreme Court, Supreme Court Building,
Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002, of any typographical or other formal errors so that correction may be
made before final publication in the permanent volume.
HILL, Justice.
[¶1] Armando Ramirez entered a conditional guilty plea to a fourth offense felony
DWUI charge. Ramirez claims his latest DWUI does not qualify as his fourth offense in
the last ten years, because although the offense occurred within ten years of his oldest
relevant prior conviction, he did not plead guilty until after ten years had passed. We will
affirm.
ISSUE
[¶2] We rephrase the issue as follows:
Whether the felony penalty under Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 31-5-233
requires three or more prior convictions within ten years of
the conviction on the current charge?
FACTS
[¶3] On July 11, 2013, Armando Ramirez drove a vehicle involved in an accident in
Cheyenne. Five days later, he was charged with a felony DWUI, his fourth within 10
years according to the charging documents. Three prior convictions were listed in the
criminal information: (1) A DWUI conviction dated April 6, 2005, for an offense
occurring March 9, 2005; (2) a DWUI conviction dated October 24, 2005, for an offense
occurring August 10, 2005; and (3) a DWUI conviction dated December 15, 2008, for an
offense occurring August 30, 2008.
[¶4] After several continuances, Ramirez filed a motion to dismiss in May of 2015. He
argued that a felony prosecution was improper because 10 years had passed since his
conviction from April of 2005. Therefore, he could not be prosecuted for having four
DUI convictions in the last ten years. Ramirez’s motion was denied.
[¶5] Ramirez entered a conditional guilty plea to felony DUI, and reserved the right to
challenge the denial of his motions. At sentencing on November 5, 2015, the court found
Ramirez guilty of his fourth DWUI offense in a ten-year period and sentenced Ramirez to
2-4 years, suspended in favor of supervised probation. This appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
[¶6] Ramirez argues on appeal that the district court erred in denying his motion to
dismiss, and submits that his April 2005 conviction cannot be used as a prior offense
because his present conditional guilty plea in July of 2015 did not occur within 10 years.
He specifically contends that the statutory language at issue is unambiguous and that the
ten-year look-back period applies from his fourth conviction date.
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[¶7] We apply a de novo standard of review to issues of statutory interpretation. DRW
v. DLP (In re ARW), 2015 WY 25, ¶ 11, 343 P.3d 407, 410 (Wyo. 2015). Also regarding
statutory interpretation, we have said the following:
The plain, ordinary, and usual meaning of words used in a
statute controls in the absence of clear statutory provisions to
the contrary. Id. Where there is plain, unambiguous language
used in a statute there is no room for construction, and a court
may not look for and impose another meaning. [Crain v.
State, 2009 WY 128, ¶ 8, 218 P.3d 934, 938 (Wyo. 2009).]
Where legislative intent is discernible a court should give
effect to the “most likely, most reasonable, interpretation of
the statute, given its design and purpose.” Rodriguez v. Casey,
2002 WY 111, ¶ 20, 50 P.3d 323, 329 (Wyo. 2002).
We have said that we will not add language or choose
other words to change the meaning of a statute. Stutzman v.
Office of Wyoming State Eng’r, 2006 WY 30, ¶¶ 14-16, 130
P.3d 470, 475 (Wyo. 2006). On the other hand, “it is one of
the surest indexes of a mature and developed jurisprudence
. . . to remember that the statutes always have some purpose
or object to accomplish, whose sympathetic and imaginative
discovery is the surest guide to their meaning.” Cabell v.
Markham, 148 F.2d 737, 739 (2d Cir. 1945), judgment aff'd,
326 U.S. 404, 66 S.Ct 193, 90 L.Ed. 165 (1945); 2A Norman
J. Singer and J.D. Shambie Singer, Sutherland on Statutory
Construction § 45:9 (7th ed. 2014). This Court will not
interpret a statute in a way which renders any portion of it
meaningless or in a manner producing absurd results.
Stutzman, ¶ 16, 130 P.3d at 475.
Adekale v. State, 2015 WY 30, ¶¶ 12-13, 344 P.3d 761, 765-766 (Wyo. 2015).
[¶8] The statute at issue here is Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 1-5-233(e), which explains the
penalties for driving under the influence. In 2010, the legislature amended the statute to
its current state, and it reads as follows:
On a fourth offense resulting in a conviction or subsequent
conviction within ten (10) years for a violation of this section
or other law prohibiting driving while under the influence,
[the defendant] shall be guilty of a felony and fined not more
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than ten thousand dollars ($10,000.00), punished by
imprisonment for not more than seven (7) years, or both.
Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 31-5-233(e) (LexisNexis 2015).
[¶9] Prior to 2010, the statute read this way:
On a fourth or subsequent conviction within five (5) years for
a violation of this section or other law prohibiting driving
while under the influence, [the defendant] shall be guilty of a
felony and fined not more than ten thousand dollars
($10,000), punished by imprisonment for not more than two
(2) years, or both.
2010 Wyo. Sess. Laws. Ch. 5, sec. 1 at 8.
[¶10] The amendment made two changes in the statutory language: first, the look-back
period was increased from five to ten years; and second, the statute now includes the
language “offense resulting in a conviction” to modify the noun “offense.” Ramirez
questions whether the ten-year look-back period for a fourth DWUI offense in our
statutory scheme looks back from the date of the fourth criminal act or from the fourth
DWUI conviction.
[¶11] Seteren v. State, 2007 WY 144, 167 P.3d 20 (Wyo. 2007) predates the 2010
amendment. There, the issue was similar to the issue in this case – “Whether the district
court erred when it sentenced [Seteren] for a fourth DUI conviction when he was
sentenced on June 15, 2006 and one of the convictions used for enhancement occurred on
May 24, 2001.” Seteren, ¶ 2, 167 P.3d at 21. In our analysis of the pre-2010 § 31-5-
233(e), we deemed the statute unambiguous, and thus did not engage in any statutory
construction. Id. at ¶ 8, 167 P.3d 22. However, we said the following:
The language of the statute is clear and unambiguous,
but the Legislature may wish to consider altering the focus of
the statute. The purpose of the statute seems plain: Persons
who drive under the influence four or more times in a five-
year period are guilty of a felony, if each of those episodes
results in a conviction. As the statute is written, the focus is
not so much on the conduct as it is on the conviction for the
conduct. As written, the statute requires the prosecutor to be
attentive to whether or not the fourth conviction is achieved
within five years; whereas if the language were more precise,
the crime would be complete once a fourth conviction was
achieved, so long as all four incidents of conduct occurred
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within a five-year period.
Seteren, ¶ 8, 167 P.3d 22.
[¶12] In response to our direct language in Seteren, the legislature amended the statute.
And comparable to Seteren, we again find the language in the statute unambiguous. We
must give effect to the Wyoming legislature’s intent as expressed in the language of the
amended statute. The Wyoming legislature chose to change the phrase “second
conviction” to “second offense resulting in a conviction.” The legislature also changed
the phrase “third conviction” to “third offense resulting in a conviction.” “Fourth or
subsequent conviction” was changed to “fourth offense resulting in a conviction or
subsequent conviction.” In effect, the legislature changed the measure of the statute from
the date of the conviction to the actual conduct of driving drunk.
[¶13] In Ramirez’s argument, he submits that while the statute is unambiguous, the
legislature intended to leave the time period as a modifier of the conviction, and not the
offense. We disagree. Had that been the intent of the legislature, we must conclude that
no amendment would have been necessary. Ramirez’s interpretation would equalize the
events of the “offense” and “conviction,” which are very different Instead, the
legislature saw fit to amend the prior statute to include the phrase “offense resulting
in …”. We must give credence to the legislature’s amendment. This Court is not free to
legislate. In re Estate of Seader, 2003 WY 119, ¶ 23, 76 P.3d 1236, 1244 (Wyo. 2003).
Our conclusion is that the statute unambiguously provides that the look-back period for
enhanced DWUI penalties is measured back in time, up to ten years, from the last
offense.
CONCLUSION
[¶14] Mr. Ramirez’s conviction and sentence are affirmed in all respects.
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