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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
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No. 15-14367
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 7:14-cr-00051-HL-TQL-2
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
WILLIE HENDERSON,
Defendant-Appellant.
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Georgia
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(January 5, 2017)
Before JORDAN, ROSENBAUM, and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Due to an error in calculating Defendant-Appellant Willie Henderson’s
offense level under the United States Sentencing Guidelines, the district court
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sentenced him using a higher guideline range than the correct one. Both
Henderson and the government now agree that the district court erred, but the error
went overlooked throughout the proceedings below. Because the issue was raised
for the first time on appeal, we may correct the error only if, among other things,
Henderson shows that the error affected his substantial rights, a point the
government contests. Taking guidance from the Supreme Court’s recent decision
in Molina-Martinez v. United States, 578 U.S. ___, 136 S. Ct. 1338 (2016), we
conclude that Henderson’s substantial rights have been affected by the guideline-
calculation error. We therefore vacate and remand for resentencing.
I.
Henderson, along with a co-defendant, managed a large-scale dog-fighting
operation. In general terms, Henderson maintained dogs on his property,
conditioned and trained dogs for a fee, bred and registered the dogs, and
transported the dogs to organized dog-fight gambling events throughout the
Southeast. When law enforcement executed a search warrant at Henderson’s
property, they found over twenty pit-bull terriers with scars and injuries consistent
with dog fights, an array of items and devices used to train the dogs for fighting,
other dog-fighting paraphernalia, drugs, and two guns.
A federal grand jury indicted Henderson on eight counts of dog-fighting,
drug, and firearm offenses. Pursuant to a written plea agreement, Henderson pled
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guilty to one count of conspiracy to travel in interstate commerce in aid of
unlawful activities and to sponsor and exhibit a dog in an animal fighting venture,
in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 371 and 1952, and 7 U.S.C.§ 2156 (Count I), and one
count of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2) (Count IX). In exchange for his plea, the government
agreed to dismiss the remaining six counts.
A probation officer prepared a presentence investigation report (“PSR”)
calculating Henderson’s guideline range using the multiple-count adjustment rules
of Chapter 3, Part D of the Guidelines Manual. The probation officer separated
Henderson’s offenses into three groups—the conspiracy conviction was separated
into two groups to account for the two substantive offenses he conspired to
commit, see U.S.S.G. § 1B1.2(d)—and then determined the adjusted offense level
applicable to each group. See U.S.S.G. §§ 3D1.1–3D1.3. The three groups were
as follows:
*Group I — Conspiracy to travel in interstate commerce in aid of
unlawful activities (adjusted offense level 12);
*Group II — Conspiracy to sponsor and exhibit a dog in an animal-
fighting venture (adjusted offense level 12); and
*Group III — Possession of a firearm by a convicted felon (adjusted
offense level 22).
Next, the probation officer determined a combined offense level for the three
groups. According to § 3D1.4, the combined offense level is “determined by
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taking the offense level applicable to the Group with the highest offense level” and
then adding an additional offense-level increase derived from the table in § 3D1.4.
The amount of the additional table increase, in turn, is derived from the number of
“Units” counted. U.S.S.G. § 3D1.4. Units are counted as follows: (a) one Unit for
the Group with the highest offense level and for each Group that is within 4 levels
of the most serious Group; (b) one-half Unit for any Group that is 5 to 8 levels less
serious than the most serious Group; (c) no Units for any Group that is 9 or more
levels less serious than the most serious Group. Id. § 3D1.4(a)–(c).
Applying these rules, the probation officer correctly calculated a total of one
Unit. In particular, Henderson received one unit for Group III, “the Group with the
highest offense level,” U.S.S.G. § 3D1.4(a), and no units for Groups I and II,
because the guideline says to “[d]isregard any Group that is 9 or more levels less
serious than the Group with the highest offense level,” id. § 3D1.4(c). Under
§ 3D1.4’s table, one Unit means no additional increase to the offense level of the
most serious Group. Thus, Henderson’s combined offense level should have been
22, equal to the offense level of Group III.
However, the probation officer appears to have overlooked the table and
instead simply treated the one Unit as a one-level increase. So, the PSR states that
Henderson’s combined offense level was 23 instead of 22. After a three-level
reduction for acceptance of responsibility, Henderson’s total offense level was 20
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when it should have been 19. This error went unnoticed by the parties and was
eventually adopted by the district court at sentencing. As a result of the error,
Henderson’s guideline range, based on a criminal history category of IV and a total
adjusted offense level of 20, was 51 to 63 months of imprisonment when it should
have been 46 to 57 months.
At Henderson’s sentencing, the district court adopted the PSR without
objection by either party. The government asked for a sentence at the high end of
the 51–63 month range, while Henderson asked for a sentence at the low end.
Ultimately, the district court imposed a total sentence of 93 months of
imprisonment, ordering the sentences on each count to run partially consecutively.
In particular, the court sentenced Henderson to the statutory maximum of 60
months on the conspiracy count (Count I) and to the high end of the guideline
range, or 63 months, on the felon-in-possession count (Count IX), with the
sentence on Count IX to run concurrently with the final 30 months of the sentence
on Count I. The court chose to run the sentences partially consecutively primarily
because of Henderson’s prior criminal record. Henderson now appeals.
II.
Because Henderson did not object to the guideline-calculation error below,
we review for plain error only. United States v. Bennett, 472 F.3d 825, 831 (11th
Cir. 2006). Under that standard, “there must be (1) an error (2) that is plain and
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(3) that has affected the defendant’s substantial rights.” United States v. Madden,
733 F.3d 1314, 1322 (11th Cir. 2013); see Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b). If these three
prongs are met, we may exercise our discretion to correct the error if it “seriously
affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.”
Madden, 733 F.3d at 1322.
The parties do not dispute that the first two prongs of plain-error review are
met in this case. As explained above, the district court erroneously sentenced
Henderson using a guideline range (51–63 months) higher than the applicable one
(46–57 months), and the error that produced the inaccurate range was clear under
existing law. Therefore, the question before us is whether the error affected
Henderson’s substantial rights, which means that Henderson “must show a
reasonable probability that, but for the error, the outcome of the proceeding would
have been different.” Molina-Martinez, 136 S. Ct. at 1343 (internal quotation
marks omitted).
The Supreme Court recently addressed the application of plain-error review
to guideline-calculation errors in Molina-Martinez. In that case, as here, the
district court applied a guideline range higher than the applicable one and no
timely objection was made. Id. at 1344. Applying plain-error review on appeal,
the Fifth Circuit held that the defendant had not established that the error affected
his substantial rights because his sentence was still within the correct range and
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there was no “additional evidence” to show that his sentence would have been
different had he been sentenced using the correct range. Id. at 1344–45.
The Supreme Court rejected the Fifth Circuit’s approach and found that the
defendant had shown prejudice to his substantial rights. The Court held that “the
fact that the erroneous, and higher, Guidelines range set the wrong framework for
the sentencing proceedings” can, and “most often will,” be sufficient on its own “to
show a reasonable probability of a different outcome absent the error.” Id. at 1345.
No “further showing of prejudice” is required when the court relies on an incorrect,
higher guideline range, “even if the ultimate sentence falls within both the correct
and incorrect range.” Id.
The Court elaborated that its holding followed “from the essential
framework the Guidelines establish for sentencing purposes.” Id. While the
Guidelines are advisory, they are the lodestar of the sentencing process: they serve
as the starting point and framework for sentencing and they anchor the sentencing
court’s discretion in selecting an appropriate sentence. Id. at 1345–46 (citing Gall
v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 49, 128 S. Ct. 586, 596 (2007), and Peugh v. United
States, 569 U.S. ___, ___, 133 S. Ct. 2078, 2083 (2013)). “In the usual case, then,
the systemic function of the selected Guidelines range will affect the sentence.” Id.
at 1346. Therefore, “[i]n most cases a defendant who has shown that the district
court mistakenly deemed applicable an incorrect, higher Guidelines range has
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demonstrated a reasonable probability of a different outcome.” Id. And that
showing will, “again in most cases, . . . suffice for relief if the other requirements
of Rule 52(b) are met.” Id.
Of course, sentencing is particular to each defendant and “[t]here may be
instances when, despite application of an erroneous Guidelines range, a reasonable
probability of prejudice does not exist.” Id. For example, a judge’s explanation of
the reasons for the selected sentence may “make it clear that the judge based the
sentence . . . on factors independent of the Guidelines.” Id. at 1346–47. The
government remains free to counter the defendant’s showing of prejudice by
pointing to parts of the record that establish that the sentence was imposed
“irrespective of the Guidelines range.” Id. But if “the record is silent as to what
the district court might have done had it considered the correct Guidelines range,”
the court’s reliance on an incorrect range to sentence a defendant alone will
ordinarily be sufficient to show prejudice, “[a]bsent unusual circumstances.” Id. at
1347.
This Circuit’s precedent is largely consistent with Molina-Martinez. For
example, in United States v. Frazier, 605 F.3d 1271, 1282–83 (11th Cir. 2010), we
vacated and remanded for resentencing on plain-error review where the defendant
had received a sentence “outside of his correct Guidelines range.” Likewise, in
Bennett, we held that an error in calculating the guideline range affected the
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defendant’s substantial rights where the district court “expressly indicated a desire
to impose a sentence near the low end of the sentencing Guidelines range.”
Bennett, 472 F.3d at 834. However, in United States v. Pantle, 637 F.3d 1172,
1178 (11th Cir. 2011), we appear to have required the defendant to proffer
additional evidence of prejudice beyond the use of an incorrect range. See id.
(finding no prejudice to substantial rights where this Court “[did] not know that
[the defendant] would not have received the same sentence without the (assumed)
error”). Such a requirement is no longer good law in light of Molina-Martinez,
but, in any case, the Pantle panel found that the judge’s comments at sentencing
established that the defendant would have received the same sentence absent the
error, and that holding is consistent with Molina-Martinez. Id.
In this case, it is undisputed that the district court used an incorrect, higher
guideline range than the applicable one for Henderson’s sentencing. Absent some
evidence to the contrary, then, Henderson has shown a reasonable probability of a
different result. See Molina-Martinez, 136 S. Ct. at 1345. But there is no evidence
to the contrary in this case.
Instead, “the record is silent as to what the district court might have done
had it considered the correct Guidelines range.” Molina-Martinez, 136 S. Ct. at
1347. In these circumstances, and because this is an “ordinary case,” the judge’s
reliance on an incorrect range to sentence Henderson is sufficient on its own to
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show prejudice to his substantial rights. Id. The fact that the total sentence
exceeded the incorrect range does not change matters, because “[e]ven if the
sentencing judge sees a reason to vary from the Guidelines, ‘if the judge uses the
sentencing range as the beginning point to explain the decision to deviate from it,
then the Guidelines are in a real sense the basis for the sentence.’” Id. at 1345
(quoting Peugh, 133 S. Ct. at 2083) (emphasis in Molina-Martinez). That is the
case here.
In sum, because Henderson was sentenced on the basis of an incorrect,
higher guideline range than the applicable one, and the record is silent as to how
the district court would have sentenced him absent the error, he has shown “a
reasonable probability that, but for the error, the outcome of the proceeding would
have been different.” Id. at 1343. As in Frazier and Bennett, we exercise our
discretion to correct the miscalculation error because it “seriously affected the
fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial proceedings in this case.”
Frazier, 605 F.3d at 1283; Bennett, 472 F.3d at 834.
Henderson has established plain error, and we vacate his sentence and
remand this case for the purpose of resentencing based on the correct total offense
level and corresponding guideline range.
VACATED AND REMANDED.
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