In re Marriage of Knoll

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Appellate Court Date: 2017.01.06
12:24:08 -06'00'

In re Marriage of Knoll, 2016 IL App (1st) 152494

Appellate Court In re MARRIAGE OF MARY BETH KNOLL, f/k/a Mary Beth
Caption Coyne, Petitioner-Appellant and Cross-Appellee, and ROY J.
COYNE, JR., Respondent-Appellee and Cross-Appellant.

District & No. First District, Fifth Division
Docket No. 1-15-2494

Filed September 30, 2016
Rehearing denied November 18, 2016

Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 03-D-470; the
Review Hon. Naomi Schuster, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Civil contempt judgment vacated; judgment affirmed in all other
respects.

Counsel on Benton H. Page, Pamela J. Hutul, and Mile Knabe, of Davis Friedman,
Appeal LLP, of Chicago, for appellant.

Paul L. Feinstein, of Paul L. Feinstein, Ltd., of Chicago, for appellee.

Panel PRESIDING JUSTICE GORDON delivered the judgment of the
court, with opinion.
Justices Hall and Reyes concurred in the judgment and opinion.
 OPINION

¶1 The instant appeal arises from the trial court’s finding that petitioner Mary Beth Knoll was
in civil contempt for depriving respondent Roy Coyne, Jr., of his visitation rights with their
minor child following the dissolution of the parties’ marriage. On appeal, Mary Beth argues
that the trial court’s finding of civil contempt was erroneous, while in his cross-appeal, Roy
argues that the trial court erred in finding that certain of Mary Beth’s conduct was not
contemptuous. For the reasons that follow, we vacate the civil contempt finding but affirm the
trial court’s finding of visitation abuse and its order of makeup visitation.

¶2 BACKGROUND
¶3 I. Dissolution of Marriage and Joint Parenting Agreement
¶4 On January 15, 2003, Mary Beth filed a petition for dissolution of marriage, alleging that
irreconcilable differences had caused an irretrievable breakdown of the marriage. The petition
alleged that Mary Beth was pregnant, with the anticipated due date of March 29, 2003, and
sought sole care, custody, control, and educational responsibility of the child.
¶5 The record indicates that the parties’ son was born on April 10, 2003, and on April 17,
2003, the trial court entered a judgment for dissolution of marriage, which incorporated a
marital settlement agreement and joint parenting agreement entered into by the parties. The
joint parenting agreement provided that the parties would have joint legal custody of the child,
with Mary Beth retaining the physical possession and primary residence of the child. The joint
parenting agreement further set forth a visitation schedule and included a provision providing
that “[t]he parents agree to be flexible in implementing the visitation program and, should a
parent miss a scheduled visitation time for a valid reason, the parents shall attempt to
‘make-up’ the lost time by agreement.”
¶6 The parenting agreement and visitation schedule were modified a number of times over the
years, including on June 7, 2007, when Mary Beth was granted sole custody of the child. At the
time of the civil contempt proceedings at issue in the instant case, the visitation schedule had
been modified by a December 16, 2011, agreed order and provided, in relevant part:
“a. *** [Roy] shall have unsupervised parenting time with [the child] every other
weekend beginning on Friday at 3:15 p.m. and shall conclude Sunday at 4:00 p.m.
***
d. ROY will have [the child] for 10 consecutive days every summer from the third
Friday in June at 5:00 pm until the Sunday 10 days later at 4:00 pm and such other
times as the parties may agree in writing.
***
f. ***
***
ii. Every year ROY shall have [the child] on New Year’s Day from 9:00 am
until January 2 at 6:00 pm.
iii. Every year Roy shall have [the child] from December 28 at 9:00 am until
December 31 at 5:00 pm.”

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 Additionally, one provision of the original visitation schedule that had not been amended was a
provision providing that Roy was entitled to parenting time with the child until 8 p.m. on
Father’s Day.

¶7 II. Petition for Visitation Abuse
¶8 On July 14, 2014, Roy filed several motions and petitions before the trial court, namely, (1)
a motion to modify the parenting schedule, (2) a petition to enroll the child in therapy, and (3)
a “Verified Petition for Finding of Visitation Abuse, Indirect Civil Contempt and Other
Relief.” It is the third petition that is at issue on appeal.

¶9 1. Petition
¶ 10 With respect to the petition for a finding of visitation abuse and indirect civil contempt,
which is the petition at issue on appeal, count I of the petition was for visitation abuse and
alleged that Mary Beth had violated the court orders concerning Roy’s visitation with the child,
who was now 11 years old, in a number of ways. First, under the heading “Missed Parenting
time,” the petition alleged that during Father’s Day weekend 2014, Mary Beth contacted Roy
to inform him that the child was not feeling well and that Roy would not be able to retrieve the
child for his parenting time. However, the following day, the child texted Roy and informed
him that he had recovered and was able to play in his baseball game later that day. When Roy
requested makeup time for the missed Father’s Day weekend visitation, Mary Beth responded
that “ ‘[the child] didn’t want to go with you, he is more than willing to discuss that with the
Judge,’ ” and would not agree to provide Roy with makeup time. The petition alleged that
Mary Beth also refused to respond to Roy’s request for makeup time for Roy’s missed
parenting time from December 28, 2013, to December 31, 2013, and January 1, 2014, to
January 2, 2014.
¶ 11 Next, under the heading “Violation of Reasonable Telephone Access,” the petition alleged
that in January 2014, Roy was unable to communicate with the child for a period of six days,
with the child not responding to Roy’s texts and phone calls and Mary Beth not facilitating any
communication between Roy and the child during that time period. The petition further alleged
that “[a]s a regular occurrence during MARY BETH’s parenting time,” the child would not
return Roy’s phone calls or text messages. However, the child had his phone with him at all
times during Roy’s parenting time and was “very protective of his phone.” The petition also
alleged that, upon information and belief, during Roy’s parenting time, Mary Beth
“incessantly” called and texted the child at least 10 to 15 times a day on the child’s cell phone
to ask if he wanted to come home and had advised him “ ‘don’t let your dad take your phone.’ ”
¶ 12 Under the heading “Loss of Opportunity to Vacation with Minor Child Due to
Unreasonable Notice of Extracurricular Activities,” the petition alleged that Mary Beth
provided notice of the child’s extracurricular activities one day prior to Roy’s scheduled
vacation time, when Roy had planned to take the child to Wisconsin during Roy’s only
scheduled period of summer vacation time with the child. The petition further alleged that,
upon information and belief, Mary Beth advised the child that he would be allowed to attend
his activities while exercising vacation time with Roy. The petition alleged that the child’s
scheduled activities occurred during the entire period of Roy’s summer vacation period and, in
light of this, Roy was unable to take the child to Wisconsin and Mary Beth would not agree to
permit Roy to have any additional vacation time in order to take the child to Wisconsin.

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¶ 13 Finally, under the heading “Not Mentally Preparing the Child for Visitation and
Attempting to Prevent ROY from exercising his parenting time with [the child],” the petition
alleged that on Friday, June 20, 2014, when Roy attempted to retrieve the child for his vacation
parenting time, Mary Beth called the police in an attempt to stop Roy from taking the child.
The petition further alleged that in the presence of police officers, Mary Beth continually asked
the child if he wanted to go with Roy and told him that if he did not, he could stay at home. The
petition alleged that the child indicated he wanted to leave with Roy and, after a period of 20
minutes, the child was allowed to leave with Roy.
¶ 14 Count I of the petition alleged that Roy was requesting makeup parenting time for his
missed parenting time (1) on Father’s Day weekend and (2) from December 28, 2013, to
January 2, 2014, and also requested additional time in the summer to exercise vacation
parenting time with the child. The petition further requested that the child be required to
engage in therapy or counseling and that Mary Beth be required to facilitate at least one phone
call per day from the child to Roy. Count I of the petition requested an order: (1) finding Mary
Beth in civil contempt for visitation abuse, (2) entering a rule to show cause against Mary Beth
requiring her to show cause why she should not be held in indirect civil contempt for her
failure to comply with the court orders concerning visitation, (3) ordering the child to attend
therapy, (4) ordering Roy to be allowed makeup parenting time for the missed visitation dates,
(5) ordering Mary Beth to facilitate at least one phone call per day from the child to Roy, and
(6) ordering attorney fees and costs for the preparation and presentation of the petition.
¶ 15 Count II of the petition was for indirect civil contempt and realleged the same factual
allegations concerning visitation as in count I. Count II also alleged that Mary Beth violated
several additional provisions of the judgment for dissolution of marriage. First, under the
heading “Lack of Information concerning [the child’s] Medical Issues,” the petition alleged
that on January 2, 2014, the child underwent a medical procedure, but Mary Beth did not
inform Roy of the procedure until she contacted him on February 28, 2014, to seek payment for
the procedure. Additionally, under the heading “Inability to Foster a Loving Relationship
Between the Minor Child and Roy,” the petition alleged that on June 20, 2014, when Roy
arrived at Mary Beth’s residence to pick up the child for his vacation time, Mary Beth
repeatedly asked the child if he wanted to go and told him that he did not have to go with Roy
if he did not want to go; she continued asking him despite the child indicating that he wanted to
leave with Roy. The petition also alleged that Mary Beth called the police and refused to allow
Roy to leave with the child until the police arrived. The petition further alleged that during
Roy’s parenting time, Mary Beth frequently texted the child to ask if he wanted to return home.
¶ 16 Count II of the petition alleged that Mary Beth “has demonstrated that she is unwilling to
behave in a positive manner that would support and encourage the minor child to exercise
parenting time with ROY and maintain a loving relationship with his father.” The petition
further alleged that her conduct was without compelling cause or justification and was
contumacious and alleged that she had acted in willful violation of court orders. Count II
requested an order: (1) finding Mary Beth to be in civil contempt; (2) entering a rule to show
cause for Mary Beth to show why she should not be held in indirect civil contempt for her
failure to comply with the terms of the judgment for dissolution of marriage and the December
16, 2011, agreed order; (3) ordering the child to attend therapy; (4) ordering Roy to be allowed
makeup parenting time for his missed visitation time; (5) ordering Mary Beth to facilitate at

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 least one phone call per day from the child to Roy; and (6) ordering attorney fees and costs in
the preparation of the petition.
¶ 17 Count III of the petition was for attorney fees and requested the costs and attorney fees that
Roy had incurred because of Mary Beth’s failure to comply with the court’s orders.
¶ 18 In her response to Roy’s petition, Mary Beth denied violating the court’s orders concerning
visitation. With respect to Father’s Day weekend, Mary Beth explained that the child “suffers
from a condition with his lymphatic and vascular system, whereby one of the symptoms results
in him developing lesions on his sides and flesh which cause him pain and anxiety,” and had
suffered a flare-up of the condition shortly before June 13, 2014. Mary Beth took the child to
his pediatrician, who recommended contacting the Mayo Clinic, which normally treated the
child for his condition. After contacting the Mayo Clinic, Mary Beth was advised to ice and
wrap the site, and was told that “if [the child] felt up to it he could play in his game—which he
decided to do.” Mary Beth had the child “notify his father immediately that he would be going
to his game” and Roy attended the game “but did not speak to [the child] at all while he was
there, and did not take [the child] or ask to take [the child] for his visitation.” The next day,
Mary Beth arranged for Roy to pick up the child, which he did at 11 a.m. Roy indicated that he
would drop the child off at 8 p.m., but without any notification to Mary Beth instead dropped
him off between 1 and 2 p.m.
¶ 19 Mary Beth also denied that she had refused to allow Roy makeup parenting time, claiming
that she had been “generous” in permitting makeup time if there was no conflict in the family’s
schedule. Mary Beth further claimed that she had provided a cell phone for the child “for many
years” and she had not interfered with the child’s communications with Roy and the child “is
free to communicate with his father as he wishes.” Mary Beth claimed that Roy had also
“greatly exaggerated her communications with” the child when he was with Roy, which were
largely initiated by the child himself, and denied that she called and texted the child with the
frequency suggested by Roy.
¶ 20 With respect to Roy’s summer vacation time, Mary Beth explained that the child had been
playing baseball in a league since he was very young and that both she and Roy had
encouraged the child’s participation. The league did not send out its playoff schedule until late
in 2014, and Mary Beth claimed that Roy received the schedule directly via e-mail from the
coach and had the schedule as long as Mary Beth did. Mary Beth claimed that she had nothing
to do with the interference of the child’s games and practices during Roy’s vacation time and
stated that she also had to modify her schedule to accommodate her children’s activities.
¶ 21 Mary Beth also denied that Roy was unaware of the child’s January 2, 2014, medical
procedure. She claimed that Roy was e-mailed and informed about the medical treatments and,
in fact, traveled to Minnesota and spoke to the child’s physicians on January 3, 2014. In
addition, Roy texted and communicated with the child about his meeting with the doctors at the
Mayo Clinic. Mary Beth attached a document from the Mayo Clinic in which it stated that the
doctor “discuss[ed] the result of investigation and treatment with [the child’s] father” on
January 3, 2014. Finally, Mary Beth denied Roy’s account of the events of June 20, 2014,
claiming that she did not encourage the child not to visit with Roy but, instead, the child “did
not want to go because of the circumstances created by Roy” and, in fact, still left with Roy for
his visitation.

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¶ 22 2. Trial
¶ 23 The parties came before the court for a trial on Roy’s petition. Mary Beth and Roy testified
on their own behalf and Mary Beth’s husband, Brian Knoll, testified on Mary Beth’s behalf.
¶ 24 Roy testified that under the parties’ parenting agreement, he was entitled to visitation on
June 13, 2014, through June 15, 2014, which was Father’s Day weekend. However, Mary Beth
informed Roy that he would not be able to exercise his parenting time that weekend because
the child was ill. On Saturday, the child sent Roy a text message at 4 p.m. informing Roy that
he was feeling better and would be attending his baseball game. Roy was able to exercise his
parenting time with the child on Sunday, from 11 a.m. until 3 p.m., which was “the only time
that Mary Beth would allow [him] to have.” Roy testified that he saw the child, as well as Mary
Beth and her husband, Brian, on Saturday but did not communicate with them “[b]ecause with
what was going on Friday with just deciding to pull my entire weekend visitation, I wasn’t
going near them as I figured something was up. And whenever they start acting like that, I
don’t go near them, because I am not going to walk into a trap. I was alone and without a
witness. So I stayed as far away from them as I could.”
¶ 25 Roy also testified that he exercised parenting time on December 25, 2013. When he picked
the child up, Mary Beth invited Roy inside and told him that the child’s side was swelling in
the area where he had an earlier operation. She showed Roy the child’s side and told Roy that
she was going to call the Mayo Clinic and see if she could get an appointment as soon as
possible. Roy looked at the child’s side and testified that he observed “[n]o difference at all”
from how it normally looked. The child was at the Mayo Clinic from December 28 to
December 31. While there, he had appointments with a surgeon and a dermatologist and had a
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) test. Roy testified that he did not sit in on the
appointments; Roy explained that the child’s first appointment was for an MRI and Roy
arrived at the appointment early but discovered that the child had already been checked in. Roy
went to the location of the MRI but was informed that the child was currently undergoing the
test and the nurse would not allow him into the room. The second appointment was to learn the
results of the MRI, and Roy again arrived at the appointment early; “[a]s soon as Mary Beth
and [the child] showed up, she saw [Roy] there. She left. And the next thing you know the
security guards showed up trying to remove [him] from the hospital.” Roy also testified that he
asked Mary Beth for the child’s medical records but she would not provide them and told him
“that she had sole custody, and she didn’t have to tell [him] anything.” Roy testified that he
requested makeup parenting time from Mary Beth several times but was not granted makeup
time “until I filed this motion.”
¶ 26 Roy also testified about his summer parenting time in 2014. He testified that he was
planning on going to Wisconsin with the child for a fishing trip but that the night before his
vacation, he received an e-mail from Mary Beth “which was more so an itinerary of every day
of my vacation activities that [the child] had to be at. And it varied from baseball games,
practices, golf, band car wash, band practices. So pretty much every day of my vacation he had
stuff I had to take him to.” Roy testified that Mary Beth had not provided him notice of these
activities prior to that e-mail and that he did not have access to the schedule, school records, or
band activities. When Roy arrived to pick up the child on June 20, he called a few times and
rang the doorbell, but nobody answered. He waited 15 to 20 minutes “and then finally two
police cars showed up out of nowhere. Mary Beth had called the police.” Roy also testified that
he had requested makeup parenting time for the summer vacation period, but Mary Beth did

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 not allow it. He testified that when he requested parenting time, “[s]he just doesn’t answer my
requests. She just ignores them.”
¶ 27 After Roy’s testimony, the trial court found that there was a prima facie case of visitation
abuse, meaning that the burden then shifted to Mary Beth to demonstrate whether she complied
with the court’s orders and whether any failure to comply was willful or contumacious.
¶ 28 Mary Beth testified that she had never asked the child’s school not to give any records to
Roy. In July 2012, she had asked Brian, her husband, to provide Roy with the information to
access the child’s school portal information, so that Roy could log on and access the child’s
grades on a daily basis. She testified that her parents were listed as the child’s emergency
contacts at school, because they lived in the same town as the school and were retired, so they
would be available if anything happened at school.
¶ 29 Mary Beth testified that for Christmas 2013, the child received a cell phone, so that he
would be better able to communicate with her or Roy when he was with the other parent. Mary
Beth denied reading the child’s messages until the instant petition was filed, when the child
gave her permission to read his messages and download them. Mary Beth also denied that she
or her husband ever wrote any messages to Roy from the child’s phone that they pretended
were from the child.
¶ 30 Mary Beth testified that, since he was an infant, the child had suffered from “lymphatic and
vascular malformations,” in which the child occasionally presented with tumors that needed to
be removed. The child was initially treated in Chicago but was encouraged to seek treatment at
the Mayo Clinic. Mary Beth testified that on Christmas morning 2013, the child had clear
lymphatic bubbles on his side, as well as two blood bubbles; she testified that “[t]he clear
lymphatic bubbles we have seen before, but not the blood bubbles.” The child went with Roy
for his visitation, and Mary Beth contacted the child’s doctor at the Mayo Clinic. She sent
photos of the child’s side to the doctor’s nurse and received a phone call on December 30
scheduling an appointment on December 31. Mary Beth informed Roy of the child’s
appointment via text message. Mary Beth and the child flew to the Mayo Clinic on December
31, where they met with the child’s doctor, who scheduled the child for an MRI on January 2.
When Mary Beth and the child arrived for the MRI, they had preregistered, so they went
directly to the MRI lab. During the child’s MRI, Mary Beth waited in a waiting area; she did
not go into the MRI room with him. During the MRI, Roy was in the lobby area. After the
MRI, they had a tentative appointment with the doctor that afternoon but needed to first meet
with dermatology, so Mary Beth asked Roy if he wanted to take the child out to lunch, but Roy
declined. Mary Beth testified that she received information about the child’s appointments at
the Mayo Clinic by calling and giving the child’s “Mayo Clinic number” to find out his
scheduled appointments; she further testified that Roy had access to this information because
“[i]t had been on every single bit of communication ever since [the child] was assigned a Mayo
Clinic number when he was an infant.” The dermatology appointment took longer than
scheduled, because one of the child’s blood blisters had cracked and was bleeding, so Mary
Beth and the child arrived for their next doctor’s appointment at 4 p.m. instead of the scheduled
3:30 time. When they arrived, Roy was in the waiting area and began screaming at Mary Beth
and the child, asking where they had been. The child began crying immediately and Mary Beth
asked if she and the child could be put in a room in the back so that they would not have to be
in the same waiting area as Roy. Mary Beth testified that “[n]ext thing I knew, security showed

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 up”; she did not contact security and did not know who had done so. Mary Beth and the child
were taken to an office in the back and Roy was asked to leave.
¶ 31 As to Father’s Day weekend, Mary Beth testified that on Thursday, June 12, 2014, the child
was not feeling well and his side was swollen. Mary Beth contacted the Mayo Clinic and
notified Roy. The Mayo Clinic instructed her to “take it easy” with the child for the weekend
and to ice his side and wrap it if necessary. On Friday, the child was still not feeling well and
was nervous about whether the problem was going to resolve itself or get worse. He wanted to
stay home for the weekend, so Mary Beth sent Roy a text message informing him. Roy
responded, telling Mary Beth that he was more than capable of taking care of the child and
threatening to call the police if she did not send the child with him; Mary Beth testified that
Roy was “definitely” capable of taking care of the child and his medical condition. Mary Beth
informed the child that he needed to go, but the child still did not want to go. Mary Beth
prepared the child’s things, and Roy arrived to pick him up. Roy and the child had a discussion
and ultimately determined that they would do something on Sunday, Father’s Day; Mary Beth
testified that Roy was not angry “at all” and was “very respectful” when he spoke to the child
and then left. The next day, the child was feeling better and decided he wanted to play in his
scheduled baseball game; the child notified Roy through text messages. Mary Beth and Roy
both attended the game but did not communicate; Roy did not ask if he could take the child
home with him. On Sunday, Roy picked the child up at 11 a.m.; he was allowed to have him
until 8 p.m. under the court order but arranged to bring him home at 3 p.m. and actually
brought him home at 1:30 p.m. On cross-examination, Mary Beth admitted that she responded
to Roy’s request for makeup time by stating that “ ‘[a]s far as making up visitation for last
weekend, [the child] didn’t want to go with you. He is more than willing to discuss that with
the judge.’ ” Mary Beth admitted that “[i]t was totally wrong” for her to say that and that she
never discussed her comment with the child.
¶ 32 With respect to summer vacation, Mary Beth testified that the night before Roy’s
scheduled visitation, the child asked Mary Beth to send Roy a list of the child’s previously
scheduled activities so that he would have a list of everything that the child was supposed to
attend, which included baseball, band, and golf; Mary Beth sent Roy an e-mail with this
information but did not insist that the child attend every one of the activities. Mary Beth was
under the impression that Roy knew about all of the child’s activities, as he was involved with
the child’s participation in them. Mary Beth did not add any activities to the child’s schedule
and all of his activities were ones that he had engaged in previously: that year’s baseball
schedule had been released in October 2013, and he had participated in band camp and golfing
for the past two years. Mary Beth testified that Roy contacted her 45 minutes before his
parenting time was scheduled to begin, seeking to reschedule it, but Mary Beth was unable to
accommodate him on such short notice due to her own schedule. Roy arrived to pick the child
up “and parked sideways on the driveway and was wailing on his horn.” Even though the child
was prepared to do so, he did not want to leave with Roy, and Mary Beth contacted the police
due to Roy’s behavior and the child’s refusal to leave. The police spoke with the child, and
between them, Mary Beth, and Brian, they were able to convince the child to leave with Roy.
Mary Beth denied calling the child “incessantly” during Roy’s parenting time and testified that
her phone records showed that she called the child seven times during the period of summer
parenting time and that the child called her seven times. Mary Beth testified that she also texted

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 with the child and estimated that they would have texted not more than 10 times during that
period.
¶ 33 Mary Beth testified that after the visit at the Mayo Clinic, the relationship between her and
Roy changed; she described it as “horrible” and said there was “not much communication” and
that any communication was through Brian, her husband. Mary Beth testified that the child
continued visiting and communicating with Roy, including a number of requests from Roy for
extra visits that Mary Beth always granted.
¶ 34 Brian Knoll, Mary Beth’s husband, testified that he was able to access the child’s school
records through an online portal, which the school district began implementing in 2012. The
portal could be accessed using a school-provided username and password; Brian passed that
information along to Roy in July 2012 at Mary Beth’s request. He explained that at the time, he
had been e-mailing Roy all of the child’s progress reports and report cards, so sending the
information to Roy would allow him to access that material himself.

¶ 35 3. Trial Court Order
¶ 36 On August 5, 2015, the trial court entered an order on Roy’s petition. Concerning Father’s
Day weekend, the trial court noted that “[t]his Court finds it incredibly unnerving the amount
of responsibility the parties give to their twelve-year-old child. The Court is concerned that
Mary Beth allows [the child] to pick and choose when he wants to visit with either parent and
also let [the child] decide when he can play in a baseball game after claiming a medical ailment
prevented him from visiting with his father. This Court is by no means downplaying [the
child’s] medical issues; however, if [the child] is too sick to visit with his father, then he should
not be playing in a baseball game the next day. At the very least, Mary Beth should have
informed Roy that [the child] was feeling better. The fact that Roy was only informed of [the
child’s] well-being through a text from [the child] about his baseball game calls into question
the creditability of the statements made by Mary Beth in alleging that she did not interfere in
Roy’s parenting time.” The court did, however, note that Roy had parenting time on Father’s
Day itself, June 15, 2014, from approximately 11 a.m. to 2 p.m., and found that Roy had not
presented clear evidence to establish that Mary Beth restricted his parenting time on Father’s
Day.
¶ 37 With respect to Roy’s summer parenting time, the court found that the evidence established
that Roy was informed of the child’s band camp schedule through a text sent by the child on
June 12, that he had a copy of the child’s baseball schedule and that he knew or should have
known of the continued baseball schedule due to playoffs. The court noted that “[i]t is not
visitation abuse when the minor child has pre-planned activities, like [the child], that he or she
has been a part of for an entire sport’s season or year, especially when both parents are aware
of the activities and have supported the child throughout his or her participation in the
activities.” The court found that there was no evidence that Mary Beth interfered with Roy’s
summer parenting time and further found that Roy was able to exercise his summer parenting
time with the child. The court did, however, criticize Mary Beth’s decision to involve the
police in the parenting time exchange that occurred on June 20, 2014, noting that “Mary Beth
and Roy are the parents of [the child], not the police. It is not the responsibility of the police
department to talk [the child] into going with his father for parenting time. It is unlikely that the
presence of the police did little more than scare the child into attending parenting time with

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 [his] father. This Court hopes that both parties consider the potential negative impact on the
minor child before engaging the police in future parenting time exchanges.”
¶ 38 Finally, concerning the child’s trip to the Mayo Clinic at the end of December 2013, the
court found that “[w]hile it is unfortunate that the appointment fell on Roy’s parenting time,”
Mary Beth did not intentionally schedule the appointment in an attempt to interfere with Roy’s
parenting time. The court found that the child had a severe medical issue known to both
parents, sustained a flare-up of that medical issue on December 25, 2013, and necessary
medical follow-up was sought by Mary Beth as soon as possible. The court further noted that
Roy was informed of the appointment and even drove to Minnesota to visit the child. However,
the court found that Roy requested makeup time for the period of parenting time that he missed
and that it was unclear whether Mary Beth ever agreed to the requested makeup time; the court
found that “through Roy’s testimony and the evidence presented, it appears that Roy’s request
was ignored.”
¶ 39 After making the above findings of fact, the court concluded:
“1. Roy was scheduled to have parenting time with [the child] on June 13, 2014
through June 15, 2014; December 28, 2013 through December 31, 2013 and January 1,
2014 through January 2, 2014; and from June 20, 2014 through June 29, 2014.
2. *** The weekend of June 13 through June 14, 2014 fell on Roy’s parenting time
weekend. Mary Beth denied him the right to exercise his parenting time with the minor
child as outlined in the December 16, 2011 Agreed Order. She has not given any legally
sufficient reasons for failure to comply with the aforementioned order and her failure to
comply with the order was willful and contumacious. Her conduct defeated and
impaired the rights and interests of Roy and has further impeded and obstructed the
Court in its[ ] administration of justice.
3. *** In 2014, Roy’s summer vacation parenting time based on the
aforementioned Agreed Order was from June 20, 2014 to June 29, 2014. For that time
period, Roy was able to exercise his summer vacation parenting time with [the child],
despite [the child’s] summer activity schedule. Although Roy’s parenting time was
subject to the child’s activity schedule, it was not due to any willful or contumacious
behavior of Mary Beth.
4. *** For the time period of December 28, 2013 through December 31, 2013 and
January 1, 2014 through January 2, 2014, Roy was not able to exercise all of his
awarded parenting time due to [the child’s] medical issues which caused the necessity
of traveling to Rochester, Minnesota for medical treatment. Although Roy missed the
parenting time, it was not due to any willful or contumacious behavior. Mary Beth had
a legally sufficient reason for failing to comply with the aforementioned order.
5. Pursuant to Paragraph 3.4 of the parties’ Judgment for Dissolution of Marriage
entered on April 17, 2003, which allows for makeup parenting time when a party is
unable to exercise his or her allotted parenting time, Roy should have received make up
parenting time for the parenting time he missed on June 13 through June 14, 2014 and
the days he missed between December 28 through December 31, 2013 and January 1
through January 2, 2014.”
¶ 40 The court granted count I of Roy’s petition, which was for visitation abuse, in part,
ordering:

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 “a. Petitioner, Mary Beth Knoll f/k/a Mary Beth Hickey Coyne, is hereby found
and declared to be in indirect civil contempt of Court for her willful failure to obey the
Court’s Order as herein stated and for visitation abuse for the time period of June 13
and 14, 2014;
b. The parties shall immediately determine a make-up parenting time schedule for
the parenting time missed by Respondent, Roy James Coyne, for the periods of June 13
through June 14, 2014 and the days that Roy missed parenting time during [the child’s]
2013 Winter Break, pursuant to Paragraph 3.4 of the parties’ Judgment for Dissolution
of Marriage entered on April 17, 2003.”
The court, however, denied count II of the petition, which was for indirect civil contempt. With
respect to count III, Roy’s attorney fees, the court ordered that attorney fees were “subject to
further court order entered after the filing of the proper petition.”
¶ 41 On September 2, 2015, Mary Beth filed a notice of appeal, appealing the trial court’s
finding her to be in civil contempt. On September 15, 2015, Roy filed a notice of cross-appeal,
appealing the trial court’s denial of count II of the petition as well as the trial court’s “findings
and rulings as to any relief denied to him.”

¶ 42 ANALYSIS
¶ 43 On appeal, Mary Beth challenges the trial court’s finding her in civil contempt with respect
to Father’s Day weekend and also challenges the trial court’s finding that Roy was entitled to
makeup visitation. In his cross-appeal, Roy argues that the trial court “erred in denying certain
relief to” him. Prior to considering the merits of the parties’ arguments, we must first discuss
an issue raised by Roy concerning this court’s jurisdiction to hear the instant appeals. The
question of whether we have jurisdiction over the instant appeals presents a question of law,
which we review de novo. In re Marriage of Demaret, 2012 IL App (1st) 111916, ¶ 25; In re
Marriage of Gutman, 232 Ill. 2d 145, 150 (2008). De novo consideration means we perform
the same analysis that a trial judge would perform. Khan v. BDO Seidman, LLP, 408 Ill. App.
3d 564, 578 (2011).
¶ 44 In the case at bar, Mary Beth claims that there are two separate bases for jurisdiction. One
such basis is Illinois Supreme Court Rule 304(b)(5) (Feb. 26, 2010), which provides that “[a]n
order finding a person or entity in contempt of court which imposes a monetary or other
penalty” is appealable without a Rule 304(a) finding. Our supreme court has made clear,
however, that “only a contempt judgment that imposes a sanction is a final, appealable order.”
(Emphasis in original.) Gutman, 232 Ill. 2d at 152. Here, Mary Beth claims that the trial court
found Mary Beth to be in civil contempt of court “and penalized her by ordering her to cede a
portion of her time with [the child] to Roy as make-up visitation.” While we are mindful that,
to the parent, any reduction in parenting time feels like a penalty, Illinois law establishes that
parenting time is something that is guided by the best interests of the child and is not a vehicle
used to punish either parent. See, e.g., 750 ILCS 5/607(c) (West 2012) (providing that “[t]he
court may modify an order granting or denying visitation rights of a parent whenever
modification would serve the best interest of the child”); Pryweller v. Pryweller, 218 Ill. App.
3d 619, 633 (1991) (“We also emphasize that, even in contempt proceedings involving
visitation abuse issues, the importance of the children’s best interests must not be lost, and the
children should not be used as pawns.”); In re Marriage of Mitchell, 319 Ill. App. 3d 17, 22
(2001) (“Visitation should not be used to penalize or reward parents for their conduct.”). Thus,

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 the trial court’s finding that Roy was entitled to makeup parenting time cannot be considered a
penalty or sanction imposed on Mary Beth that would render the civil contempt order
appealable.
¶ 45 Mary Beth also claims that we have jurisdiction under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 301
(eff. Feb. 1, 1994),1 which provides for appeals from final judgments, despite the fact that
there are several outstanding matters between the parties, including Roy’s petitions for
modification of the visitation schedule, enrolling the child in therapy, altering the drop-off and
pick-up points for visitations, and attorney fees. “ ‘An order is final and appealable if it
terminates the litigation between the parties on the merits or disposes of the rights of the
parties, either on the entire controversy or a separate part thereof.’ [Citation.] Absent a Rule
304(a) finding, a final order disposing of fewer than all of the claims is not an appealable order
and does not become appealable until all of the claims have been resolved.” Gutman, 232 Ill.
2d at 151 (quoting R.W. Dunteman Co. v. C/G Enterprises, Inc., 181 Ill. 2d 153, 159 (1998)).
¶ 46 However, Mary Beth cites a line of cases2 in which our appellate courts have held that a
postdissolution order may be an appealable order even if other postdissolution matters are
pending, so long as the matters are sufficiently unrelated. See In re Marriage of A’Hearn, 408
Ill. App. 3d 1091, 1098 (2011) (finding jurisdiction where pending petitions for rule to show
cause were not related to a petition for modification of custody at issue on appeal); In re
Marriage of Demaret, 2012 IL App (1st) 111916, ¶ 38 (finding jurisdiction where a party’s
petition for attorney fees was “wholly unrelated” to the issues presented in the removal petition
at issue on appeal); In re Baumgartner, 2014 IL App (1st) 120552, ¶ 36 (finding jurisdiction
where a pending petition for attorney fees was unrelated to the determination of the parties’
obligation to provide educational expenses for their child). See also In re Parentage of Rogan
M., 2014 IL App (1st) 132765, ¶ 14 (noting the “need for the reviewing court to examine the
relationship of any pending matters to those being appealed”). In the case at bar, we agree with
Mary Beth that the matters remaining pending between the parties are unrelated to the petition
at issue on appeal. The pending matters all concern either the parties’ visitation schedule in the
future or Roy’s attorney fees. These issues are wholly unrelated to the question of whether
Mary Beth engaged in visitation abuse in 2013 and 2014. Accordingly, we find we have
jurisdiction over the instant appeals and proceed to consider their merits.

¶ 47 I. Mary Beth’s Appeal
¶ 48 We first consider Mary Beth’s appeal, in which she claims that the trial court order finding
her in civil contempt was erroneous in several respects. First, she claims that the trial court’s
finding that she willfully failed to comply with the court’s orders concerning visitation was
contrary to the evidence adduced at trial. Next, she claims that the order was invalid because it
did not contain a provision allowing her to purge herself of the civil contempt. Finally, she
claims that Roy had received makeup visitation on numerous occasions, and therefore, the trial

1
Mary Beth actually claims we have jurisdiction under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 303 (eff. Jan. 1,
2015). However, Rule 303 provides the procedures for appealing from final judgments. Ill. S. Ct. R.
303 (eff. Jan. 1, 2015). It is Illinois Supreme Court Rule 301 (eff. Feb. 1, 1994) that actually provides
that “[e]very final judgment of a circuit court in a civil case is appealable as of right.”
2
We note that there is a split of authority on this issue. See In re Marriage of Demaret, 2012 IL App
(1st) 111916, ¶¶ 26-37 (discussing the conflict between courts).

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 court erred in finding he was entitled to makeup visitation. We consider each argument in turn.

¶ 49 A. Finding of Civil Contempt Due to Visitation Abuse
¶ 50 Mary Beth first argues that the trial court’s finding that she was in civil contempt because
she denied Roy’s visitation was contrary to the evidence heard by the trial court. “Generally,
civil contempt occurs when a party fails to do something ordered by the trial court, resulting in
the loss of a benefit or advantage to the opposing party.” In re Marriage of Charous, 368 Ill.
App. 3d 99, 107 (2006). “Where a parent is found in contempt for failure to turn a child over to
the other parent for visitation or custody, the conduct occurs outside of the court’s presence
and must be construed as indirect contempt.” (Emphasis omitted.) Pryweller, 218 Ill. App. 3d
at 630. “Proof of willful disobedience of a court order is essential to any finding of indirect
civil contempt.” In re Marriage of McCormick, 2013 IL App (2d) 120100, ¶ 17. The burden
initially falls on the petitioner to establish, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the alleged
contemnor has violated a court order. McCormick, 2013 IL App (2d) 120100, ¶ 17. Once that
burden is satisfied, the burden shifts to the contemnor, who has the burden of showing that the
violation was not willful and contumacious and that he or she had a valid excuse for failing to
follow the order. McCormick, 2013 IL App (2d) 120100, ¶ 17. “Contumacious conduct
consists of ‘conduct calculated to embarrass, hinder, or obstruct a court in its administration of
justice or lessening the authority and dignity of the court.’ ” Charous, 368 Ill. App. 3d at 108
(quoting In re Marriage of Fuesting, 228 Ill. App. 3d 339, 349 (1992)). “Whether a party is
guilty of contempt is a question of fact for the trial court, and a reviewing court should not
disturb the trial court’s determination unless it is against the manifest weight of the evidence or
the record reflects an abuse of discretion.” McCormick, 2013 IL App (2d) 120100, ¶ 17. “A
decision is against the manifest weight of the evidence where the opposite conclusion is clearly
evident or where the court’s findings are unreasonable, arbitrary, and not based on any of the
evidence.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Demaret, 2012 IL App (1st) 111916, ¶ 43.
¶ 51 In the case at bar, the trial court found that on June 13 and 14, 2014, Mary Beth denied Roy
the right to exercise his parenting time with the child as outlined in the December 16, 2011,
agreed order and further found that Mary Beth’s failure to comply with the order was willful
and contumacious.3 Mary Beth claims that “[t]he trial court supplies no facts or reasoning
whatsoever to explain how Mary Beth denied Roy visitation; the order does not state (1) how
Mary Beth denied Roy his right to exercise visitation, (2) how Mary Beth failed to comply with
the trial court’s order, or (3) how Mary Beth’s claimed failure to comply was willful.” We do
not find this argument persuasive.
¶ 52 First, in an indirect civil contempt proceeding, “[t]he judge does not have full personal
knowledge of the elements, and proof of facts of which the court cannot take judicial notice
must be presented in order for the court to make a finding of contempt.” Pryweller, 218 Ill.
App. 3d at 629. “An appellate court will accordingly have at its disposal the benefit of the
record, including the petition alleging specific acts of contempt and the testimony adduced at

3
We note that the trial court did not find Mary Beth in civil contempt concerning Roy’s summer
2014 vacation or the trip to the Mayo Clinic at the end of 2013. While the court found that Roy was
entitled to makeup time for the latter, in its findings of fact, the court expressly noted that “[a]lthough
Roy missed the parenting time, it was not due to any willful or contumacious behavior. Mary Beth had
a legally sufficient reason for failing to comply with the aforementioned order.”

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 the hearing, to adequately determine whether the finding of contempt is substantiated.” In re
Marriage of Betts, 155 Ill. App. 3d 85, 98 (1987). Since “[t]he purpose of requiring that facts
constituting contempt be set forth with specificity is to afford an appellate court a basis for
reviewing the contempt order” (Betts, 155 Ill. App. 3d at 97-98), in an indirect civil contempt
proceeding, “such a failure under the facts is not fatal” (Betts, 155 Ill. App. 3d at 97).
¶ 53 Furthermore, in the instant case, the trial court order did explain the factual basis for its
decision, contrary to Mary Beth’s contention. The court’s order states that the testimony of the
parties revealed that the weekend of June 13 through June 15, 2014, was allocated to Roy for
parenting time. However, on June 13, Mary Beth contacted Roy to inform him that the child
wanted to stay home due to a flare-up of his medical issue. Roy nevertheless sought to exercise
his parenting time, coming to Mary Beth’s home to pick up the child. After a discussion with
the child, Roy left without him and made plans to exercise parenting time on Father’s Day,
June 15. Thus, Roy was not allowed to exercise his parenting time on June 13 or 14, despite the
trial court’s finding that “Roy’s ability to care for [the child] was never in question.” The next
day, Roy received a text message from the child—not from Mary Beth, which the trial court
found significant—indicating that the child would be playing in his baseball game that
afternoon. The trial court made clear in its order that it was “concerned” that Mary Beth
permitted the child to “pick and choose” when he would visit with Roy and that Mary Beth
permitted the child to decide to play in his baseball game after being too ill to visit with Roy the
prior day. We note that “Illinois courts have held that a custodial parent may not disregard the
visitation requirements of a dissolution judgment merely because his or her children do not
desire to visit the noncustodial parent.” Charous, 368 Ill. App. 3d at 111. In other words, it was
not the child’s choice as to whether Roy would be able to exercise visitation on June 13 or
14—as the custodial parent, such a decision fell to Mary Beth. See Charous, 368 Ill. App. 3d at
112 (“[The custodial mother] cannot escape responsibility for her failure to comply with the
visitation provisions of the parenting agreement by shifting the blame to the children.
Although [the children] were not children of tender years, they were nonetheless minor
children under the care, control, and custody of [the mother].”). The trial court in the instant
case found that Mary Beth had not demonstrated any justification for denying Roy his
parenting time, and we cannot find that such a decision was against the manifest weight of the
evidence.
¶ 54 Mary Beth argues that she did not deny Roy’s visitation rights and that, instead, Roy
“voluntarily elected to forego his visitation and made no attempt to resume it.” She claims that
after Roy arrived at her home on June 13, he “voluntarily left” after inspecting the child’s side
and further claims that he made no effort to resume his visitation until June 15, despite
knowing that the child felt well enough to play in his baseball game. However, “[w]itness
credibility and resolution of conflicts in evidence are matters within the discretion of the trial
judge and should not be disturbed upon review.” Moniuszko v. Moniuszko, 238 Ill. App. 3d
523, 530 (1992). Here, the trial court observed both parties testify during a several-day-long
hearing and we will not second-guess its determination that Roy was denied his visitation
instead of “voluntarily elect[ing] to forego” it, as Mary Beth contends.

¶ 55 B. Purge Provision
¶ 56 Mary Beth’s second argument on appeal is that the trial court’s civil contempt order was
invalid as it did not contain a purge provision. Our supreme court has explained that “[w]hen a

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 party is found in civil contempt of court, *** the contempt order is coercive in nature. The
court seeks only to secure obedience to its prior order. Since the contempt order is coercive
rather than punitive, the civil contemnor must be provided with the ‘keys to his cell.’ That is,
he must be allowed to purge himself of contempt even after he has been imprisoned.” In re
Marriage of Logston, 103 Ill. 2d 266, 289 (1984).
¶ 57 In the case at bar, the trial court’s order granting count I of Roy’s petition, which was for
visitation abuse, in part, stated:
“a. Petitioner, Mary Beth Knoll f/k/a Mary Beth Hickey Coyne, is hereby found
and declared to be in indirect civil contempt of Court for her willful failure to obey the
Court’s Order as herein stated and for visitation abuse for the time period of June 13
and 14, 2014;
b. The parties shall immediately determine a make-up parenting time schedule for
the parenting time missed by Respondent, Roy James Coyne, for the periods of June 13
through June 14, 2014 and the days that Roy missed parenting time during [the child’s]
2013 Winter Break, pursuant to Paragraph 3.4 of the parties’ Judgment for Dissolution
of Marriage entered on April 17, 2003.”
Mary Beth argues that that the order “neither uses the word ‘purge’ nor otherwise sets forth the
conditions upon which Mary Beth may dissolve the indirect civil contempt” and, accordingly,
does not constitute a valid civil contempt order. Roy, by contrast, argues that the order for
makeup visitation operates as a purge provision. We agree with Mary Beth.
¶ 58 “A valid contempt order must contain a purge provision, which lifts the sanction when the
contemnor complies with the order. [Citation.] A civil contempt order that fails to provide the
contemnor with the ‘keys to his cell’ is void.” Bank of America, N.A. v. Freed, 2012 IL App
(1st) 113178, ¶ 42. In the case at bar, the order does not provide for any way for Mary Beth to
purge her civil contempt; it does not say that the civil contempt will be purged through makeup
visitation, as Roy attempts to argue. Furthermore, even the makeup visitation provision would
not provide Mary Beth with the “keys to her cell,” as it specifies that “[t]he parties shall
immediately determine a make-up parenting time schedule.” Thus, Roy’s participation is a
necessary prerequisite to establishing a makeup parenting time schedule. We have found that it
is not a proper purge provision where the provision requires action by a third party to be
effective. See Bank of America, 2012 IL App (1st) 113178, ¶ 44 (finding a purge provision
invalid where it contained a requirement that a receiver make a recommendation to the court
regarding the collection, sale, and distribution of the defendants’ assets and noting that “[t]hese
provisions appear to take the keys out of the defendants’ hands and give them to the receiver,
for even if defendants cooperate with the receiver, the contempt will not be purged until the
receiver determines that his investigation is complete and makes a report and recommendation
to the court”). Here, even if Mary Beth reached out to establish a makeup schedule, Roy could
single-handedly prevent such a schedule through his conduct. Thus, even if it could be
considered to be a purge provision, it would not be a proper one. Accordingly, the civil
contempt finding must be vacated.
¶ 59 As an aside, although the parties do not discuss the issue, we must note that the court’s
contempt order in the instant case could also be arguably characterized as criminal contempt in
addition to civil contempt. While civil contempt is designed to compel compliance with a court
order, “criminal contempt is ‘instituted to punish, as opposed to coerce, a contemnor for past
contumacious conduct.’ ” Emery v. Northeast Illinois Regional Transportation Co., 374 Ill.

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 App. 3d 974, 977 (2007) (quoting In re Marriage of Sharp, 369 Ill. App. 3d 271, 279 (2006)).
“ ‘Criminal sanctions are retrospective in that they seek to punish a contemnor for past acts that
he cannot now undo.’ ” Emery, 374 Ill. App. 3d at 977 (quoting Sharp, 369 Ill. App. 3d at 279).
Here, the court found Mary Beth in contempt for denying Roy visitation on June 13 and 14,
2014, an action which cannot be undone. Thus, the court’s contempt finding could have been
arguably characterized as a criminal contempt finding, in addition to a civil one. This does not
salvage the court’s order, however, because, as we discussed in our jurisdictional analysis, the
trial court did not impose a punishment and only ordered makeup visitation. Thus, Mary Beth
was not “punished” in any way other than being found in contempt. Moreover, in a criminal
contempt proceeding, the contemnor is entitled to similar constitutional protections and
procedural rights as in other criminal proceedings. People v. Budzynski, 333 Ill. App. 3d 433,
438-39 (2002). “The defendant in an indirect criminal contempt action has a right to be
charged by written complaint, petition, or information; a right to personal service; a right to file
an answer; a right to be heard; a right to present evidence; a right to cross-examine witnesses; a
right to subpoena witnesses; a right to a public hearing; a right to the privilege against
self-incrimination; a right to counsel and the appointment of counsel if indigent; and a right to
be proved guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” Budzynski, 333 Ill. App. 3d at 439 (citing In re
Marriage of Betts, 200 Ill. App. 3d 26, 53-34 (1990)). Additionally, the contemnor may move
for a substitution of judge and, if the potential penalty may exceed six months’ incarceration or
a fine of $500, the contemnor is entitled to a trial by jury. SKS & Associates, Inc. v. Dart, 2012
IL App (1st) 103504, ¶ 21. Furthermore, “[t]he alleged contemnor cannot assert these rights
unless he receives proper notice of the nature of the charges against him. Accordingly, any
party wishing to initiate indirect criminal contempt proceedings must not only notify the
alleged contemnor that sanctions are being sought, but that the proceedings were criminal in
nature.” People v. Goleash, 311 Ill. App. 3d 949, 957 (2000). “Unless a contemnor is notified
in advance of the nature of the charge, the contemnor would be impermissibly precluded from
asserting her due process rights and certainly could not knowingly waive such rights.”
(Emphasis in original.) In re J.L.D., 178 Ill. App. 3d 1025, 1031 (1989) (finding that “the
failure of the trial court to advise respondent of the nature of the proceedings” was reversible
error). See also People v. Covington, 395 Ill. App. 3d 996, 1009 (2009) (finding the trial court
erred in entering a criminal contempt judgment against the defendant without providing the
necessary criminal procedural rights where “at no point during the indirect criminal contempt
proceeding was defendant admonished of his right to counsel”). Since Mary Beth was not
admonished of these rights, a criminal contempt finding could not be valid.
¶ 60 Nevertheless, vacating the finding of civil contempt is not the end of the appeal. “As a
reviewing court, we can sustain the decision of a lower court on any grounds which are called
for by the record, regardless of whether the lower court relied on those grounds and regardless
of whether the lower court’s reasoning was correct.” Leonardi v. Loyola University of
Chicago, 168 Ill. 2d 83, 97 (1995). In the case at bar, the trial court’s order found both that
Mary Beth was in indirect civil contempt and that she had engaged in visitation abuse for the
time period of June 13 and 14, 2014.4

Indeed, we note that count I of Roy’s petition was expressly for visitation abuse and sought a civil
4

contempt finding as a remedy for the visitation abuse.

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¶ 61 “Section 607.1 [of the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (Act) (750 ILCS
5/607.1 (West 2012))] provides a party an alternative remedy to seek enforcement of
court-ordered visitation that is separate and apart from the trial court’s contempt power.”
Charous, 368 Ill. App. 3d at 114. Under section 607.1, “[v]isitation abuse occurs when a party
has willfully and without justification: (1) denied another party visitation as set forth by the
court; or (2) exercised his or her visitation rights in a manner that is harmful to the child or
child’s custodian.” 750 ILCS 5/607.1(a) (West 2012). “A trial court’s finding that a party
committed visitation abuse will not be disturbed unless it is against the manifest weight of the
evidence.” Charous, 368 Ill. App. 3d at 114 (citing In re Marriage of Aleshire, 273 Ill. App. 3d
81, 83 (1995)). As noted, “[a] decision is against the manifest weight of the evidence where the
opposite conclusion is clearly evident or where the court’s findings are unreasonable, arbitrary,
and not based on any of the evidence.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Demaret, 2012 IL
App (1st) 111916, ¶ 43.
¶ 62 In the case at bar, as we have discussed above, the trial court’s finding that Mary Beth had
willfully denied Roy his visitation rights on June 13 and 14, 2014, was not against the manifest
weight of the evidence. The same reasoning set forth in our discussion concerning the civil
contempt finding applies here, as both require the finding of a willful denial of visitation. See
Charous, 368 Ill. App. 3d at 114 (referring to its reasoning on contempt issue in determining
whether visitation abuse had occurred). Thus, we affirm the trial court’s judgment finding that
Mary Beth engaged in visitation abuse on June 13 and 14, 2014.
¶ 63 “Upon a finding of visitation abuse, a trial court is authorized to (1) modify the visitation
order; (2) order supervised visitation with a third party or public agency; (3) order makeup
visitation; (4) order the parties to participate in counseling and mediation; and (5) order other
appropriate relief deemed equitable.” Charous, 368 Ill. App. 3d at 114; 750 ILCS 5/607.1(c)
(West 2012). In the case at bar, the trial court ordered makeup visitation for the periods of time
in which Roy was unable to exercise his parenting time, a remedy that is expressly authorized
by statute. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

¶ 64 C. Makeup Parenting Time
¶ 65 Mary Beth’s final argument is that, to the extent that Roy was entitled to makeup parenting
time, he had already received it. Mary Beth argues that she agreed to give Roy additional
visitation on over 20 occasions after January 2, 2014, which satisfied any makeup time to
which he was entitled. Roy admits that Mary Beth allowed him additional parenting time for
Blackhawks games and other such events, but argues that this was not a substitute for the
visitation to which he was entitled under the parenting agreement, especially since he was
entitled to overnight visitation on the days he missed.
¶ 66 We agree with Roy that the kind of visitation permitted makes a difference in determining
whether there has been makeup time. For instance, in permitting an award of makeup time for
visitation abuse, section 607.1 of the Act notes that it should be “[m]ake up visitation of the
same time period, such as weekend for weekend, holiday for holiday.” 750 ILCS 5/607.1(c)(3)
(West 2012). Additionally, Mary Beth raised the additional visitation times before the trial
court, and the trial court was aware of all of the evidence of visitation. We will not
second-guess the trial court’s factual determination that the additional visits permitted by Mary
Beth did not constitute makeup time for the times that Roy missed. Accordingly, we affirm the
trial court’s judgment on the makeup visitation, but, as noted, on the basis of visitation abuse

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 instead of civil contempt.

¶ 67 II. Roy’s Cross-Appeal
¶ 68 In his cross-appeal, Roy argues that “[t]he trial court erred in denying certain relief to” him.
Roy argues that the trial court’s finding that Roy did not miss any summer visitation was
against the manifest weight of the evidence because Roy was prevented from taking the child
out of state, as he had wished to do, and “there is authority in Illinois that overscheduling the
child can be contempt of court and visitation abuse.” Roy also claims that Mary Beth “engaged
in other contemptuous conduct” and proceeds to list a page and a half of her alleged misdeeds.
¶ 69 We agree with Mary Beth that Roy’s cross-appeal is seriously deficient. His arguments are
undeveloped and have only one citation to authority, a case which does not support his
argument.5 “This court is entitled to have issues clearly defined with pertinent authority cited
and cohesive arguments presented [citation], and it is not a repository into which an appellant
may foist the burden of argument and research.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Velocity
Investments, LLC v. Alston, 397 Ill. App. 3d 296, 297 (2010). Since the deficiencies in Roy’s
brief render us unable to understand the arguments he wishes to raise on appeal or the basis for
those arguments, we dismiss Roy’s cross-appeal. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (“Points not
argued are waived and shall not be raised in the reply brief, in oral argument, or on petition for
rehearing.”).

¶ 70 CONCLUSION
¶ 71 For the reasons set forth above, we cannot find that the trial court’s finding that Mary Beth
willfully denied Roy visitation on June 13 and 14, 2014, to be against the manifest weight of
the evidence. We vacate the portion of the order finding her in civil contempt of court, but
affirm the finding that she engaged in visitation abuse. We further affirm the trial court’s order
of makeup visitation. Roy’s cross-appeal is dismissed for lack of compliance with Illinois
Supreme Court Rules.

¶ 72 Civil contempt judgment vacated; judgment affirmed in all other respects.

5
Roy cites Charous in support of his statement that “there is authority in Illinois that
overscheduling the child can be contempt of court and visitation abuse.” However, in Charous, it was
the mother’s use of the children’s schedules as an excuse, not the activities themselves, that served as
the basis for the contempt and visitation abuse findings. See Charous, 368 Ill. App. 3d at 111 (rejecting
the mother’s assertions that the children’s extracurricular activities justified her noncompliance with
the visitation provisions of the parenting agreement).

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