People v. Durham

State of New York
Supreme Court, Appellate Division
Third Judicial Department
Decided and Entered: January 12, 2017 105224
________________________________

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF
NEW YORK,
Respondent,
v MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

JOSEPH DURHAM,
Appellant.
________________________________

Calendar Date: November 15, 2016

Before: Garry, J.P., Egan Jr., Devine, Clark and Mulvey, JJ.

__________

Sandra McCarthy, Conflict Defender, Troy (Joseph Ahern of
counsel), for appellant.

Joel E. Abelove, District Attorney, Troy (Vincent J.
O'Neill of counsel), for respondent.

__________

Clark, J.

Appeal from a judgment of the County Court of Rensselaer
County (Ceresia, J.), rendered July 5, 2012, upon a verdict
convicting defendant of the crimes of criminal possession of a
weapon in the second degree and reckless endangerment in the
first degree.

On April 29, 2011, at approximately 5:30 p.m., two police
officers and a K-9 dog pursued defendant on foot after he exited
the front passenger side of a vehicle that was subject to a
lawful traffic stop. During the pursuit, a firearm was
discharged three times in the direction of one of the police
officers. Defendant was ultimately apprehended and arrested by
law enforcement and he was thereafter charged with attempted
 -2- 105224

murder in the first degree, two counts of criminal possession of
a weapon in the second degree and reckless endangerment in the
first degree. Following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of
criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree and reckless
endangerment in the first degree. County Court sentenced him, as
a second felony offender, to a prison term of 15 years, followed
by five years of postrelease supervision, on his conviction for
criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree and, as a
second felony offender, to a consecutive prison term of 3½ to 7
years on his conviction for reckless endangerment in the first
degree. Defendant appeals, and we affirm.

Defendant argues that County Court should have suppressed
physical evidence, as well as a statement that he made to police
following his apprehension, on the basis that the police did not
have the requisite reasonable suspicion of criminal activity to
lawfully pursue him once he fled. "Police pursuit of an
individual 'significantly impede[s]' the person's freedom of
movement and thus must be justified by reasonable suspicion that
a crime has been, is being, or is about to be committed" (People
v Holmes, 81 NY2d 1056, 1057-1058 [1993], quoting People v
Martinez, 80 NY2d 444, 447 [1992]). "Flight alone, even if
accompanied with equivocal circumstances that would justify a
police request for information, does not establish reasonable
suspicion of criminality and is insufficient to justify pursuit,
although it may give rise to reasonable suspicion if combined
with other specific circumstances indicating the suspect's
possible engagement in criminal activity" (People v Reyes, 69
AD3d 523, 525-526 [2010], appeal dismissed 15 NY3d 863 [2010];
see People v Pines, 99 NY2d 525, 527 [2002]; People v Holmes, 81
NY2d at 1058; People v Smith, 140 AD3d 1396, 1397 [2016], lv
denied 28 NY3d 936 [2016]).

Here, while on patrol in a marked K-9 police vehicle, two
police officers initiated a lawful traffic stop after they
observed a vehicle that did not have a license plate affixed to
the front bumper but instead was displayed on the dashboard in an
inconspicuous manner (see Vehicle and Traffic Law § 402 [1] [a];
People v Hale, 130 AD3d 1540, 1540 [2015], lv denied 26 NY3d 1088
[2015]; People v Newman, 96 AD3d 34, 40 [2012], lv denied 19 NY3d
999 [2012]; People v Brooks, 23 AD3d 847, 849 [2005], lv denied 6
 -3- 105224

NY3d 810 [2006]). At the time that they initiated the stop, the
officers were also operating under the reasonable belief that the
vehicle was being driven by an individual who was wanted on an
outstanding arrest warrant for robbery in the first degree and
who was also "named" as being involved in four shootings that had
taken place over the previous four days. Despite the activation
of the police vehicle's emergency lights and sirens, the vehicle
did not stop and the police followed the vehicle for a number of
blocks, observing it proceed through two stop signs, travel in
the wrong lane of traffic and repeatedly pull toward the curb as
if it was about to pull over but then pull back into traffic.1

Both officers testified that, during their ongoing attempt
to stop the vehicle, they observed an individual seated in the
front passenger seat "leaning forward as if he was going for the
glove compartment area or the floor" and moving about in a manner
that, because they could not see his hands, led them to believe
that the individual may have been retrieving or secreting
something. The vehicle eventually slowed and pulled toward the
curb, at which point the individual exited the front passenger
door, looked in the officers' direction, making brief eye
contact, "reached down towards his waistband as if he was holding
something" and fled, ignoring the officers' directions to stop.
The officers each testified that they immediately recognized the
individual to be defendant, who they knew was a person of
interest in the recent shootings and a suspect in at least one of
those shootings. Further, one of the officers testified that,
because firearms are ordinarily carried on a person's waistband
and given defendant's alleged involvement in the recent
shootings, he feared that defendant was carrying a gun. As the
situation unfolded, the officers developed a reasonable suspicion
that defendant was engaged in criminal activity – that is, the
unlawful possession of a weapon – and thus they were justified in
pursuing defendant and releasing the K-9 dog to assist in their

1
These additional observed traffic violations provided
further grounds for the traffic stop (see Vehicle and Traffic Law
§ 1172 [a]; People v Douglas, 42 AD3d 756, 757 [2007], lv denied
9 NY3d 922 [2007]; People v Davis, 32 AD3d 445, 445 [2006], lv
denied 7 NY3d 924 [2006]).
 -4- 105224

efforts to stop and detain him (see People v Pines, 99 NY2d at
526-527; People v Curtis, 29 AD3d 316, 317 [2006], lv denied 7
NY3d 866 [2006]; People v Rivera, 286 AD2d 235, 235-236 [2001],
lv denied 97 NY2d 760 [2002]). Although defendant raised issues
as to the officers' credibility, we defer to County Court's
determination to credit their testimony (see People v Belle, 74
AD3d 1477, 1479 [2010], lv denied 15 NY3d 918 [2010]; People v
Harper, 73 AD3d 1389, 1389 [2010], lv denied 15 NY3d 920 [2010]).
Therefore, County Court properly denied defendant's suppression
motion. Furthermore, defendant did not preserve his contention
that law enforcement used excessive force to stop and detain him,
as he failed to raise it in his omnibus motion or at the
suppression hearing (see People v Price, 112 AD3d 1345, 1345-1346
[2013]; People v Gomez, 193 AD2d 882, 883 [1993], lv denied 82
NY2d 708 [1993]).

Defendant also contends that his convictions were not
supported by legally sufficient evidence and were against the
weight of the evidence. In assessing whether a verdict is
legally sufficient, we must consider the facts in the light most
favorable to the People and determine whether "there is a valid
line of reasoning and permissible inferences from which a
rational jury could have found the elements of the crime proved
beyond a reasonable doubt" (People v Danielson, 9 NY3d 342, 349
[2007] [internal quotation marks and citations omitted]; accord
People v Denson, 26 NY3d 179, 188 [2015]). By contrast, in a
weight of the evidence review, we first decide whether a
different verdict would have been unreasonable and, if not, we
then "'weigh the relative probative force of conflicting
testimony and the relative strength of conflicting inferences
that may be drawn from the testimony'" to determine whether the
trier of fact accorded appropriate weight to the evidence (People
v Mateo, 2 NY3d 383, 410 [2004], cert denied 542 US 946 [2004],
quoting People v Bleakley, 69 NY2d 490, 495 [1987]; see People v
Cahill, 2 NY3d 14, 58 [2003]).

With respect to the charge of criminal possession of a
weapon in the second degree, the People were required to prove
that defendant possessed a loaded firearm outside of his home or
place of business (see Penal Law § 265.03 [3]; People v LaDuke,
140 AD3d 1467, 1468 [2016]). The charge of reckless endangerment
 -5- 105224

in the first degree required proof that, "under circumstances
evincing a depraved indifference to human life, [the defendant]
recklessly engage[d] in conduct which create[d] a grave risk of
death to another person" (Penal Law § 120.25; see People v Wells,
141 AD3d 1013, 1015 [2016]). In cases involving a discharged
weapon, the firing of a gun, without more, is insufficient to
support a reckless endangerment conviction; there must be
evidence demonstrating that the discharge created a grave risk of
death to a person (see People v Davis, 72 NY2d 32, 36 [1988];
People v Stanley, 108 AD3d 1129, 1131 [2013], lv denied 22 NY3d
959 [2013]; People v Thompson, 75 AD3d 760, 762 [2010], lvs
denied 15 NY3d 893, 894, 896 [2010]; People v Scott, 70 AD3d 978,
979 [2010], lvs denied 15 NY3d 778, 809 [2010]).

At trial, one of the police officers testified that, during
the pursuit, defendant, followed by the K-9 dog, rounded the
corner of a building and that, given the officer's training, he
stopped at the corner and proceeded cautiously around it. He
stated that he was roughly 15 feet behind the K-9 dog at the time
that he stopped and that, "[a]s [he] peered . . . out from the
corner, [he] heard [gun]shots ring out . . . in [his] direction."
The officer stated that, although he did not see the gun at the
moment that it was discharged, once he rounded the corner he saw
smoke, noticed the smell that accompanied the discharge of a
firearm and, because of his training, was able to discern that
the gun had been fired in his direction. When defendant was
ultimately apprehended, he stated that he had discarded the
firearm during the pursuit. A gun and spent shell casings were
subsequently discovered in close proximity to where the K-9 dog
had apprehended defendant and it was later determined that the
recovered gun was loaded and operable. The trial evidence
further established that the spent shell casings found at the
scene were the same type and caliber as those in the discarded
firearm and that a bullet that was extracted from the license
plate of a vehicle that was in the area had been fired from that
gun.

While the officer closest to defendant and the K-9 dog
testified that he believed that the gunshots were intended for
the K-9 dog, the mens rea element of reckless endangerment in the
first degree does not require proof that a defendant intended to
 -6- 105224

shoot at another person; it requires proof that, with "'utter
disregard for the value of human life'" (People v Feingold, 7
NY3d 288, 296 [2006], quoting People v Suarez, 6 NY3d 202, 214
[2005]), he or she was "aware of and consciously disregard[ed] a
substantial and unjustifiable risk that [a] result w[ould] occur
or that [a particular] circumstance exist[ed]" and that the
disregard of this risk "constitute[d] a gross deviation from the
standard of conduct that a reasonable person would [have]
observe[d] in the situation" (Penal Law § 15.05 [3]; see People v
Mitchell, 94 AD3d 1252, 1254 [2012], lv denied 19 NY3d 964
[2012]). The trial evidence demonstrated that defendant was
aware that law enforcement was in close pursuit behind the K-9
dog when he shot in their direction and disregarded the risk that
one of the officers could be gravely injured. Accordingly, the
conviction of reckless endangerment in the first degree is
supported by legally sufficient evidence (see People v Heesh, 94
AD3d 1159, 1161-1162 [2012], lv denied 19 NY3d 961 [2012]; People
v Yellen, 30 AD3d 634, 635-636 [2006], lv denied 8 NY3d 951
[2007]; People v Millan, 155 AD2d 621, 622-623 [1989], lv denied
75 NY2d 815 [1990]) and, although a contrary finding would not
have been unreasonable, we are satisfied that the guilty finding
was not against the weight of the evidence (see People v Mann, 63
AD3d 1372, 1373-1374 [2009], lv denied 13 NY3d 861 [2009]).
Further, upon consideration of defendant's admission that he
dropped the gun during the pursuit and since the discarded weapon
and shell casings were discovered nearby, we are similarly
satisfied that defendant's conviction for criminal possession of
a weapon in the second degree is supported by legally sufficient
evidence and was not against the weight of the evidence (see
People v Hawkins, 110 AD3d 1242, 1243 [2013], lv denied 22 NY3d
1041 [2013]; People v Mann, 63 AD3d at 1373-1374).

Lastly, we are unpersuaded by defendant's sentencing
challenges. County Court lawfully imposed consecutive sentences
on defendant's convictions, as the trial evidence demonstrated
that he knowingly and unlawfully possessed a loaded firearm
before he opened fire (see People v Brown, 21 NY3d 739, 749-752
[2013]; People v Mitchell, 118 AD3d 1417, 1418-1419 [2014], lv
denied 24 NY3d 963 [2014]; People v Rodriguez, 118 AD3d 451, 452
[2014], lv denied 24 NY3d 964 [2014]). Furthermore, considering
defendant's criminal history and that his conduct evinced a
 -7- 105224

complete disregard for public safety and endangered the law
enforcement officers involved in his pursuit, County Court's
imposition of the maximum permissible sentence was not an abuse
of discretion and we discern no extraordinary circumstances that
would warrant a reduction of defendant's sentence (see People v
Mann, 63 AD3d at 1374; People v Ryan, 46 AD3d 1125, 1128 [2007],
lv denied 10 NY3d 939 [2008]).

To the extent that any of defendant's contentions have not
been expressly addressed herein, they have been examined and
found to be without merit.

Garry, J.P., Egan Jr., Devine and Mulvey, JJ., concur.

ORDERED that the judgment is affirmed.

ENTER:

Robert D. Mayberger
Clerk of the Court