MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of establishing Jan 13 2017, 9:01 am
the defense of res judicata, collateral CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
estoppel, or the law of the case. Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Suzy St. John Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Marion County Public Defender Attorney General of Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana
Christina D. Pace
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Dwana Prince, January 13, 2017
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
49A04-1604-CR-837
v. Appeal from the Marion Superior
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable David Certo, Judge
Appellee-Plaintiff. Trial Court Cause No.
49G12-1506-CM-21572
Vaidik, Chief Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A04-1604-CR-837 | January 13, 2017 Page 1 of 11
Case Summary
[1] Dwana Prince appeals her conviction for false reporting, arguing that the trial
court erred by admitting hearsay. Finding that the court erred by admitting
hearsay but that the errors were harmless, we affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] On May 25, 2015, Prince called 911 and reported that she had been carjacked
near the intersection of 10th Street and Rural Avenue in Indianapolis. Officer
Ronald Clayton with the Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department was
dispatched to the scene and took Prince’s statement. Prince told him that a
black male approached her car, opened her door, and told her to get out; she
thought he had a weapon because his hand was in his shirt. She also told
Officer Clayton that when she got out of the car a white male entered her car on
the passenger side. While Prince was giving her statement, Officer Clayton
heard on his police radio that a car traveling at a high rate of speed had crashed
and flipped; a black male and white female were spotted fleeing the scene.
Based on the description of the car, Officer Clayton realized it was Prince’s car
that had crashed, and he drove her to the crash site.
[3] At the crash site, Detective Paul Buchman took over the investigation and
obtained a statement from Prince. She described the carjacker to Detective
Buchman, and her description matched the driver who was seen fleeing the
crash site. Police arrested the driver and placed him in jail for carjacking.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A04-1604-CR-837 | January 13, 2017 Page 2 of 11
[4] Two days later, Officer Clayton, while on patrol, was approached by an
unnamed individual who told the officer that Prince was lying and that she had
not been carjacked. Officer Clayton immediately contacted Detective Buchman
with this information. Detective Buchman then called Prince and asked to
speak with her in person. She informed him that she was at home and that he
was welcome to stop by. Before entering her home, Detective Buchman turned
on an audio recorder and placed it in his pocket; Prince was unaware that their
conversation was being recorded. During the interview, Detective Buchman
told Prince that witnesses had told him that her husband had a drug problem
and that her husband had given away the keys to her car because he was high.
He told her he needed to know the truth. Prince admitted that she had lied
about being carjacked; she said that she called 911 because her husband told her
that someone had taken her car. She alone decided to tell police that she had
been carjacked. Prince was charged with false informing, a Class A
misdemeanor. The driver, who was initially arrested for the carjacking, was
released from jail after Prince’s confession.
[5] At her trial, Prince objected to Officer Clayton’s testimony regarding the
statements made to him from the unnamed informant. The court overruled her
objection and gave a limiting instruction to the jury that Officer Clayton’s
testimony was not for “the truth of what the witness is asserting, but you are
allowed to listen to it to hear why the officer did what he did and why the
police conducted an investigation.” Tr. p. 70. Prince also objected to the
admission and playing of her recorded interview with Detective Buchman. Id.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A04-1604-CR-837 | January 13, 2017 Page 3 of 11
at 104. The court overruled Prince’s objection and played the recording in its
entirety for the jury, including Prince’s confession that she had lied about being
carjacked. The court did not give the jury any type of admonishment regarding
the contents of the recording. The jury found Prince guilty of false reporting.
[6] Prince now appeals.
Discussion and Decision
[7] Prince contends that the trial court erred in admitting into evidence Officer
Clayton’s testimony about what the unnamed informant told him and several of
the statements made by Detective Buchman on the recorded interview. She
argues that both the testimony and the recording included inadmissible hearsay.
“The decision to admit or exclude evidence at trial is squarely within a trial
court’s discretion and we afford it great deference on appeal.” VanPatten v.
State, 986 N.E.2d 255, 260 (Ind. 2013). “We review the trial court’s decision
regarding admissibility of evidence for an abuse of discretion. King v. State, 985
N.E.2d 755, 757 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied. An abuse of discretion
occurs when the trial court’s decision is “clearly against the logic and effect of
the facts and circumstances before it.” Id. We do not reweigh the evidence
upon review. Id.
[8] Hearsay is an out-of-court statement that is “offered in evidence to prove the
truth of the matter asserted.” Ind. Evidence Rule 801(c)(2). Hearsay is
generally not admissible at trial. See Ind. Evidence Rule 802. “Whether a
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A04-1604-CR-837 | January 13, 2017 Page 4 of 11
statement is hearsay . . . will most often hinge upon the purpose for which it is
offered.” Blount v. State, 22 N.E.3d 559, 565 (Ind. 2014) (quoting United States v.
Linwood, 142 F.3d 418, 425 (7th Cir. 1998)).
I. Officer Clayton’s Testimony
[9] Prince first argues that the trial court erred when it allowed Officer Clayton to
testify as to the hearsay statements made to him by the unnamed informant.
The State asserts that the trial court properly admitted the testimony under the
course-of-investigation exception—the statements were not admitted for their
truth but rather “to explain the course of [the] police investigation.” Blount, 22
N.E.3d at 565. Our Supreme Court explained the purpose and dangers of
course-of-investigation testimony in Blount:
Although course-of-investigation testimony may help prosecutors
give the jury some context, it is often of little consequence to the
ultimate determination of guilt or innocence. The core issue at
trial is, of course, what the defendant did (or did not do), not
why the investigator did (or did not do) something. Thus,
course-of-investigation testimony is excluded from hearsay only
for a limited purpose: to bridge gaps in the trial testimony that
would otherwise substantially confuse or mislead the jury. . . .
Indeed, such testimony is of little value absent a direct challenge
to the legitimacy of the investigation. . . . There is a risk the jury
will rely upon the out-of-court assertion as substantive evidence
of guilt—rather than for the limited purpose of explaining [the]
police investigation—and the defendant will have no chance to
challenge that evidence through cross-examination. . . . The
ultimate inquiry is: Was the out-of-court statement used
primarily to show the truth of its content, constituting
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A04-1604-CR-837 | January 13, 2017 Page 5 of 11
inadmissible hearsay, or merely to explain subsequent police
action, excluded from hearsay?
Id. at 565-66 (citations and quotations omitted).
[10] To determine if statements received by police officers engaged in an
investigation meet the course-of-investigation exception, we conduct a three-
part test, which was outlined in Blount. First, we determine if the testimony
described an out-of-court statement that asserts a fact susceptible of being true
or false. Id. at 566. Second, we determine the evidentiary purpose of the
proffered statement. Id. at 567. Third, we determine if the fact to be proven by
the statement is relevant to some issue in the case, and if there is any danger of
prejudice that outweighs the probative value. Id. The parties concede parts one
and two; therefore, our analysis addresses only part three.
[11] At trial, after the jury was instructed to consider the unnamed informant’s
statements only for why the police conducted its investigation (and not for the
truth), Officer Clayton testified as follows:
[Officer Clayton]: [The informant] said that [the driver] did not
take the car as a carjacking, that the car was given to him by Ms.
Prince’s husband for a cocaine deal, sale, that he does it all of the
time. He comes down here on 10th Street. He buys cocaine. He
will then also have a female go back to their house and they will
smoke the cocaine inside the house while he has intercourse with
the female–
[Defense Attorney]: Objection.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A04-1604-CR-837 | January 13, 2017 Page 6 of 11
[Court]: All right. We’re done. Yes. We’re done. Sustained.
Next question.[1]
Tr. p. 71. While this testimony explained why the police spoke with Prince
again, it also accused Prince of being married to a habitual drug user who
engages in extramarital affairs. This type of testimony is “of little value absent
a direct challenge to the legitimacy of the investigation.” Blount, 22 N.E.3d at
565. That is not the case here; Prince does not allege that the police acted
improperly when they continued to investigate her carjacking story after
making the initial arrest. Rather, she challenges the admission of Officer
Clayton’s testimony as irrelevant and unfairly prejudicial. We agree.
[12] Officer Clayton’s testimony about what the informant told him had little
probative value when considered for the proffered reason of explaining why the
police continued their investigation. All Officer Clayton needed to say to
explain why the police continued its investigation was that an informant’s tip
led them to further investigate the truth of Prince’s carjacking report. The rest
of Officer Clayton’s testimony offered no probative value to the State’s case
against Prince and was prejudicial to her. Accordingly, the admission of
Officer Clayton’s testimony under the course-of-investigation exception was
error.
1
The State does not argue that Prince waived this argument by failing to make a timely objection or by
failing to request an admonishment once the objection was sustained. Therefore, we reach the merits of this
issue.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A04-1604-CR-837 | January 13, 2017 Page 7 of 11
II. Recorded Interview
[13] Prince next argues that some of Detective Buchman’s statements on the
recorded interview are inadmissible hearsay. The State claims that the
statements are not hearsay because they were used to elicit a response from
Prince. In Strong v. State, 538 N.E.2d 924 (Ind. 1989), our Supreme Court held
that the admission of a tape recording did not violate the hearsay rule because
the hearsay statements were not offered for their truth but rather to elicit a
response from the defendant. The Court also upheld the trial court’s admission
because the trial court gave the jury an admonishment that the statements on
the tape were “to be considered only as questioning and questions in order to
elicit information to draw out information from Mrs. Strong.” Id. at 928.
[14] Our Supreme Court encountered a similar situation, but reached a different
result, in Smith v. State, 721 N.E.2d 213 (Ind. 1999). There, the trial court
admitted a videotape of a detective’s interview with the defendant into
evidence. During the interview, the detective told the defendant, “half of the
people at the jail’s [sic] called me wanting to tell me that you did it,” and
“[Lampley] said you did it because it was over him [Riggs] ripping you off your
dope, your stash.” Id. at 216. The defendant argued on appeal that the
detective’s statements were inadmissible hearsay. The State, relying on Strong,
argued that police questions and comments in an interview may be designed to
elicit responses from the defendant and, if so, are not hearsay because they are
not used to prove the truth of the matter asserted. Our Supreme Court
acknowledged that neither party had asked for an admonishment and that the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A04-1604-CR-837 | January 13, 2017 Page 8 of 11
trial court does not have an affirmative duty to issue one absent a request to do
so. Id. Nevertheless, the Court concluded, “[T]he lack of admonishment in this
case combined with the fact that the statements appear to be assertions of fact
by the detective, not mere questions, renders their admission error.” Id.
[15] Here, the recording of Detective Buchman’s interview with Prince was played
in its entirety for the jury over Prince’s hearsay objection. Based on the
information he received from Officer Clayton, Detective Buchman told Prince:
“I know your husband has a drug problem.”
*****
“Your husband has a bit of a drug problem—he likes the cocaine.
Let me—let me finish. He does a lot of this stuff while you’re not
here. He gave his car keys up to a guy because he was too high
to drive.”
*****
“[T]hey come up here to party with your husband when you’re at
work.”
*****
“[Y]our husband has a dope problem.”
Ex. 4 at 1:13, 1:58, 2:40, 10:50. These statements by Detective Buchman were
presented as facts that Prince’s husband had a drug problem and hosted parties
at the house when Prince was not home. They were not questions for Prince to
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A04-1604-CR-837 | January 13, 2017 Page 9 of 11
answer; Prince even tried to interject at one point but was cut off by Detective
Buchman, telling her “let me—let me finish.” At no point did the trial court
issue an admonishment to the jury that they were to consider the recording not
for the truth of the statements but as questions used to elicit information from
Prince. Furthermore, the statements were prejudicial and easily redactable.
Their admission was error.
III. Harmless Error
[16] Nevertheless, the State contends that even if the admission of Officer Clayton’s
trial testimony and Detective Buchman’s statements during the recorded
interview were error, the errors were harmless because Prince gave a recorded
confession to making a false report:
[Detective Buchman:] “Did you guys hatch this plan that you
guys were going to lie to me?”
[Prince:] “No.”
[Detective Buchman:] “How did it come out that you decided
well this is—it was at your doing?”
[Prince:] “It was at my doing.”
[Detective Buchman:] “That was your doing?”
[Prince:] “My doing.”
[Detective Buchman:] “Why did you do that?”
[Prince:] “‘Cuz my car.”
[Detective Buchman:] “But you knew what you told me was a
lie, right?”
[Prince:] “Yeah.”
Id. at 4:45.
[17] Harmless error occurs when, in light of all of the evidence in the case, any error
or defect by the trial court is sufficiently minor so as not to affect the substantial
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A04-1604-CR-837 | January 13, 2017 Page 10 of 11
rights of a party. Ind. Appellate Rule 66(A); see Lewis v. State, 34 N.E.3d 240,
248 (Ind. 2015). Here, Prince gave a recorded confession that she lied about
being carjacked, and her confession was played for the jury. Thus, the
admission of Officer Clayton’s testimony regarding what the informant told
him and Detective Buchman’s hearsay statements on the recorded interview are
not reversible errors.
[18] Affirmed.
Bradford, J. and Brown, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A04-1604-CR-837 | January 13, 2017 Page 11 of 11
Dwana Prince v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.)
Combined Opinion