01/13/2017
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
Assigned on Briefs November 8, 2016
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. JEFFERY GORDON LAYHEW
Appeal from the Criminal Court for Davidson County
Nos. 2015-C-1731, 2016-I-135 Amanda McClendon, Judge
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No. M2016-00725-CCA-R3-CD
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The Defendant, Jeffrey Gordon Layhew, pleaded guilty to leaving the scene of an
accident and Driving Under the Influence (“DUI”), offenses which took place on
different dates. For the leaving the scene of an accident conviction, the trial court
sentenced him to eleven months and twenty-nine days, to be served at 100%. For the
DUI conviction, the trial court sentenced the Defendant to eleven months and twenty-
nine days, to be served at 100%. The trial court ordered that the sentences be served
consecutively for a total effective sentence of two years, at 100%. On appeal, the
Defendant contends that the trial court erred when it sentenced him to serve maximum
consecutive misdemeanor sentences and when it failed to set a specific amount for his
restitution. The State agrees and asks this Court to remand the case to the trial court for
resentencing. After review, we agree with the parties that the trial court erred when it
failed to make findings to support consecutive sentences and when it did not set a specific
amount for restitution. Accordingly, we vacate the Defendant’s sentences and remand
the case to the trial court for resentencing.
Tenn. R. App. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Vacated and
Remanded
ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which THOMAS T.
WOODALL, P.J., and ALAN E. GLENN, J., joined.
Joshua D. Arters, Brentwood, Tennessee, for the appellant, Jeffery Gordon Layhew.
Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Brent C. Cherry, Senior Counsel;
Glenn R. Funk, District Attorney General; and Kyle S. Anderson, Assistant District
Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
I. Facts
This case arises from the Defendant hitting a bicycle ridden by Floyd Cassista, the
victim, at approximately 6:00 p.m. on December 14, 2014. While the Defendant was on
bail for this offense, he was arrested on two separate occasions for DUI. Also while on
bail, the Defendant was subject to having an alcohol ankle monitoring device, SCRAM,
on his ankle. He cut the SCRAM alcohol monitor off his ankle on two separate
occasions.
A. Procedural History and Guilty Plea Hearing
The record shows that the Davidson County Grand Jury indicted the Defendant in
case number 2015-C-1731, for leaving the scene of an accident on or about December 13,
2014. The indictment alleged that the Defendant:
Was the driver of a motor vehicle, and was involved in an accident
which resulted in the injury of Floyd Cassista, and further charges that this
accident occurred upon the premises of a shopping center, trailer park,
apartment complex, or other premises generally frequented by the public at
large, a street, alley or public road or highway of the State of Tennessee,
and further charges that [the Defendant] unlawfully did leave he scene of
this accident without first fulfilling the requirements of Tennessee Code
Annotated § 55-10-103, to wit: give his name, and address, and the
registration number of the motor vehicle he was driving, and render
reasonable assistance to any person injured in the accident, all in violation
of Tennessee Code Annotated § 55-10-101, and against the peace and
dignity of the State of Tennessee.
On August 13, 2015, the trial court entered an order to increase bail. The order
stated that the Defendant would be subject to wearing a SCRAM, which is an ankle
monitoring alcohol device.
On January 4, 2016, the Defendant’s probation officer filed an affidavit swearing
that the Defendant had cut off his SCRAM monitor. The Defendant told the officer that
he had done so by accident, so she replaced the monitor. He then cut it off a second time,
telling her that it was bothering him. The officer stated in the affidavit that the Defendant
had removed his monitor twice “within a couple of weeks.” In response the trial court
revoked the Defendant’s bond.
On February 10, 2016, the Defendant agreed to allow the District Attorney to
proceed against him by criminal information only on the charge that he committed DUI
on April 2, 2015. The Criminal Information identifies the case number of that charge as
2016-I-135.
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On March 10, 2016, the Defendant pleaded guilty in case number 2015-C-1731 to
leaving the scene of an accident, a Class A misdemeanor, and agreed to allow the trial
court to determine his sentence. On that same date, the Defendant entered a plea of guilty
in case number 2016-I-135 to DUI, a Class A misdemeanor. The Defendant again agreed
to allow the trial court to determine his sentence.
At the sentencing hearing, the State entered a presentence report. The report
indicated that the Defendant had also been arrested for DUI on another occasion and had
a probation violation related to that conviction in January 2016. The victim, Floyd
Cassista, III, testified about the circumstances surrounding the Defendant’s conviction for
leaving the scene of an accident. He said that he was injured when the Defendant, who
was driving a Ford F-150, hit him while he was riding a bicycle home from work. Mr.
Cassista said that, as a result of the accident, he suffered broken ribs, road burn, a
traumatic injury, and was missing a portion of his left ear. He was hospitalized for more
than three weeks. Mr. Cassista said he still was suffering the effects of his brain injury
and was still unable to return to work at Lowe’s Garden Center, a job that he was happy
with. He said that, while he had applied for disability, his request had been repeatedly
denied.
Mr. Cassista noted that the Defendant had “gotten himself back in trouble since
the accident,” proving that he did not learn anything from the accident and that the
Defendant cannot be trusted on the road. He noted that the Defendant hit him and then
left him for dead. Mr. Cassista asked that the trial court sentence the Defendant to the
maximum.
During cross-examination, Mr. Cassista testified that he was hit between 5:45 and
6:00 p.m. on December 14, and that it was dark at the time of the accident. He said that
he had lights on his bicycle but that they were not working at the time of the accident.
The Defendant testified that he was fifty-eight at the time of sentencing and that he
had a high school education. He served three years in the military following high school,
after which he was honorably discharged. The Defendant said he then went to work for
Nashville Electric Service, and he worked there for thirty-four years before retiring in
2012.
The Defendant said that he suffered from a heart condition, which the doctor
described to him as a “sluggish heart.” He said that his heart pumped only about eighteen
to twenty percent of what it was supposed to pump. The Defendant said that he also
suffered from anxiety and panic attacks, conditions for which he was medicated.
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The Defendant testified that he lived with his sister in a house that he owned. He
discussed his previous convictions, saying that he had been charged in 2005 with public
intoxication, had juvenile charges, and had charges related to an accident in 1981.
About the accident in this case, the Defendant said that it occurred while he was
coming home from a friend’s house. He had not been drinking alcohol while there but
had been sick. He had a rising temperature, resulting in a fever. He said his blood
pressure was “up” in part because he had not taken any of his prescribed medications for
several days. The Defendant said that he was traveling home to get his medications and
that both his nerves and blood pressure were “pretty bad at the time.” The Defendant
testified that he was driving in the right lane at a normal speed. He had traveled this
route daily for almost forty years. He did not see any cars or trucks, and then he saw a
“flash in front of [his] windshield.” He had no time to brake but jerked the wheel to the
right and went off the road. He heard the sound of his truck hitting a tree, so he jerked
the truck back to the left back onto the roadway. The Defendant said he was scared and
continued down the street to where he lived, just two miles away. He said that as he was
driving he realized that the “flash” that he saw was the frame of a bicycle and
“somebody’s head turning around looking.”
The Defendant said that, at that point, his nerves were already shot and his blood
pressure high. He saw headlights in his rearview mirror, and he assumed that the
headlights were from a car that was following him. He said that he made it to the stop
sign. He assumed that, since his license tag was on this truck, the police would be able to
find him. The Defendant said he went home, took his medicine, sat on his bed, and
smoked a cigarette until police arrived.
The Defendant said that he left the scene of the accident because he was scared
and did not realize what had happened. He said that police officers arrived at his home
shortly after he did. His son, who was at the home, answered the door for them, and they
came and asked him questions about the accident. The Defendant said that he responded
truthfully to their questions and cooperated fully.
During cross-examination, the Defendant admitted that, after a car accident in
1983, he was arrested and convicted for DUI and leaving the scene of an accident. The
Defendant agreed that, after the accident in this case, he went home and fell asleep in his
bed. He further agreed that, while on bail in this case, he was arrested on two separate
occasions for DUI and was ordered to wear a SCRAM monitor. He admitted that he cut
the SCRAM monitor off twice. He explained that he cut it off because he had to pay to
wear the bracelet, and he owed the company $1,207. He cut off the bracelet, he said, so
that he would no longer accrue debt to the company.
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The Defendant agreed that, when he was arrested in April for DUI, he admitted to
police that, before driving, he had consumed three to four beers at home and then three to
four more beers and a mixed drink at the bar. When he was arrested for DUI in June, he
told the police that he had consumed four to seven beers and a significant amount of
whiskey before driving. The Defendant said that, while he had a drinking problem in
1983, he no longer had a drinking problem.
During redirect examination, the Defendant expressed remorse for what he had
done.
The Defendant’s probation officer, Stephanie Krivcher, testified that her first
meeting with the Defendant did not go well. During that visit, the Defendant threw a pen
and a piece of paper. She said that the next visit she had with him was while he was in
custody and it went “much, much better.” The two met for over two hours, during which
time they communicated well. Ms. Krivcher said that the Defendant showed emotion
during their visit, crying a little, about what had happened.
Rosemary Davenport, the Defendant’s younger sister, testified that she lived with
the Defendant. She said that she would help him meet the requirements of probation, if
the trial court was inclined to grant him probation.
Based upon this evidence the trial court found:
I’m going to give him the maximum sentences consecutively. I see a trend
here. I see great concern actually, and I was present in the courtroom when
he got agitated at Ms. Krivcher. I saw him get agitated at you. He has a
temper problem and maybe it’s because he’s gone through a divorce and
he’s not with someone. I noticed there was a thirty-year period he didn’t
have any problems, but it looks like he’s going through a flurry of them
now. So, that’s going to be what I order.
Now, after that, I don’t know to what extent I can have probation
after those two consecutive terms, but – because I’ve never had – I have
actually never wanted to do a maximum sentence like this before, but I do
with this gentleman.
....
I want the restitution . . . to be made for the ambulance bill. A guide
for the probation officer, and I’m hoping it’s Ms. Krivcher, to get some sort
of documentation on the ambulance bill and also on loss of income for two
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months while he was hospitalized. I think he should pay that. So I’m
going to do a minimum on the DUI because that’s literally like I would
rather it go to the victim. So that will be $350 on the DUI and on the
leaving the scene, $350 again.
The trial court clarified that she did not want the Defendant eligible for release until he
had served 100% of his sentence.
It is from this judgment that the Defendant now appeals.
II. Analysis
On appeal, the Defendant contends that the trial court erred when it ordered him to
serve the maximum sentences at 100% and ordered those sentences to run consecutively.
Further, he asserts that the trial court erred when it failed to set a specific amount of
restitution. The State concedes that the trial court erred.
Misdemeanor sentencing is controlled by Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-
35-302 (2014), which provides that the trial court shall impose a specific sentence
consistent with the purposes and principles of the sentencing statutes. See State v.
Palmer, 902 S.W.2d 391, 394 (Tenn. 1995). While a separate sentencing hearing is not
mandatory for misdemeanor sentencing, the trial court is required to provide the
defendant with a reasonable opportunity to be heard as to the length and manner of the
sentence. T.C.A. § 40-35-302(a). The trial court must sentence the misdemeanor
offender to a determinate number of hours, days, or months, and fix a percentage of that
sentence for the offender to serve, after which the offender becomes eligible for
rehabilitative programs. T.C.A. § 40-35-302(d). In determining the percentage of the
sentence, the trial court must consider enhancement and mitigating factors as well as the
legislative purposes and principles related to sentencing. Id. The misdemeanor
sentencing statute grants the trial court the authority to place the defendant on probation
either immediately or after a time of periodic or continuous confinement. T.C.A. § 40-
35-302(e).
When an accused challenges the length and manner of service of a sentence, this
Court reviews the trial court’s sentencing determination under an abuse of discretion
standard accompanied by a presumption of reasonableness. State v. Bise, 380 S.W.3d
682, 707 (Tenn. 2012). This standard of review also applies to “the questions related to
probation or any other alternative sentence.” State v. Caudle, 388 S.W.3d 273, 278–79
(Tenn. 2012). This Court will uphold the trial court’s sentencing decision “so long as it is
within the appropriate range and the record demonstrates that the sentence is otherwise in
compliance with the purposes and principles listed by statute.” Id. at 709-10. Moreover,
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under such circumstances, appellate courts may not disturb the sentence even if we had
preferred a different result. See Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 346.
The party challenging the sentence imposed by the trial court has the burden of
establishing that the sentence is erroneous. T.C.A. § 40-35-401 (2014), Sentencing
Comm’n Cmts.; State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991). We review all
sentencing decisions, including misdemeanor sentencing decisions, pursuant to an abuse
of discretion standard. See e.g., State v. King 432 S.W.3d 316, 324 (Tenn. 2012). We
note that the supreme court has previously held that the sentencing court is entitled to
considerable latitude in misdemeanor sentencing. State v. Johnson, 15 S.W.3d 515, 518
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1998) (citing State v. Troutman, 979 S.W.2d 271, 273 (Tenn. 1998)).
In determining whether to grant or deny probation, a trial court should consider the
circumstances of the offense, the defendant’s criminal record, the defendant’s social
history and present condition, the need for deterrence, and the best interest of the
defendant and the public. State v. Grear, 568 S.W.2d 285, 286 (Tenn. 1978). A trial
court should base its decision regarding any sentence involving confinement on the
following considerations:
(A) Confinement is necessary to protect society by restraining a defendant
who has a long history of criminal conduct;
(B) Confinement is necessary to avoid depreciating the seriousness of the
offense or confinement is particularly suited to provide an effective
deterrence to others likely to commit similar offenses;
(C) Measures less restrictive than confinement have frequently or recently
been applied unsuccessfully to the defendant.
T.C.A. § 40-35-103(1) (2014). Furthermore, the trial court should examine the
defendant’s potential for rehabilitation or lack thereof when determining whether an
alternative sentence is appropriate. T.C.A. § 40-35-103(5).
The Defendant first contends that the trial court erred when it sentenced him to the
maximum sentence for his convictions. We cannot agree. The trial court found that the
Defendant had recently been in trouble with the law on several occasions and that he had
a problem with his temper, having witnessed the Defendant become agitated at his
probation officer in court. The record evinces that, while on bond for these offenses, the
Defendant twice cut off his SCRAM alcohol monitoring bracelet and was arrested on
multiple occasions for DUI. The Defendant denied having a drinking problem at the time
of the hearing, admitting that he had a drinking problem in 1983 when he left the scene of
an accident he committed while drinking and driving. The trial judge expressed concern
about the Defendant’s recent behavior, indicating that he was putting others at risk.
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Pursuant to our standard of review, the judge did not err when she ordered the Defendant
to serve the maximum sentences.
The Defendant next contends that the trial court erred when it ordered him to serve
his sentences consecutively without finding any of the applicable factors in Tennessee
Code Annotated section 40-35-115(b) to support such a sentence. This Code section
states:
(b) The court may order sentences to run consecutively if the court
finds by a preponderance of the evidence that:
(1) The defendant is a professional criminal who has
knowingly devoted the defendant’s life to criminal acts as a
major source of livelihood;
(2) The defendant is an offender whose record of
criminal activity is extensive;
(3) The defendant is a dangerous mentally abnormal
person so declared by a competent psychiatrist who concludes
as a result of an investigation prior to sentencing that the
defendant's criminal conduct has been characterized by a
pattern of repetitive or compulsive behavior with heedless
indifference to consequences;
(4) The defendant is a dangerous offender whose
behavior indicates little or no regard for human life and no
hesitation about committing a crime in which the risk to
human life is high;
(5) The defendant is convicted of two (2) or more
statutory offenses involving sexual abuse of a minor with
consideration of the aggravating circumstances arising from
the relationship between the defendant and victim or victims,
the time span of defendant's undetected sexual activity, the
nature and scope of the sexual acts and the extent of the
residual, physical and mental damage to the victim or victims;
(6) The defendant is sentenced for an offense
committed while on probation; or
(7) The defendant is sentenced for criminal contempt.
....
(d) Sentences shall be ordered to run concurrently if the criteria
noted in subsection (b) are not met, unless consecutive sentences are
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specifically required by statute or the Tennessee Rules of Criminal
Procedure.
T.C.A. § 40-35-115.
It is unclear from the record the basis for the trial court’s imposition of
consecutive sentences. We are therefore constrained to remand the case for resentencing
at which time the trial court shall enter a basis upon which it ordered consecutive
sentencing. Upon remand, the trial court should also reexamine the eligibility date for
rehabilitative programs, as the maximum for misdemeanor sentences is seventy-five
percent, see Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-302, and set a specific amount for
restitution and a timeframe for its payment.
III. Conclusion
In accordance with the foregoing reasoning and authorities, we vacate the
Defendant’s sentence, and we remand the case to the trial court for resentencing.
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ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, JUDGE
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