NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 17a0025n.06
Case No. 16-3085
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED
Jan 13, 2017
DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
ZACHARY LESTER, et al., )
)
Plaintiffs-Appellants, )
) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v. ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
) THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF
WOW CAR CO., LTD., et al., ) OHIO
)
Defendants-Appellees. )
)
)
BEFORE: SILER, BATCHELDER, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.
SILER, Circuit Judge. Plaintiffs Zachary Lester and Brandi Lester brought a series of
claims arising out of the sale of a used automobile. Defendants were granted summary judgment
on all claims and we affirmed. The Lesters then moved under Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 60(b) for relief
from the judgment and the district court denied the motion. We AFFIRM.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In March 2011, the Lesters purchased a used 2001 Toyota from Defendant Wow Car
Company (“Wow”). The Lesters returned to Wow with the Toyota twice during the first week
they owned it, complaining of leaking oil. Six days after purchasing the vehicle, the engine
failed.
Case No. 16-3085
Lester v. Wow Car Co., Ltd.
In August 2011, The Lesters filed suit in state court against Wow, Columbus Finance,
Inc., and Coast to Coast Dealer Services, Inc., and the case was later removed to the United
States District Court. In July 2012, the Lesters filed an amended complaint against Amy
Hartzler dba Wow Car Company, Wow, and Columbus Finance, Inc. The amended complaint
included a Truth in Lending Act (“TILA”) disclosure claim which was not part of the original
complaint.
In 2013, the Lesters filed a motion for leave to file a second amended complaint. They
proposed to add four new defendants—Max R. Erwin, Sr. dba Wow Car Company, Mid-Ohio
Motor Funding Group, Ltd., The Hartzler-Erwin Group LLC, and Marmax Enterprises LLC
(collectively “New Defendants”)—all of whom, the Lesters asserted, were associated in some
way with either Amy Hartzler or Wow. The motion was granted in part and denied in part.
Pertinent to this appeal, the Lesters sought to bring TILA and pendant state law claims for
improper trading practices against the New Defendants. The district court concluded that the
TILA claims against the New Defendants did not relate back to the original filing and so were
barred by TILA’s one-year statute of limitations.
The Lesters filed a second amended complaint against Amy Hartzler dba Wow Car
Company, Wow Car Company, Ltd., Max R. Erwin, Sr. dba Wow Car Company, Mid-Ohio
Motor Funding Group, LTD, The Hartzler-Erwin Group LLC, and Marmax Enterprises, LLC.
The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Defendants. The Lesters
appealed the grant of summary judgment, and we affirmed. Lester v. Wow Car Co., 601 F.
App'x 399 (6th Cir. 2015) (mem.). During the pendency of that appeal, Amy Hartzler and Eric
Johnson, the former finance manager for Wow Car Company, Ltd. informed the Lesters’ counsel
2
Case No. 16-3085
Lester v. Wow Car Co., Ltd.
that they had testified falsely during their 2013 depositions. These two were deposed again as to
their knowledge regarding the lawsuit and the business practices used by the Defendants.
On the basis of this new testimony, the Lesters sought post-judgment relief based on
equitable tolling, fraud, and the relation back doctrine under Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 60(b).
Determining that the content of the new testimony was not specific enough to alter its summary
judgment analysis, the district court denied the motion. This appeal followed.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The denial of a Rule 60(b) motion is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. See McGuire v.
Warden, Chillicothe Corr. Inst., 738 F.3d 741, 750 (6th Cir. 2013).
DISCUSSION
I. The district court did not abuse its discretion in declining to apply equitable
tolling to the Lesters’ claims against the New Defendants.
The district court held the Lesters’ TILA claims against the New Defendants were time-
barred as the New Defendants were not added until the Lesters sought leave to file a second
amended complaint in June 2013. The Lesters claim that had the district court considered the
new deposition evidence under equitable tolling principles, they would have been permitted to
bring their TILA claims against the New Defendants.
As this court has often recited, “[r]epeatedly throughout our judicial history, the Supreme
Court has approved the application of equitable tolling to statutes of limitations to prevent unjust
results in cases arising at law as well as at equity.” Jones v. TransOhio Sav. Ass’n, 747 F.2d
1037, 1039 (6th Cir. 1984). In Jones, this court recognized the TILA as subject to the equitable
tolling doctrine. Id. at 1041, 1043. Equitable tolling is sparingly used by federal courts,
however. See Graham-Humphreys v. Memphis Brooks Museum of Art, Inc., 209 F.3d 552, 560
(6th Cir. 2000).
3
Case No. 16-3085
Lester v. Wow Car Co., Ltd.
The district court did not err by not considering the Lesters’ equitable tolling argument
since even if the district court had conducted an equitable tolling analysis for these claims its
decision would not have been different. We use the framework from Andrews v. Orr to analyze
civil equitable tolling claims. 851 F.2d 146 (6th Cir. 1988). Andrews incorporates five factors:
“(1) lack of actual notice of filing requirement; (2) lack of constructive knowledge of filing
requirement; (3) diligence in pursuing one's rights; (4) absence of prejudice to the defendant; and
(5) a plaintiff's reasonableness in remaining ignorant of the [particular] requirement.” Id. at 151.
We have also recognized that the five Andrews factors are not comprehensive, and ultimately the
decision whether to equitably toll a period of limitations “must necessarily be decided on a case-
by-case basis.” Truitt v. Cnty. of Wayne, 148 F.3d 644, 648 (6th Cir. 1998).
The Lesters do not meet the Andrews factors. There is no evidence that the Lesters
lacked notice or constructive knowledge of the filing requirements. Since the Lesters were
aware of the filing requirements, the factor assessing the reasonableness of any ignorance as to
the filing requirements is inapposite. Nothing suggests the Lesters dallied on their rights by
delaying the litigation but this alone is insufficient to apply equitable tolling. There would be
prejudice against the Defendants should the statute of limitations be waived as the actions
underlying the TILA claims occurred over five years ago. Since the standard for equitable
tolling is not met, it was not error for the district court to omit a discussion of the doctrine.
II. The district court did not abuse its discretion when it denied the Lesters’ Rule
60(b)(3) motion.
The Lesters allege that throughout this litigation the Defendants engaged in a broad
campaign of misinformation designed to prevent them from bringing their claims against the
proper parties. On this basis, they filed a motion for relief from the judgment under Rule
4
Case No. 16-3085
Lester v. Wow Car Co., Ltd.
60(b)(3), which allows a court to grant relief for “fraud (whether previously called intrinsic or
extrinsic), misrepresentation, or misconduct by an opposing party.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(3).
We interpreted Rule 60(b)(3) in Jordan v. Paccar. 97 F.3d 1452, 1996 WL 528950 (6th
Cir. 1996) (per curiam). Jordan announced that “Rule 60(b)(3) in the Sixth Circuit requires a
demonstration by the moving party, supported by clear and convincing evidence, that one or
more of the three kinds of misbehavior referred to in the rule occurred.” Id. at *9. If the moving
party meets this requirement, prejudice is presumed. Id. The burden then shifts to the non-
moving party to prove by clear and convincing evidence that its misbehavior did not have a
prejudicial effect on the outcome of the litigation. Id. The parties dispute both prongs of this
burden-shifting framework.
As it pertains to the first prong of the analysis—determining if fraud, a misrepresentation,
or misconduct occurred—the parties disagree on whether the district court found relevant fraud
to have occurred. Read most naturally, the district court found it did not occur since Hartzler’s
role in the company was not withheld. The basis of this conclusion was Johnson’s testimony that
employees “were coached to say Amy [Hartzler] was the dealer, Amy [Hartzler] ran the
company.” It was not an abuse of discretion to rule that the Lesters had knowledge of Hartzler’s
role in Wow and affiliated entities based on this testimony as the Lesters would have been told
that Hartzler operated the company and therefore should have known to name her as a defendant.
The district court did not, as the Lesters argue, require the Lesters to show that any fraud which
occurred had a prejudicial effect on proceedings. The district court never reached that stage of
the burden-shifting framework since it ruled that no relevant fraud occurred and so did not
misapply the relevant legal framework.
5
Case No. 16-3085
Lester v. Wow Car Co., Ltd.
III. The district court did not abuse its discretion when it determined that the
relation back doctrine does not save the Lesters’ TILA claim against Amy
Hartzler.
The Lesters assert that their TILA claim against Hartzler related back to their original
complaint such that the statute of limitations had not run on the claim. Whether a claim asserted
against a newly-joined party relates back to the original filing is governed by Rule 15(c). Fed. R.
Civ. P. 15(c). Specifically, Rule 15(c)(1) allows an amendment to relate back when:
(A) the law that provides the applicable statute of limitations allows relation back;
(B) the amendment asserts a claim or defense that arose out of the conduct, transaction,
or occurrence set out--or attempted to be set out--in the original pleading; or
(C) the amendment changes the party or the naming of the party against whom a claim is
asserted, if Rule 15(c)(1)(B) is satisfied and if, within the period provided by Rule
4(m) for serving the summons and complaint, the party to be brought in by
amendment:
(i) received such notice of the action that it will not be prejudiced in defending on
the merits; and
(ii) knew or should have known that the action would have been brought against
it, but for a mistake concerning the proper party's identity.
Id. The period provided by Rule 4(m) was 120 days when the relevant events occurred. Fed. R.
Civ. P. 4(m) (2012) (amended 2015). When considering the relation back doctrine, “Rule
15(c)(1)(C)(ii) asks what the prospective defendant knew or should have known during the Rule
4(m) period, not what the plaintiff knew or should have known at the time of filing her original
complaint.” Krupski v. Costa Crociere S. p. A., 560 U.S. 538, 548 (2010) (emphasis in original).
The Lesters argue that Hartzler knew she should have been a party to the suit since she
was using an unregistered trade name and was aware of the existence of the lawsuit. The district
court concluded that Hartzler had insufficient notice of the lawsuit for the relation back doctrine
to apply to the TILA claim against her. The district court focused on Hartzler’s testimony at her
6
Case No. 16-3085
Lester v. Wow Car Co., Ltd.
later deposition regarding when she became aware of the lawsuit. The relevant testimony reads
thus:
Mr. Doucet: Okay. When was like for sure I know that a lawsuit is involved with this?
You know, the Lesters had filed a lawsuit? Where would you say the maximum amount
of time would be or the maximum date?
Ms. Hartzler: I have no idea, it’s been so long ago. I just remember that [Erwin] was
very agitated at me because of that. Because in his mind, I was screwing up his business.
Mr. Doucet: And it wouldn’t take him like holding on to those feelings for six months
before—
Ms. Hartzler: Oh, no, no, he doesn’t do things like that.
Mr. Doucet: It would be within a week?
Ms. Hartlzer: Oh, yeah, it probably would have been the same day most likely. I mean,
don’t you think? You don’t think [Erwin] would have sat on it?
The district court focused on a lack of certainty in the testimony as to exactly when
Hartzler learned of the lawsuit and pointed out that there was no evidence introduced to the
effect that Hartzler knew or should have known that she would have been sued had a mistake
concerning party identity not occurred, a distinct inquiry from that into Hartzler’s knowledge of
the lawsuit’s existence. The district court did not abuse its discretion in making these findings.
It is not clear from this testimony exactly when Hartzler became aware of the lawsuit, and there
is an absence of evidence that Hartzler knew she would have been sued had there not been a
mistake made by the Lesters. The correct legal standard was applied, and in conducting its
analysis the district court did not abuse its discretion.
The Lesters also assert that TILA claims should now be allowed against the New
Defendants under the relation back doctrine to avoid any need for an analysis under equitable
tolling principles. Since the New Defendants were added to the complaint and not even
7
Case No. 16-3085
Lester v. Wow Car Co., Ltd.
plausibly substituted for an original named defendant, any claims against the New Defendants
cannot meet the requirements of Rule 15(c) which speaks only of an amendment changing the
party or the naming of a party. See In re Kent Holland Die Casting & Plating, Inc., 928 F.2d
1448, 1450 (6th Cir. 1991) (holding that an amendment adding a new party creates a new cause
of action and so does not relate back to the original filing for the purpose of the statute of
limitations). Relation back does not apply to these claims either.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
8