IN THE
TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-15-00288-CR
PHILIP H. MOSLEY,
Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
Appellee
From the 19th District Court
McLennan County, Texas
Trial Court No. 2014-931-C1
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Philip H. Mosley was convicted of two counts of aggravated sexual assault of a
child, two counts of indecency with a child by contact, and one count of indecency with
a child by exposure. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 22.021, 21.11(1) & (2)(A) (West 2011).
The child victim, A.G., was Mosley’s step-granddaughter. Mosley was sentenced to two
life terms in prison for the two counts of aggravated sexual assault of a child, two 20 year
terms in prison for the two counts of indecency with a child by contact, and 10 years in
prison for the one count of indecency with a child by exposure. Because the trial court
did not err in admitting or excluding evidence, Mosley’s issues of a constitutional right
to a defense and prosecutorial misconduct were not preserved, and there was no
cumulative harm, the trial court’s judgment is affirmed.
ADMISSION OF EVIDENCE
In his first four issues, Mosley contends the trial court erred in making various
evidentiary rulings and those erroneous rulings were harmful.
We review a trial court's decision regarding the admissibility of evidence under
an abuse of discretion standard and uphold a trial court's admissibility decision when
that decision is within the zone of reasonable disagreement. Cameron v. State, 241 S.W.3d
15, 19 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). If the ruling was correct on any theory of law applicable
to the case, we must uphold the judgment. See Sauceda v. State, 129 S.W.3d 116, 120 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2004).
Extraneous Bad Acts
Arguing his second issue first, Mosley contends the trial court erred in allowing
testimony by A.G.’s aunt regarding extraneous bad acts performed by Mosley in the
aunt’s presence. The aunt was permitted to testify that when she was around 8 years old,
she and her mother and her sisters moved in with Mosley. While living there, Mosley
would walk around the house during the day in bikini-cut underwear with an erection;
would walk around the house at night nude; would call the aunt in to speak with him
Mosley v. State Page 2
while he was in the bath tub and with only a washcloth covering his genitals; would
shower with A.G.’s mother, who was also the aunt’s sister, when she was a child; and
would bathe A.G.’s mother. Additionally, the aunt would frequently encounter Mosley,
who would be nude, at night when the aunt would go get something to eat or go to the
bathroom. Some of these various acts would take place while Mosley’s wife, the aunt’s
mother, was home.
Before this testimony was admitted, and outside the presence of the jury, the State
explained that the aunt’s testimony was necessary to rebut Mosley’s defensive theory of
fabrication and lack of opportunity. Mosley countered that those were not his defensive
theories and that the evidence was pure propensity evidence which was inadmissible.
Mosley argues the same on appeal.
Generally, evidence of extraneous conduct is not admissible at the guilt phase of a
trial to prove that a defendant committed the charged offense in conformity with a bad
character. TEX. R. EVID. 404(b); Devoe v. State, 354 S.W.3d 457, 469 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
However, extraneous-conduct evidence may be admissible when it has relevance apart
from character conformity such as rebuttal of a defensive theory. Id; Williams v. State, 301
S.W.3d 675, 687 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). Specifically, the State may present extraneous-
offense evidence to rebut a defensive theory of fabrication. Bass v. State, 270 S.W.3d 557,
563 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).
Mosley v. State Page 3
Mosley claims he raised no defensive theory other than that he was not guilty. He
asserts that any claim of a raised defense of fabrication was, itself, a fabrication because
he never asserted that A.G. deliberately lied about the allegations. However, a charge of
fabrication does not require any “magic language” such as a specific assertion of lying.
Gaytan v. State, 331 S.W.3d 218, 225 (Tex. App.—Austin 2011, pet. ref’d). It is enough that
a defensive theory implies the victim made up, or fabricated, the allegations. See Jones v.
State, No. 10-13-00006-CR, 2013 Tex. App. LEXIS 12150, *10 (Tex. App.—Waco Sept. 26,
2013, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication). Further, it does not matter what exactly
the defensive theory was; for example, whether it was fabrication, fantasy, frame-up, or
retaliation. See Bass v. State, 270 S.W.3d 557, 653 n. 8 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). The
admissibility of the extraneous conduct evidence turns on whether it has non-character
conformity relevance by rebutting any defensive theory or by making less probable
defensive evidence that undermines an elemental fact. Id.
In this case, during voir dire, the panel was asked by Mosley if it was possible for
a young person to make up a false accusation about being inappropriately touched.
Every row of the panel was asked that question. In his opening statement, Mosley
emphasized to the jury that they would hear about AG’s “extremely imagine – active
imagination….” He stressed that they should listen to her various versions of the
allegations, “being locked outdoors at that time or being in a bathtub or being slapped in
the face, because none of these events happened.” Counsel for Mosley then stated that
Mosley v. State Page 4
Mosley “never touched that child in a sexual manner ever.” He also offered a motive for
the fabrication in that A.G. perceived Mosley as “mean” for “accidentally” striking A.G.
in the face. Further, prior to the State’s introduction of the extraneous conduct evidence,
Mosley cross-examined the sexual assault nurse examiner about whether A.G. seemed
“fanciful about her thoughts;” A.G.’s mother about whether it was common for A.G. to
say that Mosley was mean; A.G.’s godmother about A.G.’s “flights of fancy” and “very
active imagination;” and the forensic interviewer about whether A.G. had “flights of
fantasy.”
Based on the statements and line of questioning by Mosley, we find the trial court
properly allowed the admission of extraneous-conduct evidence to rebut Mosley’s
defensive theory of fabrication or fantasy. Mosley’s second issue is overruled.1
Hearsay Exception—Prior Consistent Statement
Mosley next argues his third issue: that the trial court erred in allowing hearsay
testimony of A.G.’s great-grandmother regarding a conversation she had with A.G. After
both the State and Mosley had rested their case, the State sought to recall A.G.’s great-
grandmother to relate A.G.’s statement to the great-grandmother that Mosley had A.G.
perform oral sex on him. Mosley objected to the testimony, contending it was an outcry
1Because we have determined that the extraneous conduct evidence was admissible to rebut the defensive
theory of fabrication, we need not discuss whether it was admissible to rebut the defensive theory of
opportunity or lack thereof.
Mosley v. State Page 5
statement and inadmissible and hearsay. The State countered that the testimony was not
being offered as an outcry statement. Rather, it argued, the statement by A.G. to the
great-grandmother was a prior consistent statement, and thus, an exception to the
hearsay rule pursuant to Rule 801(e)(1)(B) of the Texas Rules of Evidence. The trial court
admitted the testimony as a prior consistent statement.2
On appeal, Mosley contends the statement did not meet all of the requirements of
Rule 801(e)(1)(B) and thus, was inadmissible hearsay. Prior consistent statements of a
witness offered to rebut an express or implied charge that the witness recently fabricated
the statement or acted from a recent improper influence or motive in so testifying are not
hearsay.3 See TEX. R. EVID. 801(e)(1)(B); Hammons v. State, 239 S.W.3d 798, 804 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2007). The declarant of the prior consistent statement must testify and must be
subject to cross-examination about the prior statement. Id. Under the rule, a charge of
recent fabrication or improper motive may be subtly implied through tone, tenor, and
demeanor during the entirety of the cross-examination. Hammons, 239 S.W.3d at 799.
2 The great-grandmother testified that:
[A.G.] told me that – she called her step grandfather "Poppy." She said that “Poppy” – this
is the exact words that child said. She said, ‘He put his pee-pee in my mouth – and
something got on me,’” and then she showed me that – that he did this. He – she opened
her little mouth, put her finger in it and moved it back and forth.
3A few months before the trial in this case, the wording of this rule was changed from “rebut an express
or implied charge against the declarant of recent fabrication or improper influence or motive” to “rebut an
express or implied charge that the declarant recently fabricated it or acted from a recent improper influence
or motive.” Neither the parties nor the comments after the rule suggest the change in the language is
substantive. Thus, we will not treat the new language any differently than the old language.
Mosley v. State Page 6
Such an attack may not be immediately apparent from the specific wording of the
questions asked, but becomes obvious only during the attorney’s final argument. Id.
A.G. testified during the trial and was subject to cross-examination. Further,
A.G.’s statement to the great-grandmother that Mosley had A.G. perform oral sex on him
was made close to the time of her initial outcry and would have been made before the
District Attorney’s office became involved in the case. What Mosley argues is missing is
an express or implied charge of recent fabrication or improper influence.
During A.G.’s testimony, when A.G. had trouble demonstrating what Mosley had
done to her and did not want to demonstrate with the dolls to show what had happened,
the prosecutor asked A.G. if she wanted the prosecutor “to show how you showed me
before?” A.G. agreed to that suggestion. When the State attempted to demonstrate on
the girl doll where Mosley’s mouth had been on A.G., Mosley objected, stating the
prosecutor was becoming a witness by testifying through her own questioning. That
objection was overruled. A.G. was later able to testify on her own that she had to put her
mouth on Mosley’s penis and that it was Mosley’s idea for her to do so.
During cross-examination, A.G. was questioned about her discussions with the
prosecutor and about what the prosecutor told A.G.:
Q: [H]ave you talked with [the prosecutor] over there? Have you talked to
her a lot?
A: No.
Q: How many times have talked to her?...How many times this week?
A: Three
Q: [H]ow many times before that?
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A: One.
***
…and so when you were shown the dolls and you got asked questions that
it was wrong to touch, right --… -- who told you about that? Did you learn
that from [the prosecutor]?
Mosley also questioned A.G. about discussing the case with others:
…and you've talked to your mommy quite a bit, right?
***
…Now do you remember when you were talking to other people you called your
front the "bottom," and you called your back another name. Do you remember
that? … Okay, but now you call them "private" and "bottom," right? ... Okay, so -
- so did somebody tell you to change those names, or did you just come up with
that all yourself? Do you remember -- … Why did you -- why do you call them
"privates" now? … So you learned a lot from talking to other people about this,
right?
Mosley’s questioning of A.G. implied that A.G. had been told what to say before
she testified. This implication of improper influence transformed into an express
accusation during Mosley’s closing argument to the jury when he stated:
because, when you remember, who was supply supplying the answer for
[A.G] when she was testifying? It wasn't [A.G.]. It was the State of Texas.
***
I'm going to ask you again to recall who did the testifying yesterday with
[A.G.]? Who suggested the answers? Who used the dolls to demonstrate
the actions? It wasn't [A.G.]. It was the State of Texas.
Based on a review of the record, we find the requirements of Rule 801(e)(1)(B) were
met. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the great-
Mosley v. State Page 8
grandmother’s testimony as a prior consistent statement.4 Mosley’s third issue is
overruled.
Opened Door
Mosley next argues his first issue. By that issue, he complains the State was
erroneously permitted to introduce statements by A.G. to her mother about more
instances of sexual contact by Mosley.
During the State’s redirect-examination, the State questioned A.G.’s mother about
additional details or instances of sexual contact by Mosley that had been revealed by A.G.
over time and that had been consistently reaffirmed by A.G. Mosley objected to the
admission of these details stating they were outside the scope of the outcry statement and
were hearsay. The State replied that Mosley opened the door due to his questioning of
the mother about A.G.’s consistency in telling the same story. The trial court allowed the
testimony. A.G.’s mother testified:
[A.G.]'s brought up the fact that, once again, about the penis on the butt,
about him hitting her with that, about things going into her mouth, about
stuff coming out of his private parts and getting in her hair, and just that's
pretty much the gist of what she's came out and said, and she just says it
consistently.
Evidence that is otherwise inadmissible may become admissible when a party
opens the door to such evidence. Hayden v. State, 296 S.W.3d 549, 554 (Tex. Crim. App.
4Because we find the trial court did not err in admitting the statement as a prior consistent statement, we
need not discuss whether the statement was an outcry statement.
Mosley v. State Page 9
2009). A party opens the door by leaving a false impression with the jury that invites the
other side to respond. Id. Further, questions may be asked on redirect examination to
explain answers on cross-examination from which wrong inferences might be drawn by
the jury. Ikeda v. State, 846 S.W.2d 519, 520 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1993, pet.
ref’d); Rogers v. State, 815 S.W.2d 811, 816 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1991, no pet.).
The State argues that in light of Mosley’s opening statement, his cross-examination
was clearly designed to create an impression with the jury that A.G. was inconsistent in
her allegations of what happened to her. In his opening statement, Mosley asked the jury
“to listen to how this happened, her various versions of this, being locked outdoors at
that time or being in a bathtub or being slapped in the face, because none of these events
happened.” On cross-examination, Mosley asked A.G.’s mother
Q. … I think that I heard from you is that her story has been consistent all
long, that this has been -- she has told one -- one side of this, and that's the
way she's told it?
A. And she's told it to a couple of people, and it's what she says every time.
Q. Okay. She's always told the same story?
A. Always told the same story.
Mosley argues that the State did not meet the requirements of Rule 107, the rule of
optional completeness, to be permitted to question A.G.’s mother about other incidents
which, when revealed, A.G. consistently retold. The State never argued admissibility of
the mother’s testimony through Rule 107. Furthermore, while it is true that Rule 107 has
Mosley v. State Page 10
been recognized as encompassing the concept of opening the door, the rule is referenced
when a witness testifies and leaves a false impression with the jury regarding past arrests,
convictions, charges, or "trouble" with the police. See Winegarner v. State, 235 S.W.3d 787,
792-793 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (Keller, P.J., dissenting); Fuentes v. State, 991 S.W.2d 267,
279 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). That is not the situation here.
Mosley also argues that no false impression was left with the jury after his cross-
examination. However, in his opening statement, Mosley told the jurors to pay attention
to A.G.’s various versions of what happened. And although the specific words Mosley
used during cross-examination might be interpreted on the cold record as simply an
inquiry whether A.G. has told the same story, it could also be interpreted, because the
question was repeated, as an expression of doubt that A.G. had been consistent in telling
the same story. As the Court of Criminal Appeals has noted, “much of the force of cross-
examination depends upon the tone and tenor of the questioning, combined with the
cross-examiner's demeanor, facial expressions, pregnant pauses, and other nonverbal
cues.” Hammons v. State, 239 S.W.3d 798, 808 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The trial court was
in a better position than we are to determine that Mosley’s cross-examination left a false
impression or a wrong inference with the jury regarding A.G.’s consistency in telling the
same story. Thus, because we uphold a trial court's admissibility decision when that
decision is within the zone of reasonable disagreement, when reviewing the record as to
whether Mosley left a false impression or a wrong inference with the jury, we cannot find
Mosley v. State Page 11
the trial court abused its discretion in allowing the State on re-direct to pursue questions
with A.G.’s mother regarding what instances A.G. consistently re-told.
Mosley’s first issue is overruled.
Constitutional Right to Present a Defense
In his fourth issue, Mosley contends the trial court erred in excluding Mosley’s
defensive rebuttal testimony by depriving him of his constitutional right to present a
defense. After the State presented rebuttal evidence of a prior consistent statement by
A.G. to her great-grandmother that Mosley had A.G. perform oral sex on him, Mosley
sought to introduce a prior inconsistent statement by A.G. through Mosley’s wife and
A.G.’s grandmother in which A.G. denied any oral sexual contact with Mosley. Mosley
argued that the wife’s testimony rebutted the great-grandmother’s testimony, the door
had been opened to respond to the great-grandmother’s testimony, that he was not
offering the wife’s statement for the truth of the matter asserted, and that Rule 107 of the
Rules of Evidence, the rule of optional completeness, should apply. The trial court
excluded the proffered testimony.
Mosley’s argument on appeal, that he was denied his constitutional right to
present a defense, does not comport with the argument he made at trial and has not been
preserved for our review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1; Wilson v. State, 71 S.W.3d 346, 349 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2002) (comport); Broxton v. State, 909 S.W.2d 912, 918 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995)
Mosley v. State Page 12
(constitutional issue of right to present a defense not preserved). Mosley’s fourth issue is
overruled.
PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT
Mosley next argues that the State committed prosecutorial misconduct when it
was allegedly allowed to testify through the form of its questioning. When A.G. was
testifying, the State lead A.G. with statements and questions such as, “Okay, so before
you showed me like this, so Poppy's mouth –“ and ”Do you remember telling me that
you saw him with his pants off?” Mosley objected, asserting the State was testifying
though questioning which was improper. A timely objection regarding prosecutorial
misconduct is necessary to preserve error for purposes of appeal. See Estrada v. State, 313
S.W.3d 274, 303 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); Terrell v. State, No. 10-11-00022-CR, 2011 Tex.
App. LEXIS 5605, at *11 (App.—Waco 2011, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication).
The failure to make a specific objection at trial based upon prosecutorial misconduct
precludes our review based on this theory. Montoya v. State, 43 S.W.3d 568, 572 (Tex.
App.—Waco 2001, no pet.). Although there is no established definition of prosecutorial
misconduct, actions by the State that rise to the level of misconduct are usually so blatant
as to border on being contumacious and are clearly calculated to prejudice a defendant’s
right to a fair trial. See Stahl v. State, 749 S.W.2d 826, 831-832 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988).
Mosley’s objection did not suggest to the trial court that the State’s questions rose to such
a level as to be prosecutorial misconduct. Accordingly, Mosley’s failure to make a specific
Mosley v. State Page 13
objection at trial based upon prosecutorial misconduct, precludes our review of his
complaint, and his fifth issue is overruled.
CUMULATIVE HARM
Lastly, Mosley argues that even if we find the trial court erred in each of these
issues but the errors, individually, were not harmful, the errors were cumulatively
harmful and Mosley’s conviction should be reversed. Sometimes erroneously referred to
as cumulative error, courts have been asked to consider whether multiple errors,
determined harmless when reviewed separately, may combine to produce an effect that
is harmful, requiring reversal. Haskett v. Butts, 83 S.W.3d 213, 221 (Tex. App.—Waco 2002,
pet. denied); see Larkin v. State, Nos. 10-06-00313-CR, 10-06-00314-CR, 2008 Tex. App.
LEXIS 3499, at *34 (Tex. App.—Waco May 14, 2008, pet. ref’d) (not designated for
publication). By definition, cumulative harm requires more than one error. Haskett, 83
S.W.3d at 221. Because we have found no errors pursuant to the issues raised, we cannot
find cumulative harm. See Gamboa v. State, 296 S.W.3d 574, 585 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009)
(non-errors do not, in their cumulative effect, cause error). Mosley’s sixth issue is
overruled.
CONCLUSION
Having overruled each issue presented for review, we affirm the trial court’s
judgment.
TOM GRAY
Chief Justice
Mosley v. State Page 14
Before Chief Justice Gray,
Justice Davis, and
Justice Scoggins
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed January 25, 2017
Do not publish
[CRPM]
Mosley v. State Page 15
Philip Hamilton Mosley v. State
Combined Opinion