Assertion of Executive Privilege Concerning the Dismissal
and Replacement of U.S. Attorneys
Executive privilege may properly be asserted over the documents and testimony concerning the
dismissal and replacement of U.S. Attorneys that have been subpoenaed by congressional commit-
tees.
June 27, 2007
THE PRESIDENT
THE WHITE HOUSE
Dear Mr. President:
The Senate Committee on the Judiciary and the House Committee on the Judi-
ciary recently issued five subpoenas in connection with their inquiries into the
resignation of several U.S. Attorneys in 2006. Broadly speaking, four of the five
subpoenas seek documents in the custody of current or former White House
officials (“White House documents”) concerning the dismissal and replacement of
the U.S. Attorneys. In addition, two of the five subpoenas demand testimony about
these matters from two former White House officials, Harriet Miers, former
Counsel to the President, and Sara Taylor, former Deputy Assistant to the
President and Director of Political Affairs.
You have requested my legal advice as to whether you may assert executive
privilege with respect to the subpoenaed documents and testimony concerning the
categories of information described in this letter. It is my considered legal
judgment that you may assert executive privilege over the subpoenaed documents
and testimony.
I.
The documents that the Office of the Counsel to the President has identified as
responsive to the subpoenas fall into three broad categories related to the possible
dismissal and replacement of U.S. Attorneys, including congressional and media
inquiries about the dismissals: (1) internal White House communications; (2)
communications by White House officials with individuals outside the Executive
Branch, including with individuals in the Legislative Branch; and (3) communica-
tions between White House officials and Department of Justice officials. The
Committees’ subpoenas also seek testimony from Ms. Miers and Ms. Taylor
concerning the same subject matters, and the assertion of privilege with respect to
such testimony requires the same legal analysis.
The Office of Legal Counsel of the Department of Justice has reviewed the
documents identified by the Counsel to the President as responsive to the sub-
poenas and is satisfied that the documents fall within the scope of executive
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Opinions of the Office of Legal Counsel in Volume 31
privilege. The Office further believes that Congress’s interests in the documents
and related testimony would not be sufficient to override an executive privilege
claim. For the reasons discussed below, I concur with both assessments.
A.
The initial category of subpoenaed documents and testimony consists of inter-
nal White House communications about the possible dismissal and replacement of
U.S. Attorneys. Among other things, these communications discuss the wisdom of
such a proposal, specific U.S. Attorneys who could be removed, potential
replacement candidates, and possible responses to congressional and media
inquiries about the dismissals. These types of internal deliberations among White
House officials fall squarely within the scope of executive privilege. One of the
underlying purposes of the privilege is to promote sound decisionmaking by
ensuring that senior government officials and their advisers speak frankly and
candidly during the decisionmaking process. As the Supreme Court has explained,
“[a] President and those who assist him must be free to explore alternatives in the
process of shaping policies and to do so in a way many would be unwilling to
express except privately.” United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683, 708 (1974); see
also Assertion of Executive Privilege with Respect to Prosecutorial Documents, 25
Op. O.L.C. 1, 2 (2001) (“The Constitution clearly gives the President the power to
protect the confidentiality of executive branch deliberations.”); Assertion of
Executive Privilege With Respect to Clemency Decision, 23 Op. O.L.C. 1, 2 (1999)
(opinion of Attorney General Janet Reno) (“Clemency Decision”) (“[N]ot only
does executive privilege apply to confidential communications to the President,
but also to ‘communications between high Government officials and those who
advise and assist them in the performance of their manifold duties.’”) (quoting
Nixon, 418 U.S. at 705). These confidentiality interests are particularly strong
where, as here, the communications may implicate a “quintessential and nondele-
gable Presidential power,” such as the authority to nominate or to remove U.S.
Attorneys. In re Sealed Case, 121 F.3d 729, 752 (D.C. Cir. 1997); Clemency
Decision, 23 Op. O.L.C. at 2–3 (finding that executive privilege protected
Department and White House deliberations related to decision to grant clemency).
Under D.C. Circuit precedent, a congressional committee may not overcome an
assertion of executive privilege unless it establishes that the documents and
information are “demonstrably critical to the responsible fulfillment of the
Committee’s functions.” Senate Select Comm. on Presidential Campaign Activi-
ties v. Nixon, 498 F.2d 725, 731 (D.C. Cir. 1974) (en banc). And those functions
must be in furtherance of Congress’s legitimate legislative responsibilities. See
McGrain v. Daugherty, 273 U.S. 135, 160 (1927) (Congress has oversight
authority “to enable it efficiently to exercise a legislative function belonging to it
under the Constitution”).
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Assertion of Executive Privilege Concerning Dismissal of U.S. Attorneys
As a threshold matter, it is not at all clear that internal White House communi-
cations about the possible dismissal and replacement of U.S. Attorneys fall within
the scope of McGrain and its progeny. The Supreme Court has held that Con-
gress’s oversight powers do not reach “matters which are within the exclusive
province of one of the other branches of the Government.” Barenblatt v. United
States, 360 U.S. 109, 112 (1959). The Senate has the authority to approve or reject
the appointment of officers whose appointment by law requires the advice and
consent of the Senate (which has been the case for U.S. Attorneys since the
founding of the Republic), but it is for the President to decide whom to nominate
to such positions and whether to remove such officers once appointed. Though the
President traditionally consults with members of Congress about the selection of
potential U.S. Attorney nominees as a matter of courtesy or in an effort to secure
their confirmation, that does not confer upon Congress authority to inquire into the
deliberations of the President with respect to the exercise of his power to remove
or nominate a U.S. Attorney. 1 Consequently, there is reason to question whether
Congress has oversight authority to investigate deliberations by White House
officials concerning proposals to dismiss and replace U.S. Attorneys, because such
deliberations necessarily relate to the potential exercise by the President of an
authority assigned to him alone. See Clemency Decision, 23 Op. O.L.C. at 3–4
(“[I]t appears that Congress’ oversight authority does not extend to the process
employed in connection with a particular clemency decision, to the materials
generated or the discussions that took place as part of that process, or to the advice
or views the President received in connection with a clemency decision [because
the decision to grant clemency is an exclusive Executive Branch function].”);
Scope of Congressional Oversight and Investigative Power With Respect to the
Executive Branch, 9 Op. O.L.C. 60, 62 (1985) (congressional oversight authority
does not extend to “functions fall[ing] within the Executive’s exclusive domain”).
In any event, even if the Committees have oversight authority, there is no doubt
that the materials sought qualify for the privilege and the Committees have not
demonstrated that their interests justify overriding a claim of executive privilege as
to the matters at issue. The House Committee, for instance, asserts in its letter
accompanying the subpoenas that “[c]ommunications among the White House
staff involved in the U.S. Attorney replacement plan are obviously of paramount
importance to any understanding of how and why these U.S. Attorneys were
1
See, e.g., Pub. Citizen v. Dep’t of Justice, 491 U.S. 440, 483 (1989) (Kennedy, J., concurring)
(“[T]he Clause divides the appointment power into two separate spheres: the President’s power to
‘nominate,’ and the Senate’s power to give or withhold its ‘Advice and Consent.’ No role whatsoever is
given either to the Senate or to Congress as a whole in the process of choosing the person who will be
nominated for [the] appointment.”); Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52, 122 (1926) (“The power of
removal is incident to the power of appointment, not to the power of advising and consenting to
appointment, and when the grant of the executive power is enforced by the express mandate to take
care that the laws be faithfully executed, it emphasizes the necessity for including within the executive
power as conferred the exclusive power of removal.”).
3
Opinions of the Office of Legal Counsel in Volume 31
selected to be fired.” Letter for Fred F. Fielding, Counsel to the President, from
John Conyers, Jr., Chairman, House Judiciary Committee at 2 (June 13, 2007). But
the Committees never explain how or why this information is “demonstrably
critical” to any “legislative judgments” Congress might be able to exercise in the
U.S. Attorney matter. Senate Select Comm., 498 F.2d at 732. Broad, generalized
assertions that the requested materials are of public import are simply insufficient
under the “demonstrably critical” standard. Under Senate Select Committee, to
override a privilege claim the Committees must “point[] to . . . specific legislative
decisions that cannot responsibly be made without access to [the privileged]
materials.” Id. at 733.
Moreover, any legitimate oversight interest the Committees might have in
internal White House communications about the proposal is sharply reduced by
the thousands of documents and dozens of hours of interviews and testimony
already provided to the Committees by the Department of Justice as part of its
extraordinary effort at accommodation. 2 This information has given the Commit-
tees extraordinary—and indeed, unprecedented—insight into the Department’s
decision to request the U.S. Attorney resignations, including the role of White
House officials in the process. See, e.g., History of Refusals by Executive Branch
Officials to Provide Information Demanded by Congress, 6 Op. O.L.C. 751, 758–
59, 767 (1982) (documenting refusals by Presidents Jackson, Tyler, and Cleveland
2
During the past three months, the Department has released or made available for review to the
Committees approximately 8,500 pages of documents concerning the U.S. Attorney resignations. The
Department has included in its productions many sensitive, deliberative documents related to the
resignation requests, including e-mails and other communications with White House officials. The
Committees’ staffs have also interviewed, at length and on the record, a number of senior Department
officials, including, among others, the Deputy Attorney General, the Acting Associate Attorney
General, the Attorney General’s former chief of staff, the Deputy Attorney General’s chief of staff, and
two former Directors of the Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys. During these interviews, the
Committees’ staffs explored in great depth all aspects of the decision to request the U.S. Attorney
resignations, including the role of White House officials in the decisionmaking process. In addition, the
Attorney General, the Deputy Attorney General, the Principal Associate Deputy Attorney General, the
Attorney General’s former chief of staff, and the Department’s former White House Liaison have
testified before one or both of the Committees about the terminations and explained, under oath, their
understanding of such involvement.
The President has also made significant efforts to accommodate the Committees’ needs. More than
three months ago, the Counsel to the President proposed to make senior White House officials,
including Ms. Miers, available for informal interviews about “(a) communications between the White
House and persons outside the White House concerning the request for resignations of the U.S.
Attorneys in question; and (b) communications between the White House and Members of Congress
concerning those requests,” and he offered to give the Committees access to White House documents
on the same subjects. Letter for Patrick Leahy, U.S. Senate, et al., from Fred F. Fielding, Counsel to the
President at 1–2 (Mar. 20, 2007). The Committees declined this offer. The Counsel to the President has
since reiterated this offer of accommodation but to no avail. See Letter for Patrick Leahy, U.S. Senate,
and John Conyers, Jr., U.S. House of Representatives, from Fred F. Fielding, Counsel to the President
at 1 (Apr. 12, 2007); Letter for Patrick Leahy, U.S. Senate, John Conyers, Jr., U.S. House of
Representatives, and Linda T. Sanchez, U.S. House of Representatives, from Fred F. Fielding, Counsel
to the President at 1–2 (June 7, 2007).
4
Assertion of Executive Privilege Concerning Dismissal of U.S. Attorneys
to provide information related to the decision to remove Executive Branch
officials, including a U.S. Attorney).
In a letter accompanying the subpoenas, the House Committee references the
alleged “written misstatements” and “false statements” provided by the Depart-
ment to the Committees about the U.S. Attorney dismissals. See Letter for Fred F.
Fielding, Counsel to the President, from John Conyers, Jr., Chairman, House
Judiciary Committee at 2 (June 13, 2007). The Department has recognized the
Committees’ interest in investigating the extent to which Department officials may
have provided inaccurate or incomplete information to Congress. This interest
does not, however, justify the Committees’ demand for White House documents
and information about the U.S. Attorney resignations. Officials in the Department,
not officials in the White House, presented the challenged statements, and as
noted, the Department has provided unprecedented information to Congress
concerning, inter alia, the process that led to the Department’s statements. The
Committees’ legitimate oversight interests therefore have already been addressed
by the Department, which has sought to provide the Committees with all docu-
ments related to the preparation of any inaccurate information given to Congress.
Given the amount of information the Committees already possess about the
Department’s decision to remove the U.S. Attorneys (including the involvement of
White House officials), there would be little additional legislative purpose served
by revealing internal White House communications about the U.S. Attorney
matter, and, in any event, none that would outweigh the President’s interest in
maintaining the confidentiality of such internal deliberations. See Senate Select
Comm., 498 F.2d at 732–33 (explaining that a congressional committee may not
obtain information protected by executive privilege if that information is available
through non-privileged sources). Consequently, I do not believe that the Commit-
tees have shown a “demonstrably critical” need for internal White House commu-
nications on this matter.
B.
For many of the same reasons, I believe that communications between White
House officials and individuals outside the Executive Branch, including with
individuals in the Legislative Branch, concerning the possible dismissal and
replacement of U.S. Attorneys, and possible responses to congressional and media
inquiries about the dismissals, fall within the scope of executive privilege. Courts
have long recognized the importance of information gathering in presidential
decisionmaking. See, e.g., In re Sealed Case, 121 F.3d at 751–52 (describing role
of investigation and information collection in presidential decisionmaking).
Naturally, in order for the President and his advisers to make an informed
decision, presidential aides must sometimes solicit information from individuals
outside the White House and the Executive Branch. This need is particularly
strong when the decision involved is whether to remove political appointees, such
5
Opinions of the Office of Legal Counsel in Volume 31
as U.S. Attorneys, who serve in local districts spread throughout the United States.
In those situations, the President and his advisers will be fully informed only if
they solicit and receive advice from a range of individuals. Yet the President’s
ability to obtain such information often depends on the provider’s understanding
that his frank and candid views will remain confidential. See Nixon, 418 U.S. at
705 (“Human experience teaches that those who expect public dissemination of
their remarks may well temper candor with a concern for appearances and for their
own interests to the detriment of the decisionmaking process.”); In re Sealed Case,
121 F.3d at 751 (“In many instances, potential exposure of the information in the
possession of an adviser can be as inhibiting as exposure of the actual advice she
gave to the President. Without protection of her sources of information, an adviser
may be tempted to forego obtaining comprehensive briefings or initiating deep and
intense probing for fear of losing deniability.”).
That the communications involve individuals outside the Executive Branch
does not undermine the President’s confidentiality interests. The communications
at issue occurred with the understanding that they would be held in confidence,
and they related to decisionmaking regarding U.S. Attorney removals or replace-
ments or responding to congressional or media inquiries about the U.S. Attorney
matter. Under these circumstances, the communications retain their confidential
and Executive Branch character and remain protected. See In re Sealed Case, 121
F.3d at 752 (“Given the need to provide sufficient elbow room for advisers to
obtain information from all knowledgeable sources, the [presidential communica-
tions component of executive] privilege must apply both to communications which
these advisers solicited and received from others as well as those they authored
themselves.”). 3
Again, the Committees offer no compelling explanation or analysis as to why
access to confidential communications between White House officials and
individuals outside the Executive Branch is “demonstrably critical to the responsi-
ble fulfillment of the [Committees’] functions.” Senate Select Comm., 498 F.2d at
731. Absent such a showing, the Committees may not override an executive
privilege claim.
C.
The final category of documents and testimony concerns communications
between the Department of Justice and the White House concerning proposals to
dismiss and replace U.S. Attorneys and possible responses to congressional and
media inquiries about the U.S. Attorney resignations. These communications are
3
Moreover, the Department has previously conveyed to the Committees its concern that there
would be a substantial inhibiting effect on future informal confidential communications between
Executive Branch and Legislative Branch representatives if such communications were to be produced
in the normal course of congressional oversight.
6
Assertion of Executive Privilege Concerning Dismissal of U.S. Attorneys
deliberative and clearly fall within the scope of executive privilege. 4 See supra
p. 2. In this case, however, the Department has already disclosed to Congress a
substantial amount of documents and information related to White House commu-
nications about the U.S. Attorney matter. Consequently, in assessing whether it
would be legally permissible to assert executive privilege, it is useful to divide this
category into three subcategories, each with slightly different considerations: (1)
documents and testimony related to communications between the Department and
White House officials that have not already been disclosed by the Department; (2)
documents concerning White House-Department communications previously
disclosed to the Committees by the Department; and (3) testimony from current or
former White House officials (such as the testimony sought from Ms. Miers or Ms.
Taylor) about previously disclosed White House-Department communications.
After carefully considering the matter, I believe there is a strong legal basis for
asserting executive privilege over each of these subcategories.
The President’s interest in protecting the confidentiality of documents and
information about undisclosed White House-Department communications is
powerful. Most, if not all, of these communications concern either potential
replacements for the dismissed U.S. Attorneys or possible responses to inquiries
from Congress and the media about the U.S. Attorney resignations. As discussed
above, the President’s need to protect deliberations about the selection of U.S.
Attorneys is compelling, particularly given Congress’s lack of legislative authority
over the nomination or replacement of U.S. Attorneys. See In re Sealed Case, 121
F.3d at 751–52. The President also has undeniable confidentiality interests in
discussions between White House and Department officials over how to respond
to congressional and media inquiries about the U.S. Attorney matter. As Attorney
General Janet Reno advised the President in 1996, the ability of the Office of the
Counsel to the President to assist the President in responding to investigations
“would be significantly impaired” if a congressional committee could review
“confidential documents . . . prepared in order to assist the President and his staff
in responding to an investigation by the [committee] seeking the documents.”
Assertion of Executive Privilege Regarding White House Counsel’s Office
Documents, 20 Op. O.L.C. 2, 3 (1996). Despite extensive communications with
officials at the Department and the White House, the Committees have yet to
articulate any “demonstrably critical” oversight interest that would justify
overriding these compelling confidentiality concerns.
There are also legitimate reasons to assert executive privilege over White
House documents reflecting White House-Department communications that have
been previously disclosed to the Committees by the Department. As discussed,
4
To the extent they exist, White House communications approving the Department’s actions by or
on behalf of the President would receive particularly strong protection under executive privilege. See,
e.g., In re Sealed Case, 121 F.3d at 752–53 (describing heightened protection provided to presidential
communications).
7
Opinions of the Office of Legal Counsel in Volume 31
these documents are deliberative in nature and clearly fall within the scope of
executive privilege. The Department’s accommodation with respect to some White
House-Department communications does not constitute a waiver and does not
preclude the President from asserting executive privilege with respect to White
House materials or testimony concerning such communications. The D.C. Circuit
has recognized that each branch has a “constitutional mandate to seek optimal
accommodation” of each other’s legitimate interests. United States v. AT&T Co.,
567 F.2d 121, 127 (D.C. Cir. 1977). If the Department’s provision of documents
and information to Congress, as part of the accommodation process, eliminated the
President’s ability to assert privilege over White House documents and infor-
mation concerning those same communications, then the Executive Branch would
be hampered, if not prevented, from engaging in future accommodations. Thus, in
order to preserve the constitutional process of interbranch accommodation, the
President may claim privilege over documents and information concerning the
communications that the Department of Justice has previously disclosed to the
Committees. Indeed, the relevant legal principles should and do encourage, rather
than punish, such accommodation by recognizing that Congress’s need for such
documents is reduced to the extent similar materials have been provided voluntari-
ly as part of the accommodation process.
Here, the Committees’ need for White House documents concerning these
communications is weak. The Committees already possess the relevant communi-
cations, and it is well established that Congress may not override executive
privilege to obtain materials that are cumulative or that could be obtained from an
alternative source. See Senate Select Comm., 498 F.2d at 732–33 (holding public
release of redacted audio tape transcripts “substantially undermined” any legisla-
tive need for tapes themselves); Clemency Decision, 23 Op. O.L.C. at 3–4 (finding
that documents were not demonstrably critical where Congress could obtain
relevant information “through non-privileged documents and testimony”).
Accordingly, the Committees do not have a “demonstrably critical” need to collect
White House documents reflecting previously disclosed White House-Department
communications.
Finally, the Committees have also failed to establish the requisite need for
testimony from current or former White House officials about previously disclosed
White House-Department communications. Congressional interest in investigating
the replacement of U.S. Attorneys clearly falls outside its core constitutional
responsibilities, and any legitimate interest Congress may have in the disclosed
communications has been satisfied by the Department’s extraordinary accommo-
dation involving the extensive production of documents to the Committees,
interviews, and hearing testimony concerning these communications. As the D.C.
Circuit has explained, because “legislative judgments normally depend more on
the predicted consequences of proposed legislative actions and their political
acceptability,” Congress will rarely need or be entitled to a “precise reconstruction
of past events” to carry out its legislative responsibilities. Senate Select Comm.,
8
Assertion of Executive Privilege Concerning Dismissal of U.S. Attorneys
498 F.2d at 732. 5 On the other hand, the White House has very legitimate interests
in protecting the confidentiality of this information because it would be very
difficult, if not impossible, for current or former White House officials testifying
about the disclosed communications to separate in their minds knowledge that is
derived from the Department’s disclosures from knowledge that is derived from
other privileged sources, such as internal White House communications. Conse-
quently, given the President’s strong confidentiality interests and the Committees’
limited legislative needs, I believe that White House information about previously
disclosed White House-Department communications may properly be subject to an
executive privilege claim.
II.
In sum, I believe that executive privilege may properly be asserted with respect
to the subpoenaed documents and testimony as described above.
PAUL D. CLEMENT
Solicitor General & Acting Attorney General
5
See also Senate Select Comm., 498 F.2d at 732 (explaining that Congress “frequently legislates on
the basis of conflicting information provided in its hearings”); Congressional Requests for Confidential
Executive Branch Information, 13 Op. O.L.C. 153, 159 (1989) (“Congress will seldom have any legiti-
mate legislative interest in knowing the precise predecisional positions and statements of particular
executive branch officials.”).
9