Availability of the Judgment Fund for the
Payment o f Judgments or Settlements in Suits
Brought Against the Commodity Credit Corporation
Under the Federal Tort Claims Act
The Judgment Fund, the permanent appropriation established pursuant to 31 U.S.C. § 1304,
is n ot available fo r the payment o f judgm ents or settlements in suits brought against the
Com m odity Credit Corporation under the Federal Tort Claims Act.
December 5, 1989
M em orandum O p in io n for the G eneral C oun sel
D epartm ent of A g r ic u l t u r e
This memorandum responds to your office’s request of February 9,1989
(“February 9 Letter”), for the opinion of this Office concerning the avail
ability o f the permanent appropriation established pursuant to 31 U.S.C. §
1304 (“Judgment Fund”) for the payment o f judgments or settlements of
suits under the Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”), 28 U.S.C. §§ 2671-2680,
brought against the Commodity Credit Corporation (“CCC”), 15 U.S.C. §
714. For the reasons set forth below, we conclude that the Judgment Fund
is not available for the payment o f such judgments and settlements.
I. Background
This question arose from a settlement reached in the case of First
National Bank o f Rochester v. United States, in the United States District
Court, District o f Minnesota, Third Division, Civil No. 3-87-571. In that
case, you believed that the settlement should be paid from the Judgment
Fund, but the General Accounting Office opined that the Judgment Fund
could not be used. See Letter for Mary E. Carlson, Assistant United States
Attorney, from Kenneth R. Schutt, Judgment Group Manager, General
Accounting Office (May 24,1988). Although we understand that this com
promise settlement was ultimately paid out o f CCC funds, your office has
requested that we provide an opinion on the availability o f the Judgment
Fund generally to the CCC for payment o f judgments or settlements that
arise under the FTCA.
The Automatic Payment o f Judgments Act (the “Judgments Act” or
“Judgment Fund statute”), ch. 748, § 1302, 70 Stat. 678, 694-95 (1956)
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(codified as amended at 31 U.S.C. § 1304), creates a permanent appropri
ation for the payment of certain types o f judgments and settlements
obtained against the United States. Before passage of the permanent
appropriation, most judgments against the United States required specif
ic appropriations. See 66 Comp. Gen. 157, 159 (1986). Judgments obtained
under the FTCA or the Suits in Admiralty Act, 46 U.S.C. §§ 741-752, for
example, required a submission to Congress for appropriation. This
cumbersome process led to undue delay in payment, resulting in excess
charges for interest. Congress enacted the permanent Judgment Fund to
provide a simpler payment mechanism. See 66 Comp. Gen. at 159.
Section 1304 provides in pertinent part:
(a) Necessary amounts are appropriated to pay final
judgments, awards, compromise settlements, and interest
and costs specified in the judgments or otherwise autho
rized by law when —
(1) payment is not otherwise provided for;
(2) payment is certified by the Comptroller General; and
(3) the judgment, award, or settlement is payable —
(A) under section 2414, 2517, 2672, or 2677 o f title 28;
(B) under section 3723 of this title; ....
31 U.S.C. § 1304(a). Section 1304(a) thus imposes three requirements —
all o f which must be met — before a judgment or settlement may be paid
out o f the Judgment Fund. First, the payment must not be “otherwise pro
vided for.” Second, the Comptroller General must certify payment. And
finally, the judgment must be payable pursuant to one o f a number of
specified sections in the United States Code.
The second requirement — the necessity for certification by the
Comptroller General — does not appear to impose any additional substan
tive requirements on access to the Judgment Fund. The Comptroller
General’s certification follows from satisfaction o f the other two require
ments and completion of the necessary paperwork.1 Thus, we need deter
1 The General Accounting Office itself takes this position, stating that the requirement o f certification by
the Comptroller General “is an essentially ministerial function and does not contemplate review o f the mer
its o f a particular judgment." General Accounting Office, Principles o f Federal Appropriations Law 12-2
(1982) ( “GAO Manual”) (quoting B-129227, December 22,1960) See also 22 Comp Dec. 520 (1916); 8 Comp.
Gen 603, 605 (1929). In this case, however, GAO appears to have gone beyond its ministerial role by inter
preting the law as it applies to the executive branch. Because we conclude that the “not otherwise provided
for" requirement is not met in this case and the Judgment Fund is not available in any event, we need not
address the senous constitutional questions raised by any GAO attempt to impose on the executive branch
its own view o f the Judgment Fund’s availability. See Bowslier v Synar, 478 U.S 714 (1986) (Congress can
not constitutionally assign to the Comptroller General, an arm o f Congress, a role in executing the laws).
363
mine only whether FTCA judgments or settlements against the CCC satisfy
both o f the two substantive requirements for Judgment Fund availability.2
II. The CCC
By Executive Order No. 6340 President Roosevelt established the CCC in
1933 pursuant to the National Industrial Recovery Act, ch. 90, 48 Stat. 195
(1933). At its inception, the CCC was incorporated in Delaware, with its
office and principal place of business in Washington. Although the United
States owned all the capital stock o f the CCC and the members o f the
board o f directors, selected by the President, were officers in the federal
government, the CCC operated as a private corporation. See Exec. Order
No. 6340 (1933). The original articles of incorporation expressly state that
the CCC would be treated like any other corporation under the laws o f the
State o f Delaware.3 Under the 1935 Corporations Code in Delaware, as
under current law, corporations could sue and be sued, Del. Code. ch. 65,
art. 1, § 2 (1935), and the corporate entity, rather than the directors or
shareholders, was liable for judgments against the corporation unless the
execution o f such a judgment could not be satisfied. Id. § 51.4
The underlying liability of the corporation for judgments and settle
ments did not change as the CCC evolved from a presidentially-created,
privately-incorporated entity to a statutory corporation. Between 1933
and 1948, when the CCC was reincorporated by statute, see the
Commodity Credit Corporation Charter Act, ch. 704, 62 Stat. 1070 (1948)
(codified as amended at 15 U.S.C §§ 714-714p) (“CCC Charter Act”),
Congress enacted a series of laws “to continue the Commodity Credit
Corporation as an agency of the United States, to revise the basis o f annu
al appraisal o f its assets, and for other purposes.” S. Rep. No. 631, 78th
Cong., 2d Sess. 1 (1944).5These laws enabled Congress to determine the
econom ic viability o f the CCC through commercial-type audits and
2 Because we conclude that the FTCA actions brought against the CCC fail to meet the “not otherwise
provided for” requirement, we express no opinion whether such actions meet the section 1304(a)(3)
requirement o f the Judgment Fund statute, which contains a specific reference to the Federal Tort
Claims Act, 28 U.S C §§ 2672 & 2677.
3Article Third (m), Certificate o f Incorporation, Commodity Credit Corporation, provides:
(m ) In general, to have and to exercise all the powers and privileges conferred by the General
Corporation laws o f Delaware upon corporations, and to do all and everything necessary,
suitable and proper for the accomplishment o f any o f the purposes or for the attainment of
any o f the objects or for the furtherance o f any o f the powers herein set forth, either alone
or in association with other corporations, firms, agencies or individuals, and to do every
other act or thing lawfully incident or appurtenant to or growing out o f or connected with
any o f the aforesaid objects, purposes and/or powers.
4 These provisions o f the 1935 Delaware Corporations Code were identical to those in force in 1933
through other laws. See 35 Del. Laws 220 (1927); 1915 Del Corporations Code 1965.
6 See, e.g., Act o f Jan. 26, 1937, ch. 6, 50 Stat. 5 (1937); Act o f Mar. 4, 1939, ch. 5, 53 Stat. 510 (1939); Act
o f July 1, 1941, ch. 270, 55 Stat. 498(1941); Act o f July 16, 1943, ch 241, 57 Stat. 566 (1943), Act o f Dec
23, 1943, ch 381, 57 Stat. 643 (1943); Act o f Feb. 28, 1944, ch. 71, 58 Stat. 105 (1944), Act o f Apr 12, 1945,
ch. 54, 59 Stat. 50 (1945), Act o f June 30, 1947, ch 164, 61 Stat. 201 (1947)
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appraisals. As the Senate report to one o f these statutes notes, “[t]he
Commodity Credit Corporation’s fiscal responsibility is vested in the
Corporation and not in the individual fiscal agents. In other words, the
fiscal agents are responsible to the Corporation, which in turn is liable to
the Federal Government for the Government’s investment in the
Corporation.” Id. at 2.
In 1948, the CCC was re-established as a statutory corporation. See
CCC Charter Act, ch. 704, 62 Stat. 1070 (1948) (codified as amended at 15
U.S.C. §§ 714-714p). The CCC was constituted as a “body corporate”
which “shall be an agency and instrumentality o f the United States, with
in the Department o f Agriculture.” CCC Charter Act § 2 (codified at 15
U.S.C. § 714). Section 4(c) provided that, among the general powers of
the corporation, it “[m]ay sue and be sued, but no attachment, ir\junction,
garnishment, or other similar process, mesne or final, shall be issued
against the Corporation or its property.” Id. § 4(c) (codified at 15 U.S.C.
§ 714b(c)). Section 4(c) also provided for bench trials for suits brought
against the CCC, and specified a statute of limitations for actions brought
by or against the CCC. It specifically applied the FTCA to the CCC,
including the 1-year statute o f limitations applicable to FTCA claims. See
S. Rep. No. 1022, 80th Cong., 2d Sess. 11 (1948); H.R. Rep. No. 1790, 80th
Cong., 2d Sess. 10 (1948).
The CCC was also expressly provided with the authority to settle and
pay its legal obligations. Section 4(j) granted the CCC the authority to
“determine the character o f and the necessity for its obligations and
expenditures and the manner in which they shall be incurred, allowed,
and paid.” CCC Charter Act § 4(j) (codified at 15 U.S.C. § 714b(j)). Section
4(k) stated that the CCC “[s]hall have authority to make final and con
clusive settlement and adjustment o f any claims by or against the
Corporation or the accounts o f its fiscal officers.” CCC Charter Act § 4(k)
(codified at 15 U.S.C. § 714b(k)). The Senate Report explained that the
power conferred by section 4(k)
has been exercised by the Commodity Credit Corporation
since its creation, and the power and its exercise were rec
ognized by the Congress in the act o f February 28, 1944 (15
U.S.C., 1940 ed., Supp. V, 713), in which it was provided that
the Corporation should “continue” to have authority to
make adjustment and settlement o f its claims or the
accounts o f its fiscal officers.... A corporation such as the
Commodity Credit Corporation, engaged in a multitude of
commercial transactions, must be able expeditiously to
adjust, compromise, and settle its claims in order efficient
ly to conduct its business.
S. Rep. No. 1022 at 12.
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Moreover, just as the periodic pre-1948 evaluation and appraisal
statutes reiterated the CCC’s fiscal responsibility to the federal govern
ment, the 1948 statutory chartering o f the CCC retained the pre-existing
bases o f the CCC’s liability. Section 16 o f the CCC Charter Act provided:
The rights, privileges, and powers, and the duties and lia
bilities o f Commodity Credit Corporation, a Delaware cor
poration, in respect to any contract, agreement, loan,
account, or other obligation shall become the rights, privi
leges, and powers, and the duties and liabilities, respective
ly, o f the Corporation. The enforceable claims of or against
the Commodity Credit Corporation, a Delaware corpora
tion, shall become the claims o f or against, and may be
enforced by or against, the Corporation.
CCC Charter Act § 16 (codified at 15 U.S.C. § 714n).
III. Analysis
The Automatic Payment of Judgments Act was not designed to shift lia
bility to the United States Treasury from agencies that had specific and
express statutory authority to pay judgments and settlements out o f their
own assets and revenues,6 but rather to eliminate the need for Congress
to pass specific appropriations bills for the payment o f judgments.7 The
creation o f the Judgment Fund therefore did not disturb the prior prac
tice, reflected in GAO decisions, that a government corporation would be
required to pay judgments and settlements on personal iryury claims
where it has express authority to apply its own corporate funds to dis
charge such debts.8 Under the terms o f the Judgments Act, a corpora
6See 66 Comp. Gen 157, 160 (1986) (u[l]t was never the intent o f the judgment appropriation to shift
the source o f funds for those types of judgments which could be paid from agency funds... [T]he judg
ment appropriation was made available only where payment was ‘not otherwise provided fo r ’ 31 U S C
§ 1304(a)(1). If this were not the case, agencies would be in a position to avoid certain valid obligations
by using the ‘back door’ o f the judgment appropriation, and to this extent their budget requests would
present to the Congress an artificially low picture o f the true cost o f their activities to the taxpayer.”).
7 Congress viewed the previous method o f satisfying judgment claims by specific appropriations as
inequitable to judgment claimants, who were often forced to wait an unduly long time before receiving
the m oney the Government ow ed them. Furthermore, the procedure resulted in unnecessary adminis
trative expenses and interest costs to the Government. See Hearings on Supplemental Appropriations
Bill, 1957, Before Subcommittees of the House Comm on Appropriations, 84th C on g , 2d Sess. 883-84,
888-89 (1956) See also 99 Cong Rec. 8793, 8794 (1953) (statements o f Rep. Taber) (discussing a similar,
unenacted proposal in title II o f the Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1954).
6See, e.g., 25 Comp Gen. 685 (1946) In this decision, the Comptroller General concluded that “as the
Congress has recognized the corporate existence o f the Virgin Islands Company and the ordinance under
which it was created, any judgment obtained against the company in a suit brought for damages arising
out o f [a tort] .. would be payable from funds derived from the operation of the company ” 25 Comp
Gen. at 686-87. A later decision by the Comptroller General confirmed that even if initially such judg
ments were paid by the Treasury, “it is our view that judgments o f this nature should, at least ultimately,
be paid from funds o f the Corporation "37 Comp. Gen 691, 695 (1958) (citing 25 Comp Gen 685(1946)).
366
tion’s authority to discharge its own liability means that a judgment
against the corporation is “otherwise provided for” within the meaning of
section 1304. Consequently, the Judgment Fund is not available to dis
charge the liability.
The history o f the CCC confirms that Congress intended it to enjoy the
authority to discharge its debts from its own funds. For the first fifteen
years of its existence, the CCC operated largely in a private manner, and
was responsible to the government for its liabilities. Like similar govern
mental corporations, it did not enjoy sovereign immunity, but was
amenable to suit, including suits in tort. See, e.g., Keifer & Keifer v.
Reconstruction Fin. Corp., 306 U.S. 381 (1939). When Congress passed
the CCC Charter Act in 1948 to reincorporate the CCC, it expressly pro
vided that the CCC would remain exposed to legal liability. See CCC
Charter Act § 4(c) (codified at 15 U.S.C. § 714b(c)). Further, the 1948 rein
corporation also provided that the CCC “[s]hall determine the character
o f and the necessity for its obligations and expenditures and the manner
in which they shall be incurred, allowed, and paid.” CCC Charter Act §
4(j) (codified at 15 U.S.C. § 714b(j))- This language demonstrates that the
CCC may determine the manner of paying its own “obligations” — e.g., by
sale o f assets, by borrowings, or from current revenues. The next section
of the statute makes explicit that the “obligations” over which the CCC
has such authority include judgment claims. See CCC Charter Act § 4(k)
(codified at 15 U.S.C. § 714b(k)) (providing the CCC with “authority to
make final and conclusive settlement and adjustment of any claims by or
against the Corporation”). Since the CCC thus has the authority to apply
its own funds to the payment o f “any” o f its judgment claims, it follows
that the CCC’s obligations arising from FTCA claims may be paid from
corporate funds. Accordingly, payment o f such FTCA judgments against
the CCC is “otherwise provided for” within the meaning o f 31 U.S.C. §
1304(a)(1), and the Judgment Fund is not available for that purpose.
We recognize that the CCC reincorporation statute explicitly permits
FTCA suits to be brought against the CCC.9 Because the third requirement
in the Judgment Fund statute, 31 U.S.C. § 1304(a)(3)(A), and the CCC
Charter Act, 15 U.S.C. § 714b(c), both refer to the FTCA, Agriculture seems
to argue that FTCA judgments against the CCC are payable out o f the
Judgment Fund.10 That view is erroneous. We acknowledge that the third
requirement o f the Judgment Fund statute is satisfied simply by virtue of
the fact that the judgment or settlement at issue arises from an FTCA suit.
Nothing in the statute, however, suggests that FTCA suits necessarily sat
^See 15 U.S.C § 714b(c)
10 In the February 9 Letter, Agnculture stated “It is equally clear that Congress did not intend to
exclude the CCC from the FTCA simply because it was given the authority to settle claims Such an inter
pretation would read out o f the CCC Charter Act the express provision that the FTCA shall apply ”
February 9 Letter at 5-6
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isfy the separate requirement that the payment of the settlement or judg
ment not be “otherwise provided for.” Moreover, Agriculture’s argument
ignores the limited purpose served by including the FTCA reference in the
CCC reincorporation statute. The legislative intent behind the statutory ref
erence to the FTCA was merely to make it plain that such suits could con
tinue to be brought against the reincorporated CCC,11 and to emphasize
that the statute o f limitations for such actions would be the same for the
CCC as for other governmental entities subject to FTCA suits.12
Furthermore, the statutory requirement that the CCC must “determine
the character o f and necessity for its obligations and expenditures and
the manner in which they shall be incurred, allowed, and paid,” CCC
Charter Act § 4(j) (codified at 15 U.S.C. 714b(j)), would be anomalous if
it gave the CCC a general responsibility for paying its legal liabilities out
o f its own funds, except where those arose under FTCA. Nothing in the
language o f the provision remotely suggests that the CCC would be
required to defray its own liabilities on non-FTCA claims, but could look
to the Judgment Fund to pay its liabilities under FTCA.
Agriculture also advances the argument that because the FTCA con
verts suits against government agencies and employees into suits against
the United States, 28 U.S.C. § 2679(a), payment for CCC torts committed
under the FTCA must be payable from general funds o f the United States
rather than the CCC.13 But section 2679(a) merely creates a litigating con
vention which requires tort cases to be brought against the CCC in the
name o f the “United States” and subjects tort claims arising from CCC
activities to the procedures, terms and conditions o f the FTCA.14 We do
not believe that it shifts the source of funding FTCA liabilities from the
CCC onto the United States Treasury.
11 As we noted above, even p n or to the enactment o f FTCA, government-owned corporations were gen
erally held not to eryoy sovereign immunity even from tort actions, absent clear congressional indication
to extend such immunity to them In the 1948 rechartering o f the CCC, Congress apparently wished to
allay any suspicion that the CCC, as reconstituted, would thenceforward er\joy sovereign immunity.
,2The Senate report reveals no intention to alter the responsibility o f the CCC for judgments and other
liabilities The report states in pertinent part:
The 2-year limitation upon the nght to bring suit against the Corporation represents a length
o f time believed fair to both the plaintiff and the Corporation In this connection, it is to be
noted that the Federal Tort Claims Act recently passed by the Congress (60 Stat. 842) con
tains a 1-year statute o f limitations .. Since the Federal Tort Claims Act is designed for uni
form application to all Government agencies, including corporations, the applicability o f the
act to the Corporation is preserved. Consequently, there would be a 1-year statute o f limita
tions applicable to claims cognizable under that act
S. Rep. No. 1022 at 11.
13Thus, Agnculture maintained in its request for our opinion: “CCC funds are not legally available to
satisfy FTCA judgments or settlements arising out o f ... CCC programs because such judgments are as a
result o f suits and claims brought against the United States ” February 9 Letter at 6.
14See, e g., United States v. Klecan, 859 F.2d 570 (8th Cir. 1988); United States v Johnson, 853 F.2d 619
(8th Cir 1988); United States v. Bisson, 839 F.2d 418 (8th Cir. 1988), United States v. Batson, 782 F2d
1307 (5th Cir.), cert denied, 477 U.S. 906 (1986). This convention was, o f course, followed in the litiga
tion that gave rise to this request for an opinion, First National Bank o f Rochester v United States
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Our conclusion that the Judgment Fund is not available to the CCC
accords with the longstanding interpretation o f the GAO, which has
taken the view that government corporations should pay judgments from
their own funds rather than the Judgment Fund. GAO’s conclusion is
“based in part on the ‘otherwise provided for’ reasoning and in part on the
grounds that a judgment against a Government corporation is not really
the same as a judgment against the United States.” GAO Manual at 12-21
(citing Waylyn Corp. v. United States, 231 F.2d 544 (1st Cir.), cert,
denied, 352 U.S. 827 (1956)).15
IV. Conclusion
We conclude, therefore, that the Judgment Fund is unavailable for pay
ment of judgments and settlements arising under the Federal Tort Claims
Act against the Commodity Credit Corporation. The history and purpos
es of the Judgment Fund suggest that Congress intended payments to be
made out o f the permanent appropriation only when three requirements
are met. In our view, the CCC may “otherwise” provide for payment o f its
FTCA judgments, and thus fails to meet a requirement for payment o f a
judgment out o f the permanent appropriation.
WILLIAM P. BARR
Assistant Attorney General
Office of Legal Counsel
15 Although the opinions o f the Comptroller General, an agent o f Congress, are not binding on the exec
utive branch, we have recognized in a related context that in considering issues that “are directly perti
nent to statutory restrictions on the use o f appropriated funds, we believe it appropriate to accord con
siderable deference to decisions o f the GAO ” Establishment of the President’s Council fo r
International Youth Exchange, 6 Op. O L C 541, 547 (1982).
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