Authorization for Publication and Advice on Copyright Protection for a Manuscript Prepared by a Department of Justice Employee

Authorization for Publication and Advice
on Copyright Protection for a Manuscript
Prepared by a Department of Justice Employee
The key inquiry in determ ining the application o f 28 C.F.R. § 45.73512, which governs publica­
tion o f a m anuscript by a Department of Justice employee, is whether the m anuscript was
prepared as a part or the employee’s official duties, is devoted substantially to the responsi­
bilities and operations o f the Departm ent, or is otherw ise dependent on information obtained
as a result o f governm ent employment.

The m anuscript at issue, which was prepared by an em ployee of the Bureau of Prisons, is
sufficiently related to the employee’s official duties as to prohibit remuneration for publica­
tion under 28 C.F.R. § 45.735-12(a). The Deputy Attorney General may authorize publica­
tion w ithout rem uneration under 28 C.F.R. § 45.7 3 5 -1 2(c) if it is determined that publication
is in the public interest.

A lthough a decision on whether the m anuscript in question may be copyrighted can only be made
by the R egister o f Copyrights, it appears doubtful that the Register would grant copyright
protection. The m anuscript would probably be viewed as a “work of the United States
G overnm ent,” because the work w as prepared by a government em ployee as part of his
official duties. Such works may not be copyrighted under the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. § 105.

January 24, 1983

M em orandum O p in io n fo r the A s s o c ia t e A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l

This responds to your request for our advice regarding authorization for
publication and copyright protection of a manuscript setting forth the results of
a study on aggression in federal prisons prepared by Mr. A, an employee of the
Bureau of Prisons. As we understand the facts surrounding the preparation of
this manuscript, we believe that authorization for publication, without a fee,
should be granted based on the recommendation by the Director of the Bureau
that publication of the study is in the public interest. The copyright issue raises
more difficult questions, because a substantial portion of the manuscript was
prepared by Government employees during the course of their official duties.
Based on the limited facts presented to us, we doubt whether Mr. A’s manu­
script may be copyrighted, but ultimately that determination must be made by
the Register of Copyrights at the Library of Congress.

I. Facts

The manuscript which Mr. A seeks to publish and copyright records the
results of a study, developed and analyzed primarily by three Bureau of Prisons
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employees over a period of several years. The study was initiated in response to
a perceived need within the Bureau for a better understanding of, and greater
insight into, an identified aspect of inmate behavior in the Federal Prison
System. The manuscript runs approximately 400 pages in length, and includes
extensive tables, models, graphs, and sample questionnaires, as well as narra­
tive analyses and a twelve-page Executive Summary of the longer manuscript
prepared for a 1980 Warden’s Conference. The introduction to the manuscript
sets forth the goals of the Federal Prison System Project, under which the data
was gathered and analyzed, as “providing useful information to administrators”
and “producing data that will interest students of the Criminal Justice System.”
This perception was stimulated by, inter alia, a 1976 study of assaults at the
Lewisberg Penitentiary, which showed that 5 out of 8 homicides occurring
within the 26-month period studied were related to a particular aspect of
inmate behavior, and a 1977 finding that such behavior is the primary motive
for prison homicides and leads to other especially violent acts. Mr. A stated that
because of the increasingly apparent lack of, and need for, comparative infor­
mation regarding these findings, the Federal Prison System’s Office of Re­
search recommended the establishment of a national project to establish rates
of this behavior.
The study was conducted and the manuscript prepared over a period of
approximately two years by Mr. A and his co-author, Mr. B, another employee
at the Bureau. Both Mr. A and Mr. B prepared approximately one half of the
manuscript during the course of their official duties at the Bureau and the
remaining half on their own time. The authors were assisted in large part by Mr.
C, a Bureau of Prisons employee, who made significant contributions to the
development of survey instruments and computer data files and also performed
archival data analyses to demonstrate sample representativeness for the study.
Mr. C’s contributions were all made during the course of his official duties. In
addition to the three primary contributors, the project received support services
from many other people, both Government and non-Govemment employees.1
As far as we have been able to determine, the study was funded from the
Bureau of Prisons general operating budget, and was supported in large measure
by the Bureau’s staff in the course of their official duties.

II. Publication

Publication of Mr. A’s manuscript is governed by 28 C.F.R. § 45.73512.
Subsection (a) of this provision prohibits Department employees from accept­
ing fees from outside sources for publications that were prepared as “a part of
the official duties of the employee.”2 Subsection (b) prohibits receipt of
1 For exam ple, we understand that the person who interview ed the inmates for the study was hired from
outside the Governm ent and paid with Bureau o f Prisons funds for his services.
2 28 C.F.R. § 4 5.735-12(a) provides:
(a) No em ployee shall accept a fee from an outside source on account o f a public appearance,
speech, lecture, o r publication if the public appearance or the preparation o f the speech, lecture,
o r publication was a part o f the official duties o f the employee.

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 compensation or anything of monetary value for . . . writing . . .
the subject matter of which is devoted substantially to the re­
sponsibilities, programs or operations of the Department, or
which draws substantially on official data or ideas which have
not become part of the body of public information.
Subsection (c) prohibits Department employees from engaging in writing
whether with or without compensation . . . that is dependent on
information obtained as a result o f . . . Government employment
except when that information has been made available to the
general public or when the Deputy Attorney General gives
written authorization for the use of nonpublic information on the
basis that the use is in the public interest.
The key inquiry in determining the applicability of the prohibitions contained
in these provisions to Mr. A’s manuscript is whether the manuscript was
prepared as a part of Mr. A’s official duties at the Bureau of Prisons, is devoted
substantially to the responsibilities and operations of the Department, or is
otherwise dependent on information obtained as a result of his Government
employment.3
The Department generally has interpreted the prohibitions contained in
§ 45.735-12 rigorously to preclude any substantial potential for conflicts of
interest and the resulting impairment of public confidence in the performance
of its federal law enforcement duties. Notwithstanding Mr. A’s intention to
publish the manuscript without compensation, we believe it is clear that Mr.
A’s manuscript is within the category of documents to which the provisions
contained in § 45.73512 apply. The factors which lead us to this conclusion
are: (1) the manuscript is styled as a Final Report to the Director; (2) the subject
matter of the study is devoted substantially to work carried on by the Bureau of
Prisons’ Office of Research; (3) the study upon which the manuscript is based
was developed and executed largely on “on duty” time by Department employ­
ees; and (4) the study was prepared in response to an official request of the
Director of the Bureau of Prisons, although it seems clear that the Director did
not request a report of the detail and magnitude of that prepared by Mr. A.4
Accordingly, we believe that the manuscript is sufficiently related to Mr. A’s
official duties at the Bureau of Prisons as to prohibit his remuneration for its
publication. The question of whether publication of the manuscript should be
permitted at all is a question of judgment which we believe can best be
3 A secondary inquiry is w hether the data contained in Mr. A ’s study has “become part o f the body o f public
info rm atio n .” If the inform ation already has b een made available to the general public, w ithout regard to the
question o f com pensation, subsection (c) d o es not require the w ritten authorization o f the Deputy A ttorney
G eneral fo r publication. If the preparation o f th e work w as a part o f the official duties o f em ployees or if the
subject m atter o f the w ork is “devoted substantially” to the responsibilities or operations o f the Department,
how ever, subsections (a) and (b) preclude receip t o f com pensation from outside sources, even if the Deputy
A ttorney G eneral has authorized publication o r the inform ation has otherw ise been made public.
4 In fact, M r. A prepared a preliminary thirteen-page Executive Sum m ary for the Director which outlined
the tentative results o f the study and projected future areas o f inquiry.

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exercised by the Bureau of Prisons. Even assuming the information contained
in the study is not public information at this time, we see no reason why the
Deputy Attorney General should deny the authorization required by subsection
(c) for publication if the Director of the Bureau has, by his request for authori­
zation on Mr. A’s behalf, indicated his interest in publication of the study’s
results. Absent a concern elsewhere in the Department that such official data be
kept confidential, we would defer to the judgment of the Division or Office
which developed the data that its publication will not harm the Government’s
activities.

III. Copyright Protection

The determination whether Mr. A’s manuscript may receive copyright pro­
tection turns on whether the manuscript properly may be described as a “work
of the United States Government.” Section 105 of the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C.
§ 105, prohibits the granting of copyright protection to “any work of the United
States Government,” defined in § 101 as “a work prepared by an officer or
employee of the United States Government as part of that person’s official
duties.” Thus, all work of the United States Government is intended to be in the
public domain. The Historical Notes to § 105 explain that “under this defini­
tion, a Government official or employee would not be prevented from securing
copyright in a work written at that person’s own volition and outside his or her
duties, even though the subject matter involves the Government work or
professional field of the official or employee.”5

5 See H.R. Rep. No. 1476, 94th Cong , 2d Sess 58 (1976). The Notes go on to address:
[t]he more difficult and far-reaching problem w hether the definition should be broadened to
prohibit copyright in w orks prepared under U.S. G overnm ent contract or grant As the bill is
w ritten, the G overnm ent agency concerned could determ ine in each case w hether to allow an
independent contractor o r grantee, to secure copyright in works prepared in whole or in part w ith
the use o f G overnm ent funds. The argum ent that has been made against allow ing copyright in
this situation is that the public should not be required to pay a “double subsidy," and that it is
inconsistent to prohibit copyright in works by G overnm ent em ployees while perm itting private
copyrights in a grow ing body o f works created by persons who are paid with G overnm ent funds.
Those arguing in favor o f potential copyright protection have stressed the im portance o f copy­
right as an incentive to creation and dissem ination in this situation, and the basically different
policy considerations applicable to works written by G overnm ent em ployees and those appli­
cable to w orks prepared by private organizations with the use o f Federal funds.
The bill deliberately avoids making any sort o f outright, unqualified prohibition against
copyright in works prepared under G overnm ent contract or grant T here may well be cases w here
it would be in the public interest to deny copyright in the w ritings generated by G overnm ent
research contracts and the like; it can be assum ed that, where a G overnm ent agency com m issions
a work for its own use m erely as an alternative to having one o f its own em ployees prepare the
work, the right to secure a private copyright w ould be w ithheld However, there are alm ost
certainly many other cases where the denial o f copyright protection would be unfair or w ould
ham per the production and publication o f im portant works. W here, under the particular circum ­
stances, Congress o r the agency involved finds that the need to have a work freely available
outw eighs the need o f the private author to secure copyright, the problem can be dealt with by
specific legislation, agency regulations, o r contractual restrictions
Id. at 59 See generally Schnapper v. Foley, 667 F.2d 102 (D.C. Cir. 1981), cert denied, 455 U.S. 948 (1982). This
provision would not apply to Mr. A ’s circumstances because he is a Government employee, not a contractor.

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 Using these guidelines, we believe that Mr. A’s manuscript falls within the
parameters of a “work of the United States Government” and therefore is not
entitled to copyright protection. Although the magnitude of the manuscript is
arguably a reflection of Mr. A’s personal estimation of the significance of the
study for the Federal Prison System, some portion of which undoubtedly was
prepared during off-duty hours, the facts that the study was initiated in re­
sponse to an official request or recommendation from within the Bureau of
Prisons’ Office of Research, the analytical tools used in the study were devel­
oped and implemented substantially by Bureau employees during on duty
hours, and the study was presented as a “Final Report to the Director” setting
forth the results of the Federal Prison System’s study are, in our judgment,
sufficient to render the manuscript an “official” document for the purposes of
the Copyright Act. Thus, even though the study may have far exceeded the
scope of the official request for such data — indeed, it is precisely because the
work is so substantial that a significant risk of pirating exists — to permit the
author(s) to claim copyright protection for work which was substantially
supported and funded by the federal government through the work of its
employees would significantly undermine the statutory scheme and legislative
intent of § 105.
Judicial interpretations of § 105, and its predecessor provisions in the 1909
Copyright Act, support this conclusion.6 In Public Affairs Associates, Inc. v.
Rickover, 268 F. Supp. 444 (D.D.C. 1967), the court held that two speeches
prepared and delivered by Vice Admiral Rickover on his own private time
could properly be the subject of copyright protection, even though the subject
of one of the speeches related to the Vice Admiral’s official duties as an
employee of the United States Navy and the Atomic Energy Commission. The
court found significant the following facts: (1) neither Admiral Rickover nor
his Government employers believed that the speeches fell within Rickover’s
official duties, nor was there any evidence that he was directed to make the
speeches by his superiors; (2) delivery of the speeches was precipitated by
invitations extended directly to Rickover in his private capacity by two private
organizations; (3) the speeches were drafted in Rickover’s home, and were
delivered on his own time; and (4) the speech the subject matter of which
related to Rickover’s official duties
was a non-technical address to a non-technical audience. The
speech was subjective in nature and was not consistent with
Atomic Energy Commission policy . . . . All information con­
cerning Shippingport [Power Station] was unclassified. Prior to
the speech there had been full dissemination of the technical
information derived from Shippingport by the Technical Infor­
mation Division of the Atomic Energy Commission.
Id. at 453. In short, the only connection the court found between Admiral
6 See 17 U .S.C . § 8 (1970), which provided in pertinent part that “ [n]o copyright shall s u b s is t. . in any
p u b licatio n o f the U nited States G overnm ent/’

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Rickover’s speeches and the United States Government was in the “purely
mechanical operations” of his administrative assistant, who “typ[ed] a final
draft for duplication . . . on Naval facilities.” This connection was held to be
insufficient to render the speeches “works of the United States Government.”
Id. at 449.
Earlier consideration of the 1909 Act’s provision excepting works of the
United States Government from copyright protection is found in United States
v. First Trust Company o f Saint Paul, 251 F.2d 686 (8th Cir. 1958). There the
court examined the rough notes prepared by Captain Clark during the Lewis
and Clark Expedition in 1803-04. Based upon the fact that the materials
contained, in addition to data that President Jefferson requested the Expedition
to gather in its official record, “a great many personal and private notations,
including information about the receipt of newspapers or letters, details of
personal illnesses, social engagements, and other such items as might not be
expected to be found in notes of an official character or in an official record,”
the court affirmed the district court’s conclusion “that the notes were the
private and personal writings of Captain Clark, unofficial in character and
therefore not the work of a Government representative engaged in the perfor­
mance of his official duties.” Id. at 690.
Judgments about copyright protection rest ultimately with the Register of
Copyrights. This Office therefore is necessarily tentative in making such
judgments, particularly when we do not have at our disposal all facts relevant to
the determination. Accordingly, we recommend that you advise Mr. A to seek
further guidance on this matter from the Copyright Office directly.

T h eo d o r e B. O lso n
Assistant Attorney General
Office o f Legal Counsel

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