This opinion will be unpublished and
may not be cited except as provided by
Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2016).
STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A16-0804
In re the Marriage of: Jacqueline Lorraine Bourgoin, petitioner,
Respondent,
vs.
Bradley Joseph Bourgoin,
Appellant,
County of Anoka, intervenor,
Respondent.
Filed January 30, 2017
Affirmed
Hooten, Judge
Anoka County District Court
File No. 02-FA-08-300
Robert A. Manson, Robert A. Manson, P.A., White Bear Lake, Minnesota (for appellant)
Elizabeth A. Schading, Barna, Guzy & Steffen, Ltd., Coon Rapids, Minnesota (for
respondent)
Anthony C. Palumbo, Anoka County Attorney, Anoka, Minnesota (for respondent county)
Considered and decided by Peterson, Presiding Judge; Hooten, Judge; and Smith,
John, Judge.
Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to
Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
HOOTEN, Judge
In this child-support dispute, appellant challenges the district court’s order denying
his motion to modify child support, arguing that the district court erred (1) by implying that
appellant waived his right to future modification of his child support obligation, (2) by
finding that appellant failed to demonstrate that the existing child support order is unfair
or unreasonable, and (3) by using a yearly average method to calculate appellant’s gross
income. We affirm.
FACTS
On April 14, 2008, the district court entered a judgment and decree which dissolved
the marriage of appellant Bradley Joseph Bourgoin and respondent Jacqueline Lorraine
Bourgoin. The judgment and decree, incorporating the parties’ January 21, 2008 Marital
Settlement Agreement, awarded the parties joint legal custody of their four minor children
and awarded sole physical custody to respondent.
At the time of the judgment and decree, appellant was employed full time as a
locomotive engineer. Appellant’s gross income was approximately $5,833 per month or
$70,000 annually. Appellant was ordered to pay child support in the amount of $1,800 per
month. This amount was an agreed upon upward departure from appellant’s guidelines
child support obligation of $1,619 per month. Specifically, the judgment and decree stated:
[Appellant] understands that said amount of support is an
upward departure from the child support guidelines, and
[appellant] has voluntarily agreed to pay this additional amount
of child support until the parties[’] youngest child, [J.W.B.],
turns 18 and graduates from high school.
2
Said child support obligation is subject to biennial cost-
of-living adjustments. . . . Application for a cost-of-living
adjustment may be made every two years, commencing two
years from the date of entry of the Judgment and Decree herein.
Appellant’s child support obligation increased due to cost of living adjustments (COLA)
in 2010 to $1,868 per month and in 2012 to $1,973 per month.
Appellant filed a motion contesting the COLA to his basic support obligation in
2012. The Child Support Magistrate (CSM) denied his motion, finding that “[appellant]
failed to show that his income has not increased sufficiently to fulfill the proposed support
obligation shown in the COLA Notice.” The CSM noted that appellant’s income had
increased by 13% from 2009 to 2011 and that the COLA increased appellant’s child
support obligation by 5.6%. With COLA, appellant’s basic support obligation, effective
May 2014, was $2,042.
In 2015, appellant brought a motion to modify the child support based upon (1) the
emancipation of the parties’ oldest child, (2) a reduction in appellant’s income, and (3) an
increase in respondent’s income. The CSM denied appellant’s motion in full, determining
that there had not been a substantial change in circumstances rendering the existing child
support order unfair or unreasonable.
Appellant moved for district court review of the CSM’s denial of his motion. In her
affidavit opposing appellant’s motion, respondent objected to the extent that appellant
claimed the existing support order was unfair and unreasonable, but agreed that a waiver
of all accumulated COLA adjustments and a return to the original support figure of $1,800
per month would be an equitable result. The district court affirmed the CSM’s factual
3
findings and her legal conclusion that appellant had failed to demonstrate that the existing
child support order was unfair or unreasonable, but reduced appellant’s basic child support
obligation back to the original figure of $1,800 per month in accordance with respondent’s
waiver. This appeal follows.
DECISION
The district court has broad discretion to provide for the support of the parties’
children. Rutten v. Rutten, 347 N.W.2d 47, 50 (Minn. 1984). A district court abuses its
discretion when it sets support in a manner that is against logic and the facts on record or
it misapplies the law. See id. (addressing the setting of support in a manner that is against
logic and facts on record); Ver Kuilen v. Ver Kuilen, 578 N.W.2d 790, 792 (Minn. App.
1998) (addressing an improper application of law). We also review a district court’s
decision to modify child support for an abuse of discretion. Bormann v. Bormann, 644
N.W.2d 478, 481 (Minn. App. 2002). On appeal from a CSM’s ruling that has been
affirmed by the district court, the standard of review is the same standard as would have
been applied if the decision had been made by a district court in the first instance.
Ludwigson v. Ludwigson, 642 N.W.2d 441, 445–46 (Minn. App. 2002). We view the
evidence in the light most favorable to the district court’s findings. Vangsness v.
Vangsness, 607 N.W.2d 468, 474 (Minn. App. 2000).
I.
4
Appellant first argues that while the CSM did not explicitly use the term “waiver,”
she implied that appellant waived his right to modify his child support obligation based on
the language used in the judgment and decree. We disagree.
Generally, an agreement to waive child support is not enforceable because it is
contrary to public policy. Aumock v. Aumock, 410 N.W.2d 420, 422 (Minn. App. 1987)
(“The best interests of minor children are served by ensuring that they receive adequate
support consistent with the financial abilities of their mothers and fathers to provide that
support.”). Specifically, appellant argues that the district court, by affirming the CSM,
essentially found that any future right to modification was waived by the parties’ stipulation
to an upward departure from appellant’s guidelines obligation, and denied appellant’s
motion without performing child support calculations or addressing other statutory factors.
This argument is not supported by the record. The CSM calculated appellant’s
current income and determined that appellant’s gross monthly income for 2015 was $6,355
in regular wages per month, or $7,750 in regular wages and overtime compensation per
month. The CSM found that “[appellant’s] income, even without respect to overtime, has
increased since entry of the [judgment and decree].” The district court affirmed the CSM’s
conclusions and performed the child support calculations for the parties’ current situation
before concluding appellant did not demonstrate that the existing child support order is
unfair or unreasonable.
Considering the written findings of the CSM and the district court with regard to the
parties’ incomes, and the absence of any language explicitly indicating that the district
court considered modification foreclosed due to waiver, we conclude that the district court
5
did not consider the judgment and decree to implicitly waive appellant’s right to future
modifications.
II.
Appellant next argues that the district court’s determination of his income was
clearly erroneous because it was based on an average of his income from all of 2015, rather
than his decreased income between September and December 2015. We disagree.
A district court’s income calculations are factual determinations which will stand
“unless clearly erroneous.” Newstrand v. Arend, 869 N.W.2d 681, 685 (Minn. App. 2015)
(quotation omitted), review denied (Minn. Dec. 15, 2015). Where a child support obligor’s
income fluctuates, an income averaging method takes into account fluctuations and more
accurately measures income. See Veit v. Veit, 413 N.W.2d 601, 606 (Minn. App. 1987)
(holding that when self-employed business income fluctuates, income averaging more
accurately measures obligor’s net income). Appellate courts do not recognize any standard
time period for averaging income. See id.
The district court used a yearly average of appellant’s compensation to calculate
his gross income. Appellant argues that his income for the year was skewed based on the
overtime available during the first part of the year and that this court should remand for a
proper determination of appellant’s income based upon his change in income since
September 2015. Appellant’s argument is unpersuasive.
Appellant testified that he had not worked consistent overtime since September
2015 due to a change in position and decrease in overtime availability. Appellant also
submitted a letter from his employer indicating that overtime would be limited, however
6
the letter did not indicate that appellant’s overtime opportunities would be eliminated. The
district court reviewed the paystubs submitted to the CSM and determined that appellant’s
testimony that he had not regularly worked overtime since September 2015 was
inconsistent with his paystubs, and that although appellant offered a letter from his
employer indicating that overtime was being limited, it did not sufficiently state that
appellant was not working overtime.
Based on these findings, the district court was within its discretion to use an annual
average based on the fluctuations in appellant’s income. Therefore, we conclude that the
district court’s determination of appellant’s income was not clearly erroneous.
III.
Finally, appellant argues that the decrease in his income and increase in
respondent’s income are substantial changes in the circumstances making the current
support obligation unfair and unreasonable, and that the district court was required to
recalculate his support obligation and modify the support order accordingly. We disagree.
The CSM did not find that the emancipation of the parties’ older child or the increase
in respondent’s income were substantial changes in circumstances rendering the existing
child support order unreasonable or unfair. The district court affirmed the CSM’s findings
and further concluded that appellant failed to demonstrate that the parties’ stipulation in
the judgment and decree was inequitable. However, because respondent agreed to waive
the accrued COLA adjustments, the district court partially granted appellant’s motion to
modify his child support obligation by reducing his obligation back to the original
stipulated amount of $1,800.
7
The bases for modifying a child support order are codified in Minn. Stat. § 518A.39,
subd. 2 (a) (2016), which provides:
The terms of an order respecting maintenance or support may
be modified upon a showing of one or more of the following,
any of which makes the terms unreasonable and unfair: (1)
substantially increased or decreased gross income of an obligor
or obligee; (2) substantially increased or decreased need of an
obligor or obligee or the child or children that are the subject
of these proceedings; . . . or (8) upon the emancipation of the
child, as provided in subdivision 5.
The party who moves to modify an existing child support order has the burden of
demonstrating that one of the section 518A.39 “substantial change in circumstances”
factors is applicable, and as a result, the award is unfair and unreasonable. Bormann, 644
N.W.2d at 480–81. If applying the child support guidelines to the current circumstances
of the parties results in a support calculation that is at least 20% and $75 higher or lower
than the current support order, a substantial change in circumstances is presumed, and an
additional, rebuttable presumption of unreasonableness and unfairness arises. Minn. Stat.
§ 518A.39, subd. 2(b)(1) (2016).
To determine whether the statutory presumption of substantial change in
circumstances applied, the district court calculated that the application of the child support
guidelines to the current circumstances of the parties resulted in a basic support obligation
of $1,515. The district court concluded that the guidelines support amount of $1,515 was
not 20% lower than the reduced order of $1,800. Appellant argues that the district court
erred in using the reduced order amount of $1,800 and instead should have performed the
calculation based on the current order amount at the time of appellant’s motion, which was
8
$2,042. Using this amount would result in a difference of 25.8%, and the rebuttable
presumption of unreasonableness and unfairness would arise.
Appellant is correct that the proper amount to use in the substantial change of
circumstances calculation was the amount in the current order, not the amount in the
reduced order.1 However, despite the incorrect calculation and resulting presumption of
unreasonableness and unfairness, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its
discretion in declining further modification because there is sufficient evidence in the
record to rebut this presumption.
The CSM calculated appellant’s average gross monthly income including overtime
wages had increased from $5,833 at the time of the issuance of the judgment and decree to
$7,750. The CSM determined that respondent’s average gross monthly income had
increased from $650 at the time of the issuance of the judgment and decree to $2,203.
Accordingly, although respondent’s income increased since the judgment and decree,
appellant’s income did as well, with an increase of $364 per month in the disparity between
appellant’s higher income and respondent’s lower income. As highlighted by the district
court, the key change in circumstances between appellant and respondent which led to the
1
Minn. Stat. § 518A.39, subd. 2 (b)(1) requires that the calculation be made between the
amount of support calculated based on the “current circumstances of the parties” and the
amount of support mandated by “the current support order.” At the time of appellant’s
motion, the support order required payment of $2,042, taking into account the COLA
increase.
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decrease in appellant’s calculated support obligation was the emancipation of their oldest
child.2
The parties stipulated to appellant’s initial child support obligation of $1,800 in the
judgment and decree. While a stipulation which fixes the parties’ child support rights and
obligations “does not bar later consideration of whether a change in circumstances warrants
a modification,” the district court should alter the support order “carefully and only
reluctantly.” O’Donnell v. O’Donnell, 678 N.W.2d 471, 475 (Minn. App. 2004)
(quotations omitted).
The CSM found that this stipulated agreement was a global settlement of the claims
between appellant and respondent, and explicitly contemplated the continuing payment of
a fixed rate despite the successive emancipations of the parties’ children. Our review of
the record reveals that the consideration for this atypical arrangement is not stated directly,
however it is noteworthy that despite the disparate incomes of the parties at the time of the
marital dissolution, respondent was not awarded even temporary spousal maintenance.
Given the continuing disparity of income between appellant and respondent, and the fact
that the emancipation of the oldest child was explicitly contemplated by the parties at the
time the agreement was entered, there is adequate evidence in the record to rebut the
statutory presumption that the current support order is unreasonable and unfair.3
2
The current support calculation based on three children results in a change of $527, or
25.8%. The current support calculation based on four children results in a change of $284,
or 13.9%.
3
Even absent sufficient evidence to rebut the presumption of unreasonableness, appellant’s
proposed remedy is not supported by the statute. Minn. Stat. § 518A.39, subd. 2(a) states
that the district court may modify child support upon a showing that a substantial change
10
Here, the district court, despite finding that appellant had failed to carry his burden
in demonstrating that the current support order was unreasonable and unfair, nevertheless
reduced appellant’s support obligation down to $1,800. This reduction was an
acknowledgment of respondent’s testimony that she was willing to “waive” the accrued
COLA increases and go back to the amount stated in the decree. Based on the wide
discretion afforded the district court in modifying support orders, and the lack of change in
the parties’ circumstances which were unanticipated at the time of the stipulation, we
conclude that the district court’s partial reduction of appellant’s support obligation was not
against logic and the facts on record.
Affirmed.
in circumstances makes the previous order unreasonable and unfair. By using the
permissive word “may,” the statute grants the district court discretion to decide whether to
modify child support, and in what amount, even when there has been a substantial change
in circumstances. See Minn. Stat. § 645.44, subd. 15 (2016). There is no legal basis for
mandating that the district court use the presumptively appropriate guideline support
amount from the current support obligation calculation as the final figure in the actual child
support award, as appellant proposes.
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In re the Marriage of: Jacqueline Lorraine Bourgoin v. Bradley Joseph Bourgoin, County of Anoka, intervenor
Combined Opinion