In re Colton R.

02/07/2017

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
Assigned on Briefs January 4, 2017

IN RE: COLTON R.

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Blount County
No. E25607 Tammy M. Harrington, Judge
___________________________________

No. E2016-00807-COA-R3-PT
___________________________________

This is a termination of parental rights case. Mother and Stepfather filed a petition to
terminate the parental rights of Father to the child. The trial court found that the grounds
of (1) abandonment for willful failure to visit as defined by Tennessee Code Annotated
section 36-1-102(1)(A)(i), (2) abandonment for willful failure to visit by an incarcerated
parent as defined by Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv), and (3)
abandonment based on conduct demonstrating a wanton disregard for the welfare of the
child had been proven by clear and convincing evidence. The trial court also found that
termination was in the best interest of the child. Father appeals. We reverse the trial
court’s finding of abandonment by willful failure to visit as defined by Tennessee Code
Annotated section 36-1-102(1)(A)(i) but affirm the trial court in all other respects.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Reversed in
Part; and Affirmed in Part.

J. STEVEN STAFFORD, P.J., W.S., delivered the opinion of the court, in which D. MICHAEL
SWINEY, C.J., and ANDY D. BENNETT, J., joined.

Nicholas Black, Maryville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Mark R.

David K. Calfee, Cleveland, Tennessee, for the appellees, Cheryl W. and Michael W.

OPINION
 I. BACKGROUND

Colton R. (“the child”) was born in February 2005, to Petitioner/Appellee Cheryl
W. (“Mother”) and Respondent/Appellant Mark R. (“Father”).1 Father and Mother were
married on February 14, 2002, and divorced by order of the Bradley County Circuit Court
(“divorce court”) on August 12, 2011. The divorce court adopted and approved the
permanent parenting plan previously executed by the parties, which provided for equal
co-parenting time with the child and designated mother as the primary residential parent.
It is undisputed that no court ever ordered child support to be paid by either parent.

On April 4, 2012, Father was arrested in Bradley County and charged with two
counts of theft over $1,000.00. Father was released from jail on bond the same day. This
incident was only the first in a series of criminal charges against Father, as discussed in
detail, infra. On the same day, the divorce court, entered an ex parte order for emergency
custody granting Mother exclusive custody of the child. On or about June 1, 2012, the
divorce court entered an order allowing Father supervised visitation, with one visit to
occur mid-week lasting two hours and a second visit on the weekend lasting four hours.
The divorce court further ordered that Father be allowed to call the child every day at
5:30 p.m. for fifteen to thirty minutes depending on the child’s desire to talk. At the June
1, 2012 hearing, the divorce court also revealed the contents of its in-chambers interview
with the child during the course of the hearing. The child was seven years old at the
time.2 According to the divorce court, the child revealed that Father “stole something”
and that Father told the child “Son, you can’t tell anybody about this.”

In the span of approximately nine months, Father was charged with eight
additional crimes related to theft of property, ranging from misdemeanor theft to charges
as serious as theft over $10,000.00 and burglary. At least two of the charges were
dismissed and one was reduced to a lesser offense. However, Father pleaded guilty to
eight crimes, including the two initial theft charges in Bradley County, discussed supra,
and two charges of theft over $10,000.00. By our review, Father appears to have been
ordered to spend eleven months twenty-nine days in jail but was allowed to serve the
remainder of his three-year sentence on community corrections. Father’s jail sentence
was reduced by pre-trial credits, and he was ultimately released from jail into community
corrections on November 22, 2013.3 Meanwhile, Mother and Petitioner/Appellee Michael
W. (“Stepfather,” or, together with Mother, “Appellees”) married on August 3, 2012.

1
In cases involving termination of parental rights, it is the policy of this Court to remove the names of
minor children and other parties in order to protect their identities.
2
Counsel for both Father and Mother were present during the in-chambers interview.
3
As discussed, infra, Father contests one of his felony convictions. Pursuant to an order entered on or
about September 9, 2015, the Polk County Criminal Court found that Father’s claims “raise a colorable
claim for review” concerning the Bradley County and McMinn County convictions from 2013.
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 As discussed, infra, Father resumed contact with the child through some telephone
calls and two supervised visitations at a supervision center in Madisonville (“supervision
center”) sometime in January 2014. Father’s legal troubles, however, were not over. On
February 19, 2014, a warrant was issued for Father’s arrest for violation of community
corrections based on charges in Polk County of burglary other than a habitation and theft
over $1,000.00. The Polk County criminal charges were eventually dismissed against
Father on August 20, 2014, but Father was indicted on the same charges sometime
afterward.4 No visitation occurred while Father evaded arrest. Father remained a
fugitive for approximately ninety days until he was apprehended on May 13, 2014.
Thereafter, Father admitted that he had violated the terms of his community corrections
sentence and, in January 2015, agreed to revocation of his community corrections
sentence. Father was therefore ordered to serve the remainder of his prior five-year
sentence in jail. There is no dispute that Father has remained continuously incarcerated
from May 13, 2014, until the date of the final hearing.

On May 27, 2014, Mother and Stepfather filed a petition in the Blount County
Circuit Court (“trial court”) to terminate the parental rights of Father and to permit
adoption of the child by Stepfather. An amended petition was filed on December 21,
2015, containing the same grounds for termination as the original petition.5 Therein, the
petition alleged as grounds for termination: (1) abandonment by willfully failing to visit
and/or support; (2) abandonment by willfully failing to visit by an incarcerated parent;
and (3) abandonment based on conduct that exhibited a wanton disregard for the welfare
of the child. By order of July 28, 2014, the trial court found Father to be indigent and
appointed counsel for Father and a guardian ad litem for the child. After several
continuances and appointment of new counsel for Father, a final hearing was held on
February 18, 2016.

At trial, Mother testified that she agreed to equal parenting time at the time of her
divorce from Father because Father and the child had a very good relationship, noting
that Father coached the child in sports at the time. However, Mother testified that issues
with Father began even before the divorce was final and got worse prior to the
finalization of the divorce. According to Mother, Father was very angry, would curse at
her in front of the child, and would call her names whenever Mother and Father talked on
the phone. On cross-examination, Mother admitted that issues with Father were partially
attributable to her infidelity. Mother testified she arranged for the child to be seen by a

4
As of the date of the final hearing on the termination petition, Father was still awaiting trial on the
charges.
5
On November 20, 2015, Father filed a motion to dismiss for Appellees’ failure to comply with the notice
requirements of section 36-1-113(d)(4) of Tennessee Code Annotated. After a hearing on November 20,
2015, by order of January 4, 2016, the trial court granted Appellees leave to file an amended petition “to
cure any technical defect which might exist.”
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counselor per the order of the divorce court. According to Mother, the child was
discharged by the counselor in May 2012.

Mother testified that, on April 4, 2012, the date of Father’s initial arrest, she was
informed that Father had been arrested. As a result, Mother testified that she checked the
child out of school early presumably to prevent Father from picking him up. Even though
she was aware that Father had been released on bond, Mother testified that she, with the
counselor’s help, informed the child that Father was in jail. On the same day as Father’s
initial arrest, Mother testified that she filed a successful petition for an ex parte order of
emergency custody. As a result, Mother testified that Father had no contact with the child
from the day the ex parte order of custody was issued until the June 1, 2012 hearing.
After the June 1, 2012 hearing, Mother testified that the parties agreed Maternal
Grandmother would supervise Father’s visits with the child. According to Mother,
Maternal Grandmother supervised approximately three visits before Father’s re-arrest in
January 2013. Mother admitted that it was not her main priority to arrange for Father’s
court-ordered visitation. Mother testified that she preferred for Father to have phone
contact with the child rather than in-person visitation because she was concerned for the
child’s well-being in Father’s presence even with supervision. According to Mother, she
would allow Father to speak with the child for his court-ordered phone calls only if the
child desired to speak to Father.

From the summer of 2012 to January 2013, Mother claimed that Father saw the
child three times—once at a park in Madisonville, once during supervised visitation with
Maternal Grandmother around Christmas, and another time at the Zuma Fun Center in
Knoxville. When Maternal Grandmother chose to discontinue supervision, Mother
testified that the parties never returned to court to find another supervisor. Mother
testified that she, herself, was not willing to supervise the visits.

After Father was released on community corrections in November 2013, Mother
recalled that he very soon thereafter made contact with the child because Mother did not
take the child to visit Father in the jail. Mother admitted that it took some time for the
visits to start and that she had suggested the supervision center as the only avenue that
Father could exercise his visitation with the child; Mother stated that she expected him to
get that established and paid for before he could see the child. Mother explained that the
application fee at her preferred supervision center was not unreasonable because it cost
only $5.00 or a donation of two to three canned items. Mother recalled that Father saw
the child two times at the supervision center, each for two-and-a-half hours long. Mother
testified that the parties arranged for a standing appointment every Wednesday at the
supervision center but Father did not participate after the two visits. According to
Mother, although additional visits were scheduled at the supervision center, some visits
were cancelled because of weather conditions and Father’s failure to attend due to a job
orientation. Although Mother preferred for the child not to see Father, she claimed that
if the child wanted to see Father, she would have made it happen.
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 According to Mother, once she was notified that a warrant was issued for Father’s
arrest, she stopped allowing visitation and phone calls. Mother admitted Father tried to
call “once or twice maybe” while he was evading arrest but that she did not allow him to
speak with the child. Mother testified that Father’s side of the family is welcome to
contact the child and can reach her through Facebook; however, they likewise had not
made contact with the child in over a year.

Although Father did not provide any support for the child from the time he was
restricted to supervised visitation, Mother recalled that Father did give the child gifts and
clothes over the years.

Mother testified that she had been married to Stepfather for four years, whom she
started dating before the divorce was finalized. Mother described their relationship as
“fabulous,” and testified that the child is doing “wonderful” in school. According to
Mother, the child is a straight-A student, participates in advanced classes, and excels in
standardized tests. Mother denied that the child was having any issues, educationally or
athletically, during the course of the litigation or as a result of Father’s incarceration.
Mother testified that the child plays football, baseball, and basketball, and that Stepfather
had coached the child’s football team since the child was seven years old. According to
Mother, Stepfather is very involved with the child, attending all of his baseball and
basketball games and volunteering to help when needed. Mother testified that, besides
the child, two other children live in the home with her and Stepfather: Stepfather’s son
from a previous marriage (“Stepbrother”) and a female child in their custody (“Sister”).6
Mother testified that no significant issues exist with regard to the children’s relationship
among themselves. Because Stepfather has no rights to the child, Mother testified that
the schools would not communicate with him. Prior to marrying Stepfather, Mother
conceded that there was some litigation about Stepfather’s overnight visits. Although
there was an allegation that the child saw Mother and Stepfather engaged in sexual
activity, Mother denied that the child ever witnessed such an activity.

Mother denied filing the termination petition out of a vindictive motive and
testified that she would not have filed the petition had Father not engaged in criminal
activity. According to Mother, she discussed Father’s situation with the child whenever
the child asked questions because the child was aware that Father was in jail. Mother
recalled that the child sent Father a few postcards.

Mother testified that, although the child’s last name is legally the same as Father’s,
the school allowed the child to use the last name of Stepfather informally at school but

6
Although the record is not clear as to who this other child is, Appellees’ appellate brief reveals that
Sister is “the [Appellees’] niece (who is in their custody by virtue of an order from the McMinn County
Juvenile Court).”
-5-
not on any legal testing that may occur. Mother further testified that she did not
discourage child from using Stepfather’s last name.

Stepfather testified about his work schedule and how he met Mother, including the
allegations of infidelity in the divorce. According to Stepfather, his relationship with the
child is “great.” Stepfather testified that he started to actively spend time with the child
sometime after the divorce. Stepfather takes the child hunting and fishing. In addition,
Stepfather coached the child for four years in football as of the date of trial and helped
the coaches with the child’s baseball team. When asked about his parenting
responsibilities, Stepfather testified that the child spends a lot of time with him during the
sports season, with Mother present, and Mother takes the child to school and picks him
up.

Stepfather testified that he has a twenty-four-year-old daughter whom he sees
during the holidays, as well as Stepbrother, who resides in Mother’s and Stepfather’s
home every weekend. Stepfather denied allegations of domestic violence against his ex-
wife; according to Stepfather, his ex-wife filed an order of protection subsequent to the
allegation but that the order was dismissed by agreement.

Stepfather denied being present when Mother discussed Father’s criminal issues
with the child. Stepfather testified that the child wanted to use his last name because he
“[did not] want to be associated with [Father’s] name, a criminal.” According to
Stepfather, when the child asked for permission to use Stepfather’s last name at school,
Stepfather gave his permission subject to the school’s approval. Stepfather further
testified to the child’s refusal to visit with Father. Stepfather denied witnessing any
inappropriate behavior between Father and the child. Stepfather testified that the child is
very resilient and that he is very bright and in control of his emotions for his age. When
Stepfather was asked whether he understood the ramifications of the child’s adoption,
Stepfather testified that he understood and that he was committed one hundred percent.

Father testified next and stated that, from the moment the child was born, he and
the child were “very close.” According to Father, Mother returned to work six weeks
after the child was born, working nights at a hospital. Father further testified that he
worked during the day and took care of the child at night because Mother did not switch
to a day shift until the child was about four or five years old.

Father denied being evicted from his apartment, but a certified copy of a detainer
warrant was introduced evidencing the eviction. Father explained that, because he was in
custody from June 13, 2012 through July 13, 2012, he was unable to pay rent. Father
admitted that he did not have a stable residence after he was released on bond on July 13,
2012. As of the date of the hearing, Father was unsure of when he was going to be
released from custody.

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 Father testified that on April 4, 2012, the date of his first arrest, he took the child
to school. According to Father, it was his day to visit, as well as his day to pick the child
up from school. Father testified that he was in custody from approximately 9:00 a.m. to
10:00 a.m. and called Mother immediately when he got out of jail. Father testified,
however, that Mother had already checked the child out of school. Father testified that he
pleaded with Mother to let him see the child but that she refused. According to Father, he
tried to call the child every day, but that if he was one minute off from the 5:30 p.m. time,
Mother would not allow the child to talk to him. Father also testified that he tried to send
text messages to the child but that return messages told him to stop texting because the
child would not receive the messages.

Father testified that he was able to visit with the child on December 27, 2012, at a
bowling alley with Maternal Grandmother supervising. According to Father, he gave the
child presents worth a total of $500.00 at this time. After the child went home with
Maternal Grandmother, Father testified that he went to Maternal Grandmother’s house
the next day and spent time with the child before Mother picked him up. The next visit
that Father could recall was at the supervision center, sometime after his release on
community corrections. Father explained that the supervision center only allowed him to
visit on Wednesdays and that Mother refused to make arrangements for Father to be able
to visit with the child on the weekends.

According to Father, after he was released on November 22, 2013, he called the
child every day at 5:30 p.m. and had a phone relationship with the child. In the
meantime, Father testified that, despite his attempts to set up visits, Mother would not
provide a reason why Maternal Grandmother could not continue supervising the visits
and rejected every supervisor that he suggested, making him “jump through hoops.”
Father testified that he called several agencies before he found one that Mother would
accept; visitation then resumed in January 2014.

Father recalled having two visits at the supervision center. According to Father, a
few visits were cancelled because of the weather, he cancelled one visit for a job
interview, and Mother cancelled another visit with no explanation. The last visit Father
could remember occurred on February 6, 2014. Although Father testified that he was not
aware if another visit was scheduled after Mother’s latest cancellation, Father admitted
that he did not request visitation at the supervision center after the last visit. Father also
admitted that he was “on the run” for about ninety days after a warrant was issued for his
arrest on February 19, 2014. Father testified that he did not wish for the child to witness
the police arresting him. Father admitted that all of the criminal behavior that he
participated in had been a “personal choice” and that he had “made some bad decisions.”

After his release on community corrections, Father testified that he started looking
for work immediately. According to Father, he worked “a little here and there” for his
dad, who worked for some brick and block masons. Father testified that it was difficult
-7-
to find a job due to a disability caused by a prior car accident and his criminal record.
According to Father, initially, he was set to be released from custody as a result of his
May 13, 2014 arrest because the basis for his community corrections violation, the Polk
County charge, had been dismissed. However, Father testified that community
corrections filed an addendum to its violation report, alleging that Father failed to report
in February 2014 in violation of his community corrections terms. Father explained that
he failed to report because he was attempting “to obtain an attorney before [he] returned
to jail and turned [him]self in.” Nevertheless, Father stipulated that he had materially
violated the terms of community corrections by failing to report in February 2014 and
began his Tennessee Department of Corrections sentence. Even with the pending
warrant, Father testified that he attempted to call the child on “numerous occasions” until
his arrest on May 13, 2014.

According to Father, although the judgments reflect that he pleaded guilty to the
McMinn County criminal charge, he contended that he never pleaded guilty and is
therefore contesting his guilt. Father testified that one of his felony convictions was
actually dismissed during a preliminary hearing; thus, this conviction is the subject of his
pending writ of error coram nobis along with his belief that that he had been in jail for ten
months too long. As a result, Father sought to be released from his current custody.
Father testified that he had not had any disciplinary issues while he was in jail. Father
stated his intention to return to work immediately should he be released, stating that he
had previously owned his own business making custom kitchen cabinets and fireplace
mantles.

When asked about the allegation that the child accompanied Father on one of his
criminal ventures, Father contended that the child’s characterization of the event as
criminal was incorrect. At the time, the child was six years old. Father explained that he
made kitchen cabinets and did “foreclosure work for bank owners and investors.” On
that particular day, Father asserted that he took the child to a job at a foreclosed home.
Although the windows and house were boarded up, Father claimed that he had “sole
rights” to anything he wanted in the house. Father claimed he used a crowbar to gain
access into the house because it was his only way to get in. Father denied ever
introducing the child to any illegal activity. Although Father admitted taking items from
the house, Father testified that no criminal charges resulted from this incident.

The child, ten years old at the date of the final hearing,7 testified in chambers with
counsel for both attorneys and the guardian ad litem present. The child testified that,
although that he had not seen Father frequently over the past few years, the visits that did
occur were “[g]ood.” According to the child, the visits became supervised “because if
nobody was there, he might take me and never bring me back.” The child explained that
his understanding was based on personal experience, stating that Father had done this in

7
The date of the final hearing was one day before the child’s eleventh birthday.
-8-
the past. When asked about Father’s criminal charges, the child recalled being present
prior to the initiation of the supervised visitations when Father stole a vacuum cleaner
and “something else” that he could not remember from a house. The child recalled that
Father used a crowbar and knocked down the door. The child stated that he did not want
to see Father again even if Father got out of jail the following week; however, he would
not be opposed to speaking with Father on the phone. The child testified that Mother
probably would not allow him to visit Father in jail but would outside of jail. According
to the child, because he saw Father steal, his opinion would not change even if the jury
found Father not guilty. The child further testified that he still loves Father but that he
was somewhat angry at Father for making bad decisions.

The child stated that he asked to have his last name changed to Stepfather’s and
that no one pressured him into this request. The child testified that he did not want to be
associated with a criminal father. The child indicated that he wished for Stepfather to be
his dad because his relationship with Stepfather was “strong” and that they spend
considerable time together. In fact, the child testified that he wanted to be a physician’s
assistant just like Stepfather. The child described Stepfather as a good father and testified
that, besides being involved in sports, Stepfather also took him hunting, fishing, and
riding four-wheelers.

At the conclusion of the trial, the trial court issued an oral ruling. Thereafter, the
trial court entered an order on March 21, 2016, an amended version of which was entered
on August 8, 2016.8 The trial court found that the ground of abandonment based on
willful failure to support was not proven by clear and convincing evidence. However, the
trial court found that Appellees had proven by clear and convincing evidence that
grounds for termination of Father’s parental rights existed based on (1) abandonment by
willful failure to visit pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-102(1)(A)(i),
(2) abandonment by willful failure to visit by an incarcerated parent pursuant to
Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv), and (3) abandonment by
engaging in conduct prior to incarceration that exhibited a wanton disregard pursuant to
Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv). The trial court further found that
termination of parental rights was in the best interest of the child. Father timely
appealed.

8
By order of July 19, 2016, this Court concluded that the March 21, 2016 order was not a final order
because it neither “disposed of the petition insofar as the prayer for an adoption was concerned” nor
complied with Rule 54.02 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure. See Tenn. R. Civ. Pro. 54.02
(allowing the trial court to “direct the entry of a final judgment as to one or more but fewer than all of the
claims or parties only upon an express determination that there is no just reason for delay and upon an
express direction for the entry of judgment”). Thereafter, the trial court entered an amended order on
August 8, 2016, directing the entry of a final judgment in compliance with Rule 54.02.
-9-
 II. ISSUES

Father raises three issues for our review, which we have slightly restated as
follows:

1. Whether clear and convincing evidence supports the trial court’s ruling
that grounds existed for termination of Father’s parental rights to [the child]
due to his abandonment (willful failure to visit) pursuant to Tenn. Code.
Ann. §36-1-113(g)(1) and 36-1-102(1)(A)(i) & (iv).
2. Whether clear and convincing evidence supports the trial court’s ruling
that grounds existed for termination of Father’s parental rights to the child
due to his abandonment (wanton disregard) pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. §
36-1-113(g)(1) and 36-1-102(a)(A)(iv).
3. Whether clear and convincing evidence supports the trial court’s ruling
that termination of Father’s parental rights to the child was in the child’s
best interests pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i).

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

As recently explained by the Tennessee Supreme Court:

A parent’s right to the care and custody of her child is among the oldest of
the judicially recognized fundamental liberty interests protected by the Due
Process Clauses of the federal and state constitutions. Troxel v. Granville,
530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000); Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 651 (1972); In re
Angela E., 303 S.W.3d 240, 250 (Tenn. 2010); In re Adoption of Female
child, 896 S.W.2d 546, 547–48 (Tenn. 1995); Hawk v. Hawk, 855 S.W.2d
573, 578–79 (Tenn. 1993). But parental rights, although fundamental and
constitutionally protected, are not absolute. In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d at
250. “‘[T]he [S]tate as parens patriae has a special duty to protect minors . .
. .’ Tennessee law, thus, upholds the [S]tate’s authority as parens patriae
when interference with parenting is necessary to prevent serious harm to a
child.” Hawk, 855 S.W.2d at 580 (quoting In re Hamilton, 657 S.W.2d
425, 429 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1983)); see also Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S.
745, 747 (1982); In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d at 250.

In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d 507, 522–23 (Tenn. 2016) (footnote omitted).

Our termination statutes identify “those situations in which the state’s interest in
the welfare of a child justifies interference with a parent’s constitutional rights by setting
forth grounds on which termination proceedings can be brought.” In re Jacobe M.J., 434
S.W.3d 565, 568 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2013) (quoting In re W.B., Nos. M2004-00999-COA-
R3-PT, M2004-01572-COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL 1021618, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 29,
- 10 -
2005)). A person seeking to terminate parental rights must prove both the existence of
one of the statutory grounds for termination and that termination is in the child’s best
interest. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c); In re D.L.B., 118 S.W.3d 360, 367 (Tenn.
2003); In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002).

Because of the fundamental nature of the parent’s rights and the grave
consequences of the termination of those rights, courts must require a higher standard of
proof in deciding termination cases. Santosky, 455 U.S. at 769. Consequently, both the
grounds for termination and the best interest inquiry must be established by clear and
convincing evidence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-113(c)(1); In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at
546. Clear and convincing evidence “establishes that the truth of the facts asserted is
highly probable . . . and eliminates any serious or substantial doubt about the correctness
of the conclusions drawn from the evidence.” In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d 643, 653 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 2004). Such evidence “produces in a fact-finder’s mind a firm belief or
conviction regarding the truth of the facts sought to be established.” Id. at 653. As the
Tennessee Supreme Court has stated:

The trial court’s ruling that the evidence sufficiently supports termination
of parental rights is a conclusion of law, which appellate courts review de
novo with no presumption of correctness. In re M.L.P., 281 S.W.3d [387,]
393 [(Tenn. Ct. App. 2009)] (quoting In re Adoption of A.M.H., 215
S.W.3d [793], 810 [(Tenn. 2007)]). Additionally, all other questions of law
in parental termination appeals, as in other appeals, are reviewed de novo
with no presumption of correctness. In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d at 246.

Carrington H., 2016 WL 819593, at *12.

When the resolution of an issue in a case depends upon the truthfulness of
witnesses, the trial judge, who has had the opportunity to observe the witnesses and their
manner and demeanor while testifying, is in a far better position than this Court to decide
those issues. See McCaleb v. Saturn Corp., 910 S.W.2d 412, 415 (Tenn. 1995);
Whitaker v. Whitaker, 957 S.W.2d 834, 837 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997). The weight, faith,
and credit to be given to any witness’s testimony lies in the first instance with the trier of
fact, and the credibility accorded will be given great weight by the appellate court.
Walton v. Young, 950 S.W.2d 956, 959 (Tenn. 1997).

IV. DISCUSSION

A. Grounds for Termination

Pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113(g)(1), “[a]bandonment
by the parent or guardian” constitutes a ground for termination of a parent’s parental
rights. Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-102, in turn, provides several definitions
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for abandonment. In this case, Appellees alleged, and the trial court found, the following
types of abandonment against Father: (1) abandonment for willful failure to visit prior to
the filing of the termination petition under Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-
102(1)(A)(i); (2) abandonment by an incarcerated parent for willful failure to visit under
Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv), and (3) abandonment by an
incarcerated parent for wanton disregard under Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-
102(1)(A)(iv).

1. Abandonment by Willful Failure to Visit

We begin with abandonment by willful failure to visit pursuant to Tennessee Code
Annotated sections 36-1-102(1)(A)(i) and (iv), both of which were alleged in the
termination petition and found by the trial court. The first definition provides a ground
for termination where “[f]or a period of four . . . consecutive months immediately
preceding the filing of a proceeding or pleading to terminate the parental rights of the
parent . . . the parent . . . ha[s] willfully failed to visit . . . the child[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. §
36-1-102(1)(A)(i). In contrast, the latter definition provides a ground for termination
where “[a] parent or guardian is incarcerated at the time of the institution of an action or
proceeding to declare a child to be an abandoned child, or the parent or guardian has been
incarcerated during all or part of the four (4) months immediately preceding the
institution of such action or proceeding, and either has willfully failed to visit . . . for four
(4) consecutive months immediately preceding such parent’s or guardian’s
incarceration[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv). Either ground may be proven by
establishing “the willful failure, for a period of four (4) consecutive months, to visit or
engage in more than token visitation.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(E). Tennessee
Code Annotated section 36-1-102 further provides that “token visitation” means that “the
visitation . . . constitutes nothing more than perfunctory visitation or visitation of such an
infrequent nature or of such short duration as to merely establish minimal or insubstantial
contact with the child.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(C).

As is evident from the above language, there are two substantive differences
between the definitions of abandonment by failure to visit. First, in order for subsection
(iv) to apply, the parent must be incarcerated at the time of the filing of the termination
petition or in the four months preceding the filing of the termination of parental rights
petition. See In re Keith W., No. W2016-00072-COA-R3-PT, 2016 WL 4147011, at *6
(Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 3, 2016) (holding that the incarcerated parent definitions for
abandonment did not apply because the father was not incarcerated at or in the four
months preceding the filing of the termination petition); see In re Navada N., No.
M2015-01400-COA-R3-PT, 2016 WL 3090908, at *14 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 23, 2016)
(describing incarceration within the four months preceding the filing of the termination
petition as a “condition precedent” to the application of the abandonment definitions
under Section 102(1)(A)(iv)); In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 870 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2005) (noting that subsection (iv) first describes “the class of people to whom the statute
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applies,” i.e., those parents who were incarcerated on or in the four months preceding the
filing of the termination petition). If that condition precedent is met, abandonment by
willful failure to visit under subsection (iv) requires the court to consider the four months
preceding incarceration, rather than the four months preceding the filing of the
termination petition that would be applicable under subsection (i) if the condition
precedent was not met. Thus, the two alternative definitions concern different time
periods.

This Court observed that the purpose of the willful failure to visit by an
incarcerated parent ground for termination is to prevent a parent from using his or her
incarceration as “a ready-made excuse for his or her failure to visit or support the child
during the four-month period made relevant by the first statutory definition of
abandonment.” In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 865. As such, this Court has explained
that typically, “if a parent has been incarcerated during this four month time period, then
the definition of “abandonment” found in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(1)(A)(iv) will
apply[.]” In re H.A.L., No. M2005-00045-COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL 954866, at *4 (Tenn.
Ct. App. Apr. 25, 2005). In In re Audrey S., for example, the parent whose rights were at
issue had been incarcerated for the “entire four-month period preceding the filing of the .
. . termination petition” and the children’s custodial parents refused to allow visitation at
the prison. In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 864. Accordingly, the Court of Appeals ruled
that the parent’s failure to visit during the relevant four-month period was not willful. Id.

Although not specifically argued by Father in his appellate brief, our research
reveals that this Court has repeatedly held that the definition of abandonment found in
subsection (i) is inapplicable where the parent has been incarcerated during all or part of
the four months preceding the filing of the termination petition. See In re Karma S.C.,
No. E2013-02198-COA-R3-PT, 2014 WL 879155 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 5, 2014); In re
W.B., IV, No. M2004-00999-COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL 1021618 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 29,
2005). For example, in In re W.B., IV, the petition alleged that the child’s father
abandoned him by failing to visit in the four months preceding the filing of the
termination petition under subsection (i). The trial court agreed and terminated the
father’s parental rights on this ground, among others. In re W.B., IV, 2005 WL 1021618,
at *10. The Court of Appeals reversed, however, concluding that because the father was
incarcerated during part of the four months preceding the filing of the termination
petition, the ground contained in subsection (i) “could not be applied to [the] [f]ather.”
Id.; see also In re C.W.W., 37 S.W.3d 467, 474 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000), abrogated on
other grounds by In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005) (“Because the
[m]other was incarcerated for a portion of the four months immediately preceding DCS’s
institution of this termination action, the statutory definition of abandonment contained in
section 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv) applied to this proceeding.”). Rather, this Court held that
subsection (i) “was simply not applicable, as a matter of law” due to the fact that the
father had been incarcerated during part of the four months preceding the filing of the
termination petition. In re W.B., 2005 WL 1021618, at *11. Similarly, in In re Karma
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S.C., the mother argued that the trial court erred in terminating her parental rights
pursuant to the subsection (i) definition of abandonment because “she was incarcerated at
some point during the four-month period preceding the filing of the [p]etition.” In re
Karma S.C., 2014 WL 879155, at *4. The Court of Appeals agreed that if the mother was
incarcerated during any portion of the four months preceding the filing of the termination
petition, “the court, in considering abandonment, must look to the parent’s visitation and
support during the four[-]month period preceding incarceration rather than to the four-
month period preceding the petition.” Id. at *5 (emphasis added). Consequently, in this
case, if Father was incarcerated at the time of the filing of the termination petition, or for
any part of the four months preceding the filing of the termination petition, the trial court
erred in terminating Father’s parental rights pursuant to the definition of abandonment
found in section 36-1-102(1)(A)(i). We, therefore, proceed to consider whether Father
was incarcerated during this period, the time between January 27, 2014, and May 26,
2014, the date immediately before the date of the filing of the termination petition.

Here, it is undisputed that Father was incarcerated on May 13, 2014, and was
continuously incarcerated thereafter even at the time of the filing of the termination
petition on May 27, 2014. However, Father argues that, because the Polk County charges
were still pending at the time of the final hearing, he “should have been afforded his
constitutionally protected presumption of innocence on that charge, and his incarceration
at the time of the filing of the [p]etition should not have been found to be willful.” As we
perceive it, Father appears to be arguing that, because he was allegedly unlawfully
incarcerated at the time of the filing of the petition, this ground for termination is not
applicable. This argument is unavailing. At the time of the final hearing, the Polk County
charges were still pending. Father cites no law, nor have we found any, wherein the
possibility of a not-guilty verdict at a later trial date would render his incarceration
inapplicable for purposes of this ground for termination. Even if the initial reason for the
issuance of the community corrections violation warrant based on the Polk County
charges was unjustified, Father ultimately admitted that he violated his community
corrections requirements. Indeed, Father stipulated that he materially violated the terms
of his community corrections sentence by failing to report at the end of February 2014,
the violation of which would also have led to Father’s re-incarceration. Having
determined that Father was incarcerated at the time of the filing of the termination
petition and for some of the four months preceding the filing of the petition, we conclude
that the ground for termination found in section 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv) is applicable in this
case, rather than the alternative ground under section 36-1-102(1)(A)(i). The trial court,
therefore, erred in applying the ground for termination contained in section 36-1-
102(1)(A)(i), and, as a result, the trial court’s finding with regard to this ground is,
consequently, reversed.

Having determined that the definition of abandonment found in section 36-1-
102(1)(A)(iv) is applicable in this case, we next proceed to consider whether Father
willfully failed to visit the child in the time period at issue—that is, the four months
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preceding his incarceration, or the time period between January 13, 2014, and May 12,
2014, the date just prior to Father’s incarceration.

Here, the trial court found that Father attended only two supervised visits between
January 1, 2014, and February 6, 2014. It is unclear from the record whether one, or
both, visits even occurred during the relevant four month period between January 13,
2014, and May 12, 2014. Even giving Father the benefit of the doubt, however, it is
undisputed that, at most, two visits occurred during the relevant four month period.
According to the trial court, however, Father’s efforts constituted only token visitation, at
best. Moreover, the relevant time period included the period of time that Father was
actively evading arrest. As such, the trial court found that the lack of visitation was
willful because he “made a conscious and willful decision to evade arrest and thereby
forfeit[ed] his supervised visits.”

We must now address whether the visits that occurred during the relevant four-
month period amounted only to token visitation. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(C).
The record does not preponderate against the trial court’s finding that Father exercised
visitation only twice in the relevant four-month period leading up to Father’s
incarceration. Here, it is undisputed that Father visited with the child twice at the
supervision center between January 1, 2014, and February 6, 2014, for a few hours each.
The record establishes that Father ceased visitation for approximately three out of the
four months preceding his incarceration because he was evading arrest. We have
repeatedly held that two visits in the span of four months constitute no more than token
visitation. See In re Jamontez S., M2013-00796-COA-R3-PT, 2013 WL 5302503, at *5
(Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 17, 2013) (concluding that the evidence supported the trial court’s
finding that “the two visits in the four months preceding the filing of the termination
petition were token”); In re T.L., No. E2004-02615-COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL 2860202, at
*10 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 31, 2005) (“Certainly, two hour-long visits over four months
constitute visitation ‘of such an infrequent nature or of such short duration as to merely
establish minimal or insubstantial contact with the child[ren.]’”); see also In re Matthew
T., No. M2015-00486-COA-R3-PT, 2016 WL 1621076, at *12 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 20,
2016) (concluding that father’s three visits and mother’s four visits in the relevant four-
month period “were so infrequent and of such short duration that they represent token
visitation” in light of the fact that “open visitation” was available). Accordingly, the
evidence does not preponderate against the trial court’s finding that Father’s visitation
during the relevant period was merely token.

Despite Father’s contention otherwise, the evidence also preponderates in favor of
the trial court’s finding that Father’s failure to engage in more than token visitation with
the child was willful. A parent’s failure to visit a child does not constitute a ground for
termination unless the parent’s failure to visit was willful. In In re Audrey S., 182
S.W.3d 838 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005), this Court discussed willfulness in the context of
termination of parental rights cases:
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 The concept of “willfulness” is at the core of the statutory definition of
abandonment. A parent cannot be found to have abandoned a child under
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(i) unless the parent has . . . “willfully”
failed to visit . . . the child for a period of four consecutive months . . . . In
the statutes governing the termination of parental rights, “willfulness” does
not require the same standard of culpability as is required by the penal
code. Nor does it require malevolence or ill will. Willful conduct consists
of acts or failures to act that are intentional or voluntary rather than
accidental or inadvertent. Conduct is “willful” if it is the product of free
will rather than coercion. Thus, a person acts “willfully” if he or she is a
free agent, knows what he or she is doing, and intends to do what he or she
is doing . . . .

* * *

Failure to visit . . . a child is “willful” when a person is aware of his or her
duty to visit . . . , has the capacity to do so, makes no attempt to do so, and
has no justifiable excuse for not doing so. In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d at 654;
see also Shorter v. Reeves, 72 Ark. App. 71, 32 S.W.3d 758, 760 (2000);
In re B.S.R., 965 S.W.2d 444, 449 (Mo. Ct. App. 1998); In re Estate of
Teaschenko, 393 Pa. Super. 355, 574 A.2d 649, 652 (1990); In re
Adoption of C.C.T., 640 P.2d 73, 76 (Wyo. 1982). . . .
The willfulness of particular conduct depends upon the actor’s intent. Intent
is seldom capable of direct proof, and triers-of-fact lack the ability to peer
into a person’s mind to assess intentions or motivations. Accordingly,
triers-of-fact must infer intent from the circumstantial evidence, including a
person’s actions or conduct.

In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 863–64 (internal citations and footnotes omitted).
“Whether a parent failed to visit . . . a child is a question of fact. Whether a parent’s
failure to visit . . . constitutes willful abandonment, however, is a question of law.” In re
Adoption of Angela E., 402 S.W.3d at 640 (citing In re Adoption of A.M.H., 215
S.W.3d at 810). As previously discussed, this Court reviews questions of law de novo
with no presumption of correctness. Id.

With regard to this issue, the trial court specifically found that Father had the
ability to visit with the child weekly but instead chose to forgo the visits in favor of
evading arrest. Although Father blamed Mother for cancelling the last scheduled visit
prior to his incarceration, Father admitted that he never requested more visitation. As
such, it appears that Father was more concerned with evading arrest for nearly three
months than visiting with the child. Indeed, Father admitted that his behavior had been a
“personal choice” and that he had “made some bad decisions.” Furthermore, although it
- 16 -
is undisputed that Father requested to speak on the telephone with the child while he was
a fugitive, he admitted that he did not wish to visit with the child while a warrant for his
arrest was active because of the possibility that he would be arrested in front of the child.
This Court has stated that “telephone calls are not generally a substitute for in-person
visitation for the purposes of determining whether a parent has willfully abandoned a
child.” In re Kaiden T., No. M2014-00423-COA-R3-PT, 2014 WL 7149215, at *6
(Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 15, 2014).9 Father’s attempt to reach out to the child through
telephone calls after he ceased visitation because he was evading arrest is not enough to
justify overturning the trial court’s finding that Father willfully engaged in nothing more
than token visitation during the relevant period.

Father further argues that the evidence at trial “clearly establish[es]” that Father
“took conscious and repeated action to seek out not only his daily calls to [the child] but
to also jump through all of [Mother’s] needless hurdles to have his court[-]ordered
supervised visits.” As we perceive it, Father appears to be arguing that, because his
efforts to effectuate the visitation were thwarted by an uncooperative Mother, his failure
to visit the child was excused and therefore not willful. It is well-settled in Tennessee
that a parent who attempts to visit and maintain a relationship with the child, but is
“thwarted by the acts of others and circumstances beyond his control,” cannot be found to
have willfully abandoned the child. In re Adoption of A.M.H., 215 S.W.3d at 810.
Nevertheless, “[a] parent’s failure to visit may be excused by the acts of another only if
those acts actually prevent the parent from visiting the child or constitute a significant
restraint or interference with the parent’s attempts to visit the child.” In re M.L.P., 281
S.W.3d at 393 (citing In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 864); see also In re F.R.R., III,
193 S.W.3d 528, 530 (Tenn. 2006). “Conduct that amounts to a significant restraint of or
interference with a parent’s efforts to support or develop a relationship with a child
includes . . . blocking access to the child[,] . . . keeping the child’s whereabouts
unknown[,] . . . or . . . vigorously resisting a parent’s efforts to visit the child.” In re
Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 864 n.34.

The time period that Father claims to have difficulty procuring visitation occurred
in late 2013, well before visitation was re-established in January 2014. Even if visitation
with the child was slow to resume subsequent to Father’s release on community
corrections in November 2013, it is undisputed that supervised visitation was successfully
re-established during the relevant time period between January 13, 2014, and May 12,
2014. Although Mother’s action of allowing Father only one visit per week in violation
of an existing court order is not irreproachable, the record shows that Mother’s arguably
improper conduct did not wholly interfere with Father’s ability to visit during the relevant

9
Under circumstances not present in this case, telephone calls may be relevant in the determination of
whether a parent willfully failed to visit the child when a parent must travel long distances in order to visit
the child. In re Kaiden T., 2014 WL 7149215, at *6. In this case, however, Father’s distance was based
on his poor decision to evade arrest rather than for any legitimate reason.
- 17 -
period. Instead, the record reflects that, after Father re-established visitation in January
2014, it was his own behavior that terminated his visitation during the relevant period;
thus, Mother’s arguably improper behavior prior to the four month period simply had no
effect on Father’s ability to visit during the period at issue in this case. Based on these
circumstances, we affirm the trial court’s conclusion that Father willfully failed to visit
the child in the four months preceding Father’s incarceration.

2. Abandonment by Wanton Disregard for the Welfare of the child

We next address whether sufficient evidence exists to support the trial court’s
finding of abandonment by an incarcerated parent based on wanton disregard pursuant to
Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv). This test focuses on whether (1)
the parent is incarcerated at or near the time of the filing of the termination petition, and
(2) whether the parent engaged in conduct prior to incarceration exhibiting a wanton
disregard for the child’s welfare. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv) (“A parent
or guardian is incarcerated at the time of the institution of an action or proceeding to
declare a child to be an abandoned child, or the parent or guardian has been incarcerated
during all or part of the four (4) months immediately preceding the institution of such
action or proceeding , and . . . the parent . . . has engaged in conduct prior to incarceration
which exhibits a wanton disregard for the welfare of the child.”).

This Court has explained:

Incarceration alone is not conclusive evidence of wanton conduct
prior to incarceration. In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d [at] 866 . . . . Rather,
“incarceration serves only as a triggering mechanism that allows the court
to take a closer look at the child’s situation to determine whether the
parental behavior that resulted in incarceration is part of a broader pattern
of conduct that renders the parent unfit or poses a risk of substantial harm
to the welfare of the child.” Id. The statutory language governing
abandonment due to a parent’s wanton disregard for the welfare of a child
“reflects the commonsense notion that parental incarceration is a strong
indicator that there may be problems in the home that threaten the welfare
of the child” and recognizes that a “parent’s decision to engage in conduct
that carries with it the risk of incarceration is itself indicative that the parent
may not be fit to care for the child.” Id.

Numerous cases have held that a parent’s previous criminal conduct,
coupled with a history of drug abuse, constitutes a wanton disregard for the
welfare of the child. See, e.g., State v. J.M.F., No. E2003-03081-COA-R3-
PT, 2005 WL 94465, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 11, 2005); In re C. LaC.,
No. M2003-02164-COA-R3-PT, 2004 WL 533937, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Mar. 17, 2004); State v. Wiley, No. 03A01-9903-JV-00091, 1999 WL
- 18 -
 1068726, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 24, 1999); In the Matter of Shipley,
No. 03A01-9611-JV-00369, 1997 WL 596281, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept.
29, 1997). “[P]robation violations, repeated incarceration, criminal
behavior, substance abuse, and the failure to provide adequate support or
supervision for a child can, alone or in combination, constitute conduct that
exhibits a wanton disregard for the welfare of a child.” In re Audrey S.,
182 S.W.3d at 867–68.

In re C.A.H., No. M2009-00769-COA-R3-PT, 2009 WL 5064953, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Dec. 22, 2009). We first note that the law in Tennessee is clear that the ground of wanton
disregard need not require that the conduct at issue occur within the four month window
prior to incarceration. In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 865 (“This test has no analog to the
first statutory definition of abandonment, and it is not expressly limited to any particular
four-month period.”). Rather, Tennessee courts may consider the parent’s behavior
throughout the child’s life, even when the child is in utero. See In re A.B., No. E2016-
00504-COA-R3-PT, 2017 WL 111291, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 11, 2017) (“For a
child in utero, we primarily have found wanton disregard where a parent, after learning
of the pregnancy, commits the crime for which he or she is subsequently incarcerated.”).
But see In re Anthony R., No. M2014-01753-COA-R3-PT, 2015 WL 3611244, at *3
(Tenn. Ct. App. June 9, 2015) (concluding that father’s actions that led to his
incarceration did not constitute wanton disregard for the child’s welfare because father
did not know that mother was pregnant with his child). “The actions that our courts have
commonly found to constitute wanton disregard reflect a ‘me first’ attitude involving the
intentional performance of illegal or unreasonable acts and indifference to the
consequences of the actions for the child.” In re Anthony R., No. M2014-01753-COA-
R3-PT, 2015 WL 3611244, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 9, 2015).

The trial court found that “after [Father’s] initial arrest on April 4, 2012, there
were multiple other arrests and multiple other periods of incarceration.” The trial court
also found that Father has criminal convictions in “five . . . different felony cases, two . . .
misdemeanor shoplifting cases, and is currently awaiting trial on another felony case.”
The trial court further found that Father “engaged in a persistent, pervasive, and continual
course of criminal conduct” and was concerned “by the number of criminal charges
which occurred and the time period in which the charges occurred.” Although the trial
court believed that Mother should have “refrained from telling the . . . child about
[Father’s] initial arrest,” the trial court found that Father’s subsequent conduct “likely
made it impossible for [Mother] to avoid telling the . . . child about these arrests and
periods of incarceration.” The trial court credited the child’s testimony, who, unsolicited,
testified on two different occasions that Father took the child with him during the
commission of the theft. Despite Father’s explanation, the trial court discredited his
testimony as “implausible.”

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 In the present case, the evidence establishes that after Father’s initial arrest on
April 4, 2012, and subsequent conviction, Father continued to incur multiple criminal
charges within a short period of time. Father eventually pleaded guilty to most of these
charges, including stipulating that he violated his community corrections by failing to
report at the end of February 2014.10 Despite these convictions, Father was given another
chance after his release on community corrections to forge a relationship with the child.
Very shortly after visitation was re-established at the visitation center in January 2014,
Father disappeared when a warrant for his arrest was issued. Thus, it appears to this Court
that Father was more concerned with evading arrest than with exercising his visitation
with the child.

Even more troubling is the fact that the child testified twice about an incident
where Father took the child with him to commit a theft. The child also revealed during
one of those proceedings that Father cautioned him to keep the incident a secret.
Although Father disputes the circumstances of this incident, the trial court chose not to
credit his testimony. As previously discussed, credibility determinations are accorded
great deference by this Court absent clear and convincing proof otherwise. Walton, 950
S.W.2d at 959. The trial court is clearly entitled to credit the child’s testimony over that
of Father’s, and no clear and convincing evidence to the contrary has been shown. Given
Father’s multiple theft convictions, his decision to expose the child to criminal activity,
and Father’s decision to evade law enforcement, we conclude that Father’s conduct prior
to his incarceration exhibited a wanton disregard for the welfare of the child. The trial
court therefore did not err in finding that this ground was proven by clear and convincing
evidence.

B. Best Interest of the Child

When at least one ground for termination of parental rights has been established,
the petitioner must then prove by clear and convincing evidence that termination of the
parent’s rights is in the child’s best interest. White v. Moody, 171 S.W.3d 187, 192
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1994). When a parent has been found to be unfit (upon establishment of
ground(s) for termination of parental rights), the interests of parent and child diverge. In
re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 877. The focus shifts to the child’s best interest. Id. Because
not all parental conduct is irredeemable, Tennessee’s termination of parental rights
statutes recognize the possibility that terminating an unfit parent’s parental rights is not
always in the child’s best interest. Id. However, when the interests of the parent and the
child conflict, courts are to resolve the conflict in favor of the rights and best interest of
the child. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-101(d).

10
Even if Father is contesting one later conviction in McMinn County and a more recent charge in Polk
County, Father does not dispute his convictions for the other four felonies and two misdemeanors, to
which he pled guilty purportedly as “best-interest guilty pleas to non-violent property offenses.”
- 20 -
 The Tennessee Legislature has codified certain factors that courts should consider
in ascertaining the best interest of the child in a termination of parental rights case. These
factors include, but are not limited to, the following:

(1) Whether the parent or guardian has made such an adjustment of
circumstance, conduct, or conditions as to make it safe and in the child’s
best interest to be in the home of the parent or guardian;
(2) Whether the parent or guardian has failed to affect a lasting adjustment
after reasonable efforts by available social services agencies for such
duration of time that lasting adjustment does not reasonably appear
possible;
(3) Whether the parent or guardian has maintained regular visitation or
other contact with the child;
(4) Whether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been established
between the parent or guardian and the child;
(5) The effect a change of caretakers and physical environment is likely to
have on the child’s emotional, psychological and medical condition;
(6) Whether the parent or guardian, or other person residing with the parent
or guardian, has shown brutality, physical, sexual, emotional or
psychological abuse, or neglect toward the child, or another child or adult
in the family or household;
(7) Whether the physical environment of the parent’s or guardian’s home is
healthy and safe, whether there is criminal activity in the home, or whether
there is such use of alcohol or controlled substances as may render the
parent or guardian consistently unable to care for the child in a safe and
stable manner;
(8) Whether the parent’s or guardian’s mental and/or emotional status
would be detrimental to the child or prevent the parent or guardian from
effectively providing safe and stable care and supervision for the child; or
(9) Whether the parent or guardian has paid child support consistent with
the child support guidelines promulgated by the department pursuant to §
36-5-101.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i). We have repeatedly held that “[t]he best interests of the
child are to be determined from the perspective of the child rather than the parent.” In re
L.M.W., 275 S.W.3d 843, 851 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2008) (citations omitted). This Court has
noted that, “this list [of factors] is not exhaustive, and the statute does not require a trial
court to find the existence of each enumerated factor before it may conclude that
terminating a parent’s rights is in the best interest of a child.” In re M. A. R., 183 S.W.3d
652, 667 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). Depending on the circumstances of an individual case,
the consideration of a single factor or other facts outside the enumerated, statutory factors
may dictate the outcome of the best interest analysis. In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 877.
As explained by this Court:
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 Ascertaining a child’s best interests does not call for a rote examination of
each of Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)’s nine factors and then a
determination of whether the sum of the factors tips in favor of or against
the parent. The relevancy and weight to be given each factor depends on the
unique facts of each case. Thus, depending upon the circumstances of a
particular child and a particular parent, the consideration of one factor may
very well dictate the outcome of the analysis.

In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 878 (citing White v. Moody, 171 S.W.3d at 194).

The trial court made detailed and thorough findings with regard to its finding that
it was in the best interests of the child for Father’s rights to be terminated. The trial court
found that the four years preceding the final hearing “during which [Father] ha[d] been
incarcerated and/or engaged in criminal conduct have been very significant years in th[e]
child’s development.” See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(3) (directing the trial court to
consider “[w]hether the parent or guardian has maintained regular visitation or other
contact with the child”); Id. § 36-1-113(i)(4) (directing the trial court to consider
“[w]hether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been established between the parent
or guardian and the child”). The evidence also does not preponderate against this finding,
which weighs in favor of termination. Here, the record shows that, as of the date of the
final hearing, Father was incarcerated with an unknown release date. Further, it appears
that Father has little to no relationship with the child at all. Indeed, Father admitted that
he had little involvement in the child’s life during his periods of incarceration. Father
had many opportunities after the June 1, 2014 hearing restricting him to supervised
visitation, and again after his release on community corrections in November 2014, to
forge a meaningful relationship with the child. However, he failed to do so voluntarily
because he: (1) continued to engage in criminal activity; and (2) chose to disappear for
nearly three months, with no further communications with the child except for a few
phone calls in order to avoid being apprehended. As a result, Father was either
incarcerated or evading arrest for much of the four years preceding the final hearing,
allowing little assurance that his circumstances would improve. In contrast, the record
indicates that the child has done well in Mother’s and Stepfather’s care. Despite Father’s
sporadic presence in the child’s life, the child is well-rounded, continuing to make
straight A’s, participating in the gifted program at school, and exceling in three different
sports.

In addition, the trial court “f[ound] it significant that the . . . child, unsolicited,
testified that [Father] took the child with him during the commission of a theft.” See
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(7) (directing the trial court to consider “[w]hether there is
criminal activity in the home . . . as may render the parent . . . consistently unable to care
for the child in a safe and stable manner”). Here, the undisputed fact shows that Father
did take property from a house that was boarded up in the presence of the child. We
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concede, however, that besides this one incident, no other proof was provided
establishing that Father ever exposed the child to any harm. However, as a result of this
incident, the child believed that his Father was a criminal and did not want to be
associated with Father. Father not only participated in criminal activity himself but also
exposed the child to one of his criminal endeavors. Although Father attempted to explain
this event, the trial court chose not to credit his testimony and no clear and convincing
evidence exists to overturn the trial court’s credibility determination. See Kelly v. Kelly,
445 S.W.3d 685, 692 (Tenn. 2014) (“[A]ppellate courts will not re-evaluate a trial
judge’s assessment of witness credibility absent clear and convincing evidence to the
contrary.”).

Furthermore, the trial court found that Appellees “have been the sole source of
support for the . . . child since [Father’s] initial arrest on April 4, 2012” and that the child
“is well cared for in his current environment” in terms of “his health, welfare, safety, and
stability.” See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(9) (directing the trial court to consider
“[w]hether the parent or guardian has paid child support”). This finding is likewise
supported by the record and weighs in favor of termination. Our review of the record
shows that, besides Father’s initial gifts, Father did not contribute any further support to
the child, especially in the last few years. On the other hand, Mother and Stepfather have
stable jobs and have adequately provided for the child’s needs without Father’s help.

Moreover, the trial court found that, although the child stated his willingness to
speak with Father on the phone, the child articulated that he neither wanted to see Father
nor wanted Father to be his parent. According to this Court, “provided the trial court
exercises due caution, ‘it is permissible, indeed important, to give significant weight to
the child’s testimony’ on his own best interests.” In re Taylor A.B., No. W2013-02312-
COA-R3-PT, 2014 WL 3778749, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 31, 2014) (quoting Maxwell
v. Woodard, No. M2011-02482-COA-R3-CV, 2013 WL 2420500, at * 18 (Tenn. Ct.
App. May 31, 2013)). In order to guard against factors such as an adult pressuring a child
into expressing a particular preference, “due caution is in order in considering the
testimony of a child.” Maxwell, 2013 WL 2420500, at * 18. We note that Father does
not assert that Mother or Stepfather improperly influenced the child into expressing his
desire to be adopted by Stepfather. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in considering
the child’s testimony and giving it appropriate weight. From our review of the record, the
child’s testimony heavily weighs in favor of termination. Here, the child testified that he
did not want to be associated with a criminal, so he chose to have his last name changed
to Stepfather’s name at school. The child indicated that he has a “strong” relationship
with Stepfather, with Stepfather coaching him in sports, attending his sporting events,
and taking him on outdoor adventures. The child appears to have a very high opinion of
Stepfather, using him as a role model for what he wants to be when he grows up. On the
other hand, the child does not think highly of his Father; rather, he feels ashamed because
he witnessed what he perceived to be Father stealing from someone’s house. Although
the child still loves Father, according to the child, Stepfather “parents” him better. As
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such, the child stated his wish for Father’s parental rights to be terminated so that
Stepfather could adopt him.

Not all factors, however, weigh clearly in favor of termination. First, there is some
doubt that the child’s mental, emotional, or medical condition would suffer harm if the
child was required to maintain contact with Father. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
113(i)(5). The record shows that the child is doing exceptionally well in Mother’s and
Stepfather’s care. The child’s mental and emotional health certainly cannot be attributed
to Father, who has been incarcerated in recent years. Still, nothing in the record indicates
that the child suffered any harm when visitation with Father was ongoing. Accordingly,
this factor favors neither party in this case.

Furthermore, there is no evidence that Father or anyone in his home has ever
“shown brutality, physical, sexual, emotional or psychological abuse, or neglect toward
the child” or any other child. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(6). Indeed, prior to Father’s
decision to engage in criminal activity, there is nothing in the record to suggest that the
child was in any way abused or neglected in Father’s care. Accordingly, this factor
weighs against termination.

In addition, we note that Mother’s behavior has certainly not been beyond
reproach throughout the events at issue in this trial. Rather than attempting to shield the
child from knowledge of Father’s criminal activity, it appears that Mother hastily
informed the child of Father’s first arrest in April 2012. Although Mother explained at
trial that the conversation was necessary because of the child’s questions, it appears that
the necessity was created when Mother prematurely picked the child up from school in
contrast to the child’s typical schedule. Still, we note that given Father’s multiple arrests
and convictions, as well as Father’s decision to terminate visitation so that he could evade
arrest, keeping the child ignorant of Father’s criminal behavior was unlikely. Indeed, the
evidence in the record shows that Father involved the child in such criminal activity on at
least one occasion.

In addition, the record shows that Mother did at times attempt to thwart Father’s
attempts at visitation and telephone contact, albeit prior to the four month period at issue,
as discussed supra. Accordingly, some of the lack of meaningful relationship in this case
can be attributed to Mother’s efforts to limit the child’s contact with Father. Despite the
existence of the June 1, 2012 order that was still in effect allowing Father at least two
supervised visits per week, it appears that Mother unilaterally allowed Father to visit with
the child only once per week at most. We note, however, that Mother’s attempts to limit
visitation appear to stem from reasonable fears regarding Father’s criminal activity and
Mother eventually allowed visitation to resume once a suitable visitation supervisor was
established. Visitation was terminated for the last time not by any action on Mother’s
part, but by Father’s decision to evade arrest.

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 We do not doubt that Father loves the child at issue in this case. However, Father
made the voluntary decision to engage in criminal activity, knowing that such activity
could remove him from the child’s life. Even when Father received a second chance, he
almost immediately was arrested on new charges and admittedly violated the terms of his
community corrections supervision, again removing him from the child’s life. Because of
Father’s decision, he and the child have little to no meaningful relationship. Instead,
Stepfather has stepped into the role of parent for the child and appears to be doing an
admirable job. The best interests of the child are therefore furthered by allowing the child
to remain in the nurturing, stable home of Mother and Stepfather and to move on from
the stigma and instability that results from his relationship with Father. From the totality
of the circumstances, we conclude that clear and convincing evidence supports the trial
court’s conclusion that termination of Father’s parental rights is in the child’s best
interest.

CONCLUSION

Based on the forgoing, the judgment of the Blount County Circuit Court is
reversed with respect to its finding of abandonment by willful failure to visit as defined
by Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-102(1)(A)(i) but affirmed in all other
respects. Costs of this appeal are taxed to Appellant, Mark R., for which execution may
issue if necessary.

_________________________________
J. STEVEN STAFFORD, JUDGE

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