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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
BRUCE TODD GRUVER,
Appellant No. 1876 WDA 2015
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence November 5, 2015
In the Court of Common Pleas of Butler County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-10-CR-0000072-2015
BEFORE: SHOGAN, MOULTON, and STRASSBURGER,* JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY SHOGAN, J.: FILED FEBRUARY 9, 2017
Appellant, Bruce Todd Gruver, appeals from the judgment of sentence
entered following his conviction of driving under the influence (“DUI”),
general impairment; DUI, highest rate of alcohol; and careless driving. We
affirm.
The trial court summarized the facts of this case as follows:
On August 27, 2014, [Appellant] was arrested for a
violation of 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3802(c) at case numbered CP-10-CR-
0001838-2014. On June 22, 2015, [Appellant] entered a guilty
plea in that case and was sentenced on July 2, 2015. In the
case at hand, [Appellant] was arrested on December 6, 2014
and on September 21, 2015, following a stipulated non-jury trial,
this [c]ourt found [Appellant] guilty of violating § 3802(a)(1),
general impairment, an ungraded misdemeanor, § 3802(c),
highest rate of alcohol, a misdemeanor of the first degree and
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*
Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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the summary offense of careless driving. In accordance with 75
Pa.C.S.A. § 3803(b)(4) [pertaining to grading], this court found
that the § 3802(c) conviction was a misdemeanor of the first
degree because [Appellant] had a prior conviction of § 3802
within ten (10) years before sentencing at case numbered CP-
10-CR-0001838-2014.[1]
Trial Court Opinion, 3/29/16, at 1. Appellant was sentenced as follows: on
the DUI, general impairment, no penalty; on the DUI, highest rate of
alcohol, second offense, sixty months of intermediate punishment, with the
first thirty days to be served in restrictive punishment at the Butler County
Prison followed by 335 days on house arrest with electronic monitoring, the
costs of prosecution, and a $1,500 fine; and on careless driving, costs of
prosecution and a $25 fine. Sentencing Order, 11/5/15, at 1-3.
Appellant timely appealed. The trial court and Appellant complied with
Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
Appellant presents the following issue for our review:
I. Whether the trial court erred by sentencing [Appellant]
pursuant to 75 Pa. C.S.A. §3806(b), since [Appellant’s] offense
was committed on December 6, 2014, prior to the effective date
of this statute on December 26, 2014?
Appellant’s Brief at 8 (full capitalization omitted).
Appellant challenges the trial court’s application of 75 Pa.C.S. § 3806,
as effective December 26, 2014 to May 24, 2016. Appellant’s Brief at 14.
Instead, Appellant asserts, the trial court should have applied the version of
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The term “prior offense” is defined at 75 Pa.C.S. § 3806.
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said statute that was effective as of the December 6, 2014 offense
(“offense-at-issue”). Id. Appellant further argues that:
The previous version, which was effective on the date of the
offense at issue, was nearly identical to the new version with the
exception that the . . . text “whether or not judgment of
sentence has been imposed for the violation” is omitted. The
prior version did not include a pending or subsequently resolved
D.U.I. charge as a “prior offense” unless it had resulted in a
conviction prior to the offense date for the D.U.I. charge at
issue. The new version of the statute defines a “prior offense” to
include the pending or subsequently resolved D.U.I. charge as a
“prior offense” regardless of whether sentence had been
imposed prior to the offense date of the D.U.I. charge at issue.
Therefore, Application of the statute in effect as of the date of
Appellant’s offense results in said offense being treated as a first
offense, whereas application of the statute post-dating the
offense results in Appellant’s offense being treated as a second
or subsequent offense.
Id. at 14-15. Appellant contends that the trial court’s application of the
statute that became effective after the date of the underlying offense
constituted a violation of the constitutional provision prohibiting ex post
facto laws as applied to Appellant. Id. at 16.
We observe that a challenge to the application of a statute by a trial
court presents a question of law. Commonwealth v. Perez, 97 A.3d 747,
750 (Pa. Super. 2014). Where an issue presents a question of law, the
appellate court’s standard of review is de novo. Commonwealth v.
Descardes, 136 A.3d 493, 496-497 (Pa. 2016). In addition, our scope of
review in this matter is plenary. Id.
This Court recently set forth the principles related to ex post facto laws
as follows:
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Both the United States Constitution and the Pennsylvania
Constitution prohibit the enactment of ex post facto laws. U.S.
Const. art. I, § 10; Pa. Const. art. I, § 17. Our Supreme Court
has interpreted these constitutional ex post facto clauses to be
effectively identical. Commonwealth v. Woodruff, 135 A.3d
1045, 1048 (Pa. Super. 2016) (citing Commonwealth v.
Young, 637 A.2d 1313 (Pa. 1993)). The purpose of this
proscription is “to preserve for persons the right to fair warning
that their conduct will give rise to criminal penalties.”
Commonwealth v. Grady, 486 A.2d 962, 964 (Pa. Super.
1984). We have explained that “a state law violates the ex post
facto clause if it was adopted after the complaining party
committed the criminal acts and ‘inflicts a greater punishment
than the law annexed to the crime, when committed.’”
Commonwealth v. Fleming, 801 A.2d 1234, 1237 (Pa. Super.
2002) (citation omitted; emphasis added). As our Supreme
Court observed in Commonwealth v. Rose, 127 A.3d 794 (Pa.
2015), “Almost from the outset, we have recognized that central
to the ex post facto prohibition is a concern for ‘the lack of fair
notice and governmental restraint when the legislature increases
punishment beyond what was prescribed when the crime was
consummated.’” Id. at 798-799 (quoting Miller v. Florida, 482
U.S. 423, 430 (1987)).
Moreover, “a statute is not made retroactive merely
because it draws upon antecedent facts for its operation.”
Alexander v. Com., Dept. of Transp., 880 A.2d 552, 558 (Pa.
2005) (citation omitted). “Retroactive laws have been defined
as those which take away or impair vested rights acquired under
existing laws, create new obligations, impose a new duty, or
attach a new disability in respect to the transaction or
consideration already past.” Id. at 559 (citation omitted).
The constitutional provision prohibiting ex post facto
laws serves as a limitation on the legislature. It is a
proscription which attempts “to preserve for persons
the right to fair warning that their conduct will give
rise to criminal penalties.” It has been said that a
law will be found constitutionally infirm on grounds
that it is an ex post facto law only where one of the
following effects is present:
1. The law makes an act criminal which
was not criminal when done;
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2. The law aggravates a crime -- one
which makes it greater than it was when
committed;
3. The law changes a punishment, and
makes it greater than it was when a
punishable act was committed;
4. The law alters the rules of evidence
and requires less or different testimony
than the law required at the time the
offense was committed in order to be
convicted.
Grady, 486 A.2d at 964 (citations omitted). Furthermore, “in
order for a criminal or penal law to be deemed an ex post facto
law, ‘two critical elements’ must be met: ‘it must be
retrospective, that is, it must apply to events occurring before its
enactment, and it must disadvantage the offender affected by
it.’” Rose, 127 A.3d at 799 (quoting Weaver v. Graham, 450
U.S. 24, 29 (1981)). As the United States Supreme Court
explained, “A statute does not operate ‘retrospectively’ merely
because it is applied in a case arising from conduct antedating
the statute’s enactment, or upsets expectations based in prior
law.” Landgraf v. USI Film Products, 511 U.S. 244, 269
(1994) (citations omitted). Instead, “the court must ask
whether the new provision attaches new legal consequences to
events completed before its enactment.” Id. at 269-270.
Commonwealth v. Kizak, 143 A.3d 854, 856-857 (Pa. Super. 2016).
The relevant statute is 75 Pa.C.S. § 3806, which addresses the
calculation of prior DUI offenses to determine whether a defendant is a
repeat offender for sentencing purposes. The statute originally was signed
into law on September 30, 2003, and took effect on February 1, 2004. A
subsequent amendment was enacted on October 27, 2014, and became
effective December 26, 2014. P.L. 2905, No. 189 (Act 2014-189). The
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following is the pertinent language of the statute, with the new language
shown in italics and the deleted language shown with a “strikethrough” line:
(b) Repeat offenses within ten years. - The calculation of
prior offenses for purposes of sections 1553(d.2)(relating to
occupational limited license), 3803 (relating to grading) and
3804 (relating to penalties) shall include any conviction, whether
or not judgment of sentence has been imposed for the violation,
adjudication of delinquency, juvenile consent decree, acceptance
of Accelerated Rehabilitative Disposition or other form of
preliminary disposition within the ten years before the present
violation occurred sentencing on the present violation for any of
the following:
(1) an offense under section 3802;
(2) an offense under former section 3731;
(3) an offense substantially similar to an offense under
paragraph (1) or (2) in another jurisdiction; or
(4) any combination of the offenses set forth in paragraph (1),
(2) or (3).
75 Pa.C.S. § 3806(b).
Thus, under the 2014 amendment, the triggering event of the ten-year
“look back” period for determining prior offenses became the date of
sentencing and was no longer the date that the offense occurred.
Additionally, the calculation of prior offenses was deemed to include any
previous conviction, whether or not judgment of sentence had been imposed
for the violation, within the ten-year “look-back” period. Also, Section 2 of
Act 2014-189 provides that the amendment of section 3806(b) “shall apply
to persons sentenced on or after [December 26, 2014,] the effective date
of this section.” Act 2014-189 (emphasis added).
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We addressed this issue in a strikingly similar scenario in Kizak, 148
A.3d 854. In Kizak, the appellant was charged on January 23, 2015, with
count 1: DUI, general impairment, pursuant to 75 Pa.C.S. § 3802(A)(1) and
Count 2: DUI, highest rate of alcohol pursuant to 75 Pa.C.S. § 3802(B) for
conduct that occurred on December 10, 2014. Id. at 855. The appellant
entered a guilty plea on May 20, 2015, and was sentenced on July 14, 2015.
Id. Kizak was sentenced as a second-time offender because she was also
charged with a prior DUI for conduct that occurred on September 24, 2014,
for which she was accepted into the Accelerated Rehabilitation Disposition
(ARD) program. Id. The appellant argued that the trial court erred when it
determined that her DUI was a second offense by applying the new DUI
statute effective December 26, 2014, ex post facto to an offense that
occurred on December 10, 2014. Id. at 856. This Court, however,
concluded that there was no ex post facto violation. Id. at 859-860. The
2014 amendment was enacted on October 27, 2014, and the apellant’s
offense occurred six weeks after that enactment, on December 10, 2014.
Id. at 860. Thus, when the offense occurred, the law had already been
enacted. Id.
Here, Appellant’s offense-at-issue occurred on December 6, 2014.
Thus, the 2014 amendment was not applied ex post facto to events
occurring before its enactment on October 27, 2014. Kizak, 148 A.3d at
857 (“A state law violates the ex post facto clause if it was adopted after
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the complaining party committed the criminal acts and ‘inflicts a greater
punishment than the law annexed to the crime, when committed.’”)
(emphasis added). Moreover, Appellant had fair notice of the change in the
statute as his offense occurred more than six weeks after the amendment to
the statute was signed into law.
We also note that Appellant was not charged on the December 6, 2014
offense until January 15, 2015, which was after the effective date of the
statute. Additionally, Appellant was sentenced on November 5, 2015, well
after the effective date of the amendment, in compliance with the statute.
Kizak, 148 A.3d at 860 (“The amendment of 75 Pa.C.S. § 3806(b) shall
apply to persons sentenced on or after [December 26, 2014].”).
Accordingly, we are satisfied that there was no ex post facto violation in the
instant matter. As such, we conclude that Appellant’s contrary claim lacks
merit.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 2/9/2017
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Com. v. Gruver, B.
Combined Opinion