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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
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No. 16-11773
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 4:15-cr-10011-JEM-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
ROBERTO ROQUE-REYES,
Defendant-Appellant.
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
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(February 14, 2017)
Before MARTIN, JULIE CARNES, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
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Defendant Roberto Roque-Reyes appeals his 24-month sentence, which
reflects a 12-month upward variance from the top of the advisory guideline range,
after pleading guilty to conspiring to encourage and induce aliens to enter the
United States. On appeal, Defendant argues that his sentence is procedurally and
substantively reasonable. Because we conclude that the district court committed
procedural error by relying on clearly erroneous facts in imposing Defendant’s
sentence, we vacate his sentence and remand for resentencing.
I. BACKGROUND
According to the Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”), on July 28,
2015, the United States Coast Guard received information regarding two jet skis,
carrying six people, that were traveling toward Key West, Florida, from Cuba. The
Coast Guard interdicted the jet skis and identified the six people as Defendant, his
codefendant Raisel Travieso-Reyes, and four other Cuban nationals. An
investigation later revealed that the jet skis were registered on June 20, 2015, to
two different owners, one of whom was Defendant’s father’s best friend.
Defendant initially told Government officials that he and Travieso-Reyes
were fishing with family and friends and got bored, so they decided to ride jet skis.
While riding the jet skis, they rescued four people floating in the water. Defendant
later changed his story, explaining that he had traveled to Cuba with Travieso-
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Reyes to pick up his uncle, and that he did not know the three other people, nor had
he anticipated picking them up.
Defendant subsequently pled guilty to conspiring to encourage and induce
aliens to enter the United States, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(A)(v)(I). In
anticipation of sentencing, the probation officer prepared the PSR, which assigned
Defendant a base offense level of 12, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2L1.1. With a 2-level
reduction for acceptance of responsibility, Defendant’s total offense level was 10.
Based on a total offense level of 10 and a criminal history category of I,
Defendant’s advisory guideline range was 6 to 12 months’ imprisonment.
Defendant filed no objections to the PSR.
At the sentencing hearing, the Government recommended a six-month
sentence—the low end of the guideline range. The district court asked defense
counsel to explain why Defendant deserved only a six-month sentence. The
district court then stated:
But the bottom line is this . . . you and I both know that people
are paying $10,000 a head to be smuggled from Cuba. And that these
jet skis that these fellows were on were purchased like a day before.
For the trip, obviously. I don’t think they were purchased for fishing.
These two fellows went down there to get four people, and you
and I also have no idea how many people have perished while they
were being brought back here from Cuba on one of these commercial
enterprises. How many people have been dumped because they were
fearful of Coast Guard intervention.
This is a very serious problem, and I don’t think six months is
enough. Tell me why it is. Yeah. I don’t see it. I think that this is a
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very serious problem that we need to have—as you know, the factors
under 3553 include deterrence. I don’t think six months deters them
because you and I both have seen people in here for the third and
fourth and fifth times and I get—I’m really sick of it. I am sick of
people that think they can flaunt our laws. That they come here and
take what—that take everything given to them and just take advantage
of the people of the United States and go back over there and continue
to go back and forth to Cuba to bring people here for money.
Defendant asserted that there was no evidence showing that he or Travieso-
Reyes had been previously involved in alien smuggling, nor had any facts been
developed to show that the purpose of this trip was anything other than to pick up a
family member. Because Defendant was unemployed and had arrived illegally in
the United States in March 2015, the district court questioned how Defendant was
able to purchase the jet skis, satellite phone, and the Global Positioning System
(“GPS”). The district court repeatedly expressed its belief that this was a
commercial enterprise, and stated that it did not believe that Defendant went to
Cuba with two, three-passenger jet skis solely to pick up his uncle.
The district court explained that it was considering a sentence substantially
above the guidelines based on the need to provide deterrence under 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a). The district court ultimately sentenced Defendant to 24 months’
imprisonment. Defendant objected to the procedural and substantive
reasonableness of the upward variance, arguing that the Government had not
offered any evidence contradicting Defendant’s representation that he went to
Cuba to pick up his uncle. This appeal followed.
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II. DISCUSSION
On appeal, Defendant challenges his 24-month sentence as procedurally and
substantively unreasonable. Because we conclude that Defendant’s sentence is
procedurally unreasonable, we pass no judgment on its substantive reasonableness
had there been no procedural error.
Defendant argues that the district court committed procedural error by
relying on clearly erroneous facts in imposing his sentence. In particular, he
argues that the district court lacked an evidentiary basis for concluding that
Defendant engaged in an alien-smuggling commercial enterprise.
Using a two-step process, we review the reasonableness of a district court’s
sentence for abuse of discretion. United States v. Cubero, 754 F.3d 888, 892 (11th
Cir. 2014). First, we determine whether a sentence is procedurally reasonable,
then we consider whether the sentence is substantively reasonable in light of the
totality of the circumstances and the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors. 1 Id.
“A sentence may be procedurally unreasonable if the district court . . .
selects a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts . . . .” United States v.
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The § 3553(a) factors include: (1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history
and characteristics of the defendant; (2) the need to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to
promote respect for the law, and to provide just punishment for the offense; (3) the need for
deterrence; (4) the need to protect the public; (5) the need to provide the defendant with needed
education or vocational training or medical care; (6) the kinds of sentences available; (7) the
Sentencing Guidelines range; (8) pertinent policy statements of the Sentencing Commission;
(9) the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities; and (10) the need to provide restitution
to victims. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).
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Gonzalez, 550 F.3d 1319, 1323 (11th Cir. 2008). We review the district court’s
factual findings for clear error. United States v. McGuinness, 451 F.3d 1302, 1304
(11th Cir. 2006). A factual finding is clearly erroneous when a review of all the
evidence leaves this Court with “the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has
been” made. United States v. Philidor, 717 F.3d 883, 885 (11th Cir. 2013).
“Although review for clear error is deferential, a finding of fact must be supported
by substantial evidence.” United States v. Robertson, 493 F.3d 1322, 1330 (11th
Cir. 2007).
The Government must prove the facts relevant to sentencing by a
preponderance of the evidence. See United States v. Watts, 519 U.S. 148, 156
(1997). The sentencing court’s factual findings may be based upon evidence heard
during trial, facts admitted by the defendant’s guilty plea, undisputed statements in
the PSI, or evidence presented during the sentencing hearing. See United States v.
Smith, 480 F.3d 1277, 1281 (11th Cir. 2007); United States v. Shelton, 400 F.3d
1325, 1330 (11th Cir. 2005). Although the district court is permitted to draw
reasonable inferences from the record, it must base its factual determinations on
reliable and specific evidence, not speculation. United States v. Creel, 783 F.3d
1357, 1359 (11th Cir. 2015); United States v. Newman, 614 F.3d 1232, 1238 (11th
Cir. 2010).
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Here, Defendant’s sentence is procedurally unreasonable sentence because
the district court relied on clearly erroneous facts. The district court imposed an
upward variance because it was convinced that Defendant was engaged in an alien-
smuggling commercial enterprise. However, this factual finding was not supported
by substantial evidence in the record. See Robertson, 493 F.3d at 1330. The
district court arrived at this conclusion based on Defendant’s smuggling of three
people in addition to his uncle, and the district court’s impression that Defendant
must have had a source of funding in order to purchase two jet skis, full tanks of
fuel, a GPS, and a satellite phone.
While Defendant’s smuggling of three people other than his uncle was
supported by reliable and specific evidence, there was no evidence showing that
this incident was part of an alien-smuggling commercial enterprise. No evidence
was offered to show the likelihood that Defendant had previously engaged in alien
smuggling. Moreover, the Government did not present any evidence that
Defendant was paid or acted for purposes of financial gain when picking up the
three additional people in Cuba. Cf. United States v. Dominguez, 661 F.3d 1051,
1066 (11th Cir. 2011) (explaining that, in the separate but related context of
enhancing a defendant’s sentence for participating in a smuggling operation for
commercial advantage under 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(2)(b)(ii), it is sufficient to show
that the defendant acted for purposes of financial gain). Nor was this fact admitted
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during the guilty plea proceedings, or supported by the factual statements in the
PSR.
The district court’s determination that Defendant must have been involved in
an alien-smuggling venture in order to gain access to the jet skis and electronic
equipment was likewise not supported by substantial evidence in the record.
Neither jet ski was registered to Defendant; one was registered to Defendant’s
father’s best friend and the other to his co-defendant’s stepfather. The district
court also focused on the fact that the jet skis were purchased immediately prior to
the trip, stating that, “these jet skis that these fellows were on were purchased like
a day before. For the trip, obviously.” But the PSR showed that the jet skis were
registered on June 20, 2015, and thus were purchased at least one month before
Defendant and Travieso-Reyes traveled to Cuba. Further, the only evidence
presented regarding the GPS and satellite phone showed that the equipment was
found in the co-defendant’s possession. Therefore, any factual finding that
Defendant purchased this equipment is purely speculative. Because Defendant’s
purchase of the jet skis and electronic equipment seemed to factor heavily in the
district court’s evaluation, but this assumption was not established by reliable and
specific evidence, it cannot support an inference of the existence of a commercial
enterprise. See Creel, 783 F.3d at 1359; Newman, 614 F.3d at 1238.
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Further, the Government did not contest Defendant’s assertion that he went
to Cuba for his family and that his actions on the date in question were not part of a
commercial venture. Therefore, after a thorough review of the record, we are left
with the firm conviction that the district court’s finding that Defendant was
engaged in an alien-smuggling enterprise was clearly erroneous.
Of course, that Defendant may not have been involved in a commercial
alien-smuggling enterprise does not mean that the district court was prohibited
from imposing an upward variance based on a proper assessment of the § 3553(a)
factors, nor that the court is necessarily prohibited from imposing a variance on
remand if that decision is grounded in an accurate finding of the facts. We are not
persuaded, however, by the Government’s argument that even if the district court
was mistaken about some of the evidence, its sentencing decision was not based on
clearly erroneous facts. The Government argues that the district court was
concerned about deterring smugglers who unsafely transported migrants across
open seas and subjected those people to great danger. The need for deterrence is a
factor that a sentencing court may properly consider. See 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a)(2)(B). But here the district court’s comments overwhelmingly focused
on the importance of deterring commercial alien-smuggling operations. Indeed,
the district court itself stated, “if my mother was over there, I probably would steal
a boat and go get her. That’s not what’s happening here . . . .” Given that the
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district court appeared to rely strongly on the presumed existence of an alien-
smuggling commercial enterprise in making its sentencing decision, the district
court abused its discretion.
Because we conclude that the district court committed a procedural error, we
VACATE Defendant’s sentence and REMAND for resentencing.
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