In re Jeanette L.

2017 IL App (1st) 161944

SIXTH DIVISION
January 27, 2017

Nos. 1-16-1944, 1-16-2053 (cons.)

IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT

In re Jeanette L., a Minor, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
) of Cook County.
Respondent-Appellee )
)
(The People of the State of Illinois, )
)
Petitioner-Appellee, )
)
v. ) No. 10 JA 1441
)
Georgina L., )
)
Respondent-Appellant )
)
and )
)
Clarence M., ) Honorable
) Demetrios Kottaras,
Respondent-Appellant). ) Judge Presiding

JUSTICE DELORT delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Presiding Justice Hoffman and Justice Cunningham concurred in the judgment and
opinion.

OPINION

¶1 Following a hearing, the trial court adjudicated minor-respondent, Jeanette L., to be an

abused and neglected minor, and made her a ward of the court. The trial court subsequently
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found Jeanette L.’s biological parents, respondents Georgina L. 1 and Clarence M., unfit parents

and terminated their parental rights. Georgina L. appeals, contending that the trial court’s

findings should be reversed because the State failed to provide her with reasonable

accommodations under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (the ADA) (42 U.S.C.

§ 12132 (2012)). With respect to Clarence M.’s appeal, his counsel has filed a motion to

withdraw pursuant to Pennsylvania v. Finley, 481 U.S. 551 (1987), arguing that there are no

issues of arguable merit. We consolidated the appeals. For the following reasons, we grant the

motion of Clarence M.’s appellate counsel to withdraw, and affirm the judgment of the circuit

court in both appeals.

¶2 BACKGROUND

¶3 On February 24, 2010, the State filed a petition for the adjudication of wardship, alleging

that then-15-month-old respondent Jeanette L. was abused and neglected pursuant to section

2-3(1)(b) and 2-3(2)(ii) of the Juvenile Court Act (705 ILCS 405/2-3(1)(b), 2-3(2)(ii) (West

2010)). The State also moved for temporary custody of respondent. The State alleged that the

whereabouts of respondent’s mother and father were unknown, and that respondent was in the

custody of the child’s aunt, Frances S. 2 The State further alleged that Frances’s residence was

“dirty” and had “trash strewn about” it, and that “dog urine and feces[,] and rats” were present.

In addition, Frances was not compliant with services offered to her. The petition further alleged

that Frances had witnessed another minor in the residence in bed with that other minor’s father,

and that the minor stated that the father digitally penetrated her. The State subsequently

amended its petition based upon a failure to provide necessary care to Jeanette. 705 ILCS

1
The mother’s name is also spelled “Georgene” and “Georgean” in the record.
2
Although the parties spell the aunt’s first name “Francis,” the record repeatedly spells it
as “Frances.”

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405/2-3(1)(a) (West 2010). The State noted that, on February 26, 2010, Jeanette had been

admitted to the hospital weighing only 8.2 kilograms, which hospital personnel indicated was

less than the 5th percentile for her age, and she was diagnosed with “non-organic failure to

thrive.” The State also alleged that her primary care physician had not seen her since April 2009.

¶4 On November 10, 2011, after an adjudicatory hearing, the trial court found that Jeanette

was abused or neglected on the grounds of a lack of care, exposure to an injurious environment,

and being at substantial risk of physical injury. 705 ILCS 405/2-3(1)(a), (1)(b), (2)(ii) (West

2010). On January 20, 2012, the trial court entered a dispositional order making Jeanette a ward

of the court, finding both parents unable to care for her, and placing Jeanette under the

guardianship of the Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS).

¶5 On March 5, 2014, the State filed a supplemental petition seeking the appointment of a

guardian with the right to consent to the adoption of Jeanette. The State alleged that both parents

were unfit because they failed to make reasonable progress toward the return of Jeanette within

nine months after the neglect and abuse adjudication (750 ILCS 50/1(D)(m) (West 2012)). The

State further alleged that they failed to maintain a reasonable degree of interest in Jeanette’s

welfare (750 ILCS 50/1(D)(b) (West 2012)) and failed to protect Jeanette from the injurious

environment (750 ILCS 50/1(D)(g) (West 2012)). In addition, the State alleged that Clarence

was unfit because he deserted Jeanette for more than three months prior to the commencement of

termination proceedings (750 ILCS 50/1(D)(c) (West 2012)), and that Georgina was unfit

because she was unable to discharge her parental responsibilities because of developmental

disabilities that are likely to extend beyond a reasonable time (750 ILCS 50/1(D)(p) (West

2012)). The following evidence was then presented at trial.

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¶6 Among the exhibits admitted at trial was DCFS’s May 24, 2010, “Integrated Assessment”

report on Georgina. That report stated that Georgina had cognitive delays, was illiterate,

dropped out of school after the ninth grade, had a history of alcohol abuse, and had two prior

drug-related arrests. The trial court also admitted an August 31, 2011, “Initial Clinical Report”

from SOS Children’s Villages Illinois (SOS), which indicated that Georgina was referred to a

therapist to participate in “individual therapy to address the issue[s] that brought this case [in]to

the system, including *** developmental delays” and her parenting ability. The report detailed,

however, that Georgina was inconsistent in her attendance and had also missed four sessions in a

row. Georgina also would fail to call when she had to miss a session.

¶7 Saneeta Auster-Golden, a caseworker from SOS, testified that she had been assigned to

this case in June 2012 until February 2014. Golden said that, in 2010, the recommendations for

Georgina included a psychological evaluation, parenting classes, individual therapy (which

Golden said would address Georgina’s developmental delays), and visitation. According to

Golden, Georgina completed the psychological evaluation and parenting classes. With respect to

individual therapy, Golden explained that Georgina began the therapy in 2011 but was

discharged in 2012 as unsuccessful. As to visitation, Georgina was frequently late to the twice-

weekly supervised visitation and behaved inappropriately. Golden stated that, during the time

she was assigned to this case, Georgina failed to complete the recommended services.

¶8 In addition, Golden testified that Clarence had not started his recommended individual

therapy in 2010, resulting in an “unsatisfactory” rating. This service was still outstanding for

Clarence in 2011. Clarence did complete a psychological evaluation in 2012, which concluded

that he was unable to parent Jeanette because of his “cognitive level of functioning.” Golden

further described Clarence’s visitation with Jeanette as “very sporadic.” Golden said that

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Clarence was provided with another referral for individual therapy, which he began but did not

complete and had not completed in 2014, when Golden was no longer assigned to this case.

Golden further did not see any certificates of completion for any services recommended to

Clarence other than the psychological evaluation. Clarence also never provided Golden with the

name of any individual or any other support system that would be able to assist him in his

parenting responsibilities.

¶9 Corretta Rivers, another case worker at SOS, testified that she was assigned to this case

on April 29, 2014. At that time, Georgina still needed individual therapy but according to

Rivers, Georgina refused to participate in therapy and only wanted to visit with Jeanette. Rivers

added that Georgina’s assigned therapist even offered to meet closer to Georgina’s home, but

Georgina refused the offer and any further therapy sessions. Georgina also declined any

subsequent services because, according to Georgina, she had done all that she needed to do to be

reunited with Jeanette.

¶ 10 Rivers testified that, when she was assigned to this case on April 29, 2014, the

outstanding required services for Clarence were a psychiatric evaluation and individual therapy.

Rivers testified that she had no contact information for Clarence and that the first time she spoke

to him was at a May 2014 court appearance. According to Rivers, Clarence informed her that he

had moved to Rockford and told her that he would not complete any of the outstanding services

because he believed that he had completed all of the services he needed to complete. With

respect to visitation, Rivers recounted that there was a scheduled visit that day, and Clarence did

visit with Jeanette, but he told her that he was not going to travel from Rockford to Chicago to

visit Jeanette and that this was going to be his “last” visit with her. Rivers said that, although she

gave Clarence her contact information, he never contacted her since the May 2014 court date.

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Rivers added that she had sent about three letters to Clarence, stating that he still had to undergo

a psychiatric evaluation to obtain reunification with Jeanette, and that the letters also offered him

opportunities for visitation with Jeanette. Rivers, however, said that Clarence never contacted

her regarding these services. Rivers confirmed that, since her assignment to this case, Clarence

has neither expressed a desire to reunify with Jeanette nor requested any reunification services.

Rivers added, however, that if Clarence had requested any reunification services, she would have

referred him to community-based services.

¶ 11 At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court found Georgina unfit based upon sections

(b) (reasonable progress) and (m) (reasonable degree of interest), but not (p) (mental disability).

750 ILCS 50/1(D)(b), (m), (p) (West 2012). The trial court further found Clarence unfit based

upon all grounds. After holding a best interests hearing, the trial court found that it was in

Jeanette’s best interest to terminate Georgina’s and Clarence’s parental rights, and did so.

¶ 12 This consolidated appeal followed.

¶ 13 ANALYSIS

¶ 14 Appeal No. 16-1944 (Georgina L.)

¶ 15 Georgina’s sole contention on appeal is that we must reverse both the trial court’s finding

that she is an unfit parent and also its termination of her parent rights because the parent-child

reunification services that the State required her to complete were not reasonably accommodated

to her developmental disability, in violation of the ADA.

¶ 16 At the outset, we find that Georgina has forfeited this claim. At no point during the

proceedings below did she or her counsel make a claim that the services were not compliant with

the ADA. “A trial judge should have an opportunity to appraise the errors which are asserted to

have taken place. It is unfair to charge him with errors in a reviewing court without having

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brought them to his attention so that a new trial could have been granted if he found it

advisable.” Perez v. Baltimore & Ohio R.R. Co., 24 Ill. App. 2d 204, 210 (1960); see also 1010

Lake Shore Ass’n v. Deutsche Bank National Trust Co., 2015 IL 118372, ¶ 14 (“The purpose of

this court’s forfeiture rules is to encourage parties to raise issues in the trial court, thus ensuring

both that the trial court is given an opportunity to correct any errors prior to appeal and that a

party does not obtain a reversal through his or her own inaction.”) (citing People v. Denson,

2014 IL 116231, ¶ 13). On this basis alone, we may reject Georgina’s claim.

¶ 17 Forfeiture aside, however, Georgina’s contention of error is meritless. Parental rights

termination proceedings are not “ ‘ “services, programs, or activities” ’ ” that would subject them

to the requirements of the ADA. In re S.R., 2014 IL App (3d) 140565, ¶ 28 (quoting In re B.S,

693 A.2d 716, 720 (Vt. 1997); accord In re Adoption of Gregory, 747 N.E.2d 120 (Mass. 2001).

Georgina makes no argument that we should disregard the holding in S.R. In any event, a

parent’s developmental disabilities per se are not sufficient grounds to terminate parental rights;

rather, developmental disability is a ground for parental unfitness only where “there is sufficient

justification to believe that the inability to discharge parental responsibilities shall extend beyond

a reasonable time period.” 750 ILCS 50/1(D)(p) (West 2012). Here, however, the trial court did

not find unfitness on that ground; instead, it relied upon sections (b) (reasonable progress) and

(m) (reasonable degree of interest), and there was overwhelming evidence supporting the trial

court’s findings.

¶ 18 First, Georgina missed several sessions without contacting the therapist. Georgina was

required to attend individual therapy, but she never completed this service while Golden was

assigned to her case, and when Rivers took over Georgina’s case, Georgina completely refused

to participate in therapy—even refusing an offer to meet closer to Georgina’s home. Georgina

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indicated that she only wanted to visit with Jeanette, but as to visitation, Golden testified that

Georgina was frequently late to the twice-weekly supervised visitation and behaved

inappropriately. It is well established that a failure to comply with an imposed service plan and

infrequent or irregular visitation with the child may support a finding of unfitness under both

sections (b) and (m). See In re Konstantinos H., 387 Ill. App. 3d 192, 204 (2008) (citing In re

Jaron Z., 348 Ill. App. 3d 239, 259 (2004)) (construing subsection (b)); In re B’Yata I., 2013 IL

App (2nd) 130558, ¶ 35 (subsection (m)). We may not disturb the trial court’s finding of

unfitness it is against the manifest weight of the evidence, i.e., “where the opposite conclusion is

clearly the proper result.” In re D.D., 196 Ill. 2d 405, 417 (2001). On these facts, we will not

reverse the trial court’s findings.

¶ 19 Finally, the record reveals that, with respect to Georgina’s required services, the State did

offer accommodations that took her developmental disabilities into account. As noted above,

both the August 31, 2011, “Initial Clinical Report” from SOS and also Golden’s testimony

indicated that Georgina was referred for individual therapy to address, inter alia, her

developmental delays. On this point, Georgina’s reliance upon In re M.I., 2015 IL App (3d)

150403 is unavailing for multiple reasons. At the outset, our supreme court subsequently

reversed the third district’s holding that “failing to complete a task that is beyond one’s

intellectual capacity is the same as refusing to comply with court-ordered directives and willfully

*** failing to maintain a reasonable degree of interest in the child.” (Internal quotation marks

omitted.) In re M.I., 2016 IL 120232, ¶¶ 25, 26 (holding that the statute neither contains a “state

of mind requirement” nor “carve[s] out an exception for faultless failure”). Second, unlike here,

the majority in M.I. specifically stated that it was not relying upon the ADA for its holding (M.I.,

2015 IL App (3d) 150403, ¶ 16), although the dissenting justice stated that the parent had made a

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claim that DCFS violated the ADA (id. ¶ 39 (Schmidt, J., dissenting))). The appellate decision

in M.I. is therefore unavailing.

¶ 20 Appeal No. 16-2053 (Clarence M.)

¶ 21 Clarence M.’s trial counsel, who represents Clarence on appeal, has filed a motion for

leave to withdraw as appellate counsel. A memorandum in support of the motion has been

submitted pursuant to Pennsylvania v. Finley, 481 U.S. 551 (1987), in which counsel concludes

that there are no issues of arguable merit on appeal. Copies of the motion and memorandum

were sent to Clarence, and he was advised that he might submit any points in support of his

appeal. Clarence, however, has not responded.

¶ 22 We have carefully reviewed the record in this case and the aforesaid memorandum, and

we find no issues of arguable merit.

¶ 23 CONCLUSION

¶ 24 With respect to Georgina’s appeal (No. 1-16-1944), we hold that she has forfeited her

claim (namely, that the State was required pursuant to the ADA to provide her with reasonable

accommodations to the services DCFS required her to complete in order to be reunified with her

daughter) because she raised this issue for the first time on appeal. Forfeiture aside, we hold that

the ADA does not provide a defense in parental termination proceedings because those

proceedings are not programs, services, or activities that would fall under the purview of the

ADA. As to Clarence’s appeal (No. 1-16-2053), we grant appellate counsel’s motion to

withdraw because there are no issues of arguable merit. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of

the trial court in both appeals.

¶ 25 Affirmed.

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