GREG A B B O T T
July 26,2007
The Honorable Fred Hill Opinion No. GA-0556
Chair, Committee on Local Government
Ways and Means Re: Whether communications about legal matters
Texas House of Representatives between a tax appraisal review board and in-house
Post Office Box 29 10 counsel to a tax appraisal district violate section
Austin, Texas 78768-291 0 41.66 or 6.4 11 of the Tax Code (RQ-0564-GA)
Dear Representative Hill:
You ask about the authority of a tax appraisal district (a "district") to use its in-house counsel,
a district employee, to also advise the district's tax appraisal review board (a "review board") on
legal matters.' You specifically ask whether such legal communication between a review board and
the district's in-house counsel would constitute ex parte communications in violation of Tax Code
section 6.41 1. See Request Letter, supra note 1, at 1.
You inform us that two years ago the Travis Central Appraisal District (the "TCAD")
employed in-house counsel. See id. at 2. In addition to advising the TCAD, this individual also
advises the Travis County Appraisal Review Board (the "ARB"). See id.2Because the individual
is an employee of the TCAD, you note that sections 4 1.66(f) and 6.4 11 of the Tax Code might appear
to prevent legal discussion regarding tax protest matters between TCAD's in-house counsel and the
ARB outside a public hearing. See id. But, you suggest, they do not do so because the statutory
exemption found in section 6.41 1(c) for communications between a review board and its counsel,
as you characterize it, permits these discussions between the ARB and TCAD's in-house counsel.
See id.
'See Letter from Honorable Fred Hill, Chair, Committee on Local Government Ways and Means, Texas House
of Representatives, to Honorable Greg Abbott, Attorney General of Texas, at 1 (Jan. 29,2007) (on file with the Opinion
Committee, also available at http:l/www.oag.state.tx.us) [hereinafter Request Letter].
'See also Brief from Art Cory, Chief Appraiser, Travis Central Appraisal District, to Nancy S. Fuller, Chair,
Opinion Committee, Office of the Attorney General of Texas, at 2 (Mar. 7,2007) (on file with the Opinion Committee)
[hereinafter TCAD Brief].
The Honorable Fred Hill - Page 2
I. Statutory Background
To provide context for your question and its analysis, it is necessary to review first the
relationship between a district and a review board and then Tax Code sections 4 1.66 and 6.41 1 about
which you specifically ask.
A. Tax Appraisal District
The Tax Code establishes a tax appraisal district in each county and makes the district
responsible for appraising all property in the district for ad valorem tax purposes. See TEX.TAX
CODEANN.5 6.01(a)-(b) (Vernon 2001). A district is governed by a board of directors appointed
by the governing bodies of political subdivisions within the district. See id. 5 6.03(a), (c) (Vernon
Supp. 2006). The district's board of directors appoints the chief appraiser, who is the chief
administrator of the district and who is authorized to "employ and compensate professional, clerical,
and other personnel as provided by the budget" adopted by the district's board. Id. 5 6.05(c)-(d).
B. Appraisal Review Board
The Tax Code also establishes for each district a review board charged with, among other
things, hearing and resolving protests against the district's property tax appraisals. See id. $5 6.41(a)
(Vernon Supp. 2006) (creation of review board), 25.22(a) (Vernon 2001) (submission of appraisal
records for review and determination of protests), 41.01(a)(l) (review board's duty to determine
protests), 41.02 (review board action to correct or change appraisal records or rolls). Members of
the review board are appointed by the district's board of directors. See id. 5 6.41(d) (Vernon Supp.
2006).
Chapter 41 of the Tax Code prescribes the review board's specific duties to review tax
appraisal records and rolls3 and respond to challenges thereto, including: determining protests
initiated by property owners and challenges initiated by taxing units against a district; correcting the
district's appraisal records and rolls; and determining whether the district has improperly granted
exemptions and particular land appraisals. See id. $5 41.01(a)(l)-(5), .02 (Vernon 2001); see also
id. $6 25.25 (Vernon Supp. 2006) (correction of appraisal roll), 41.05 (Vernon 2001) (hearing on a
taxing unit challenge to appraisal record), 41.45 (hearing on a taxpayer protest regarding appraisal
record). If the review board determines that the appraisal record or roll is in error on a particular
point, the review board must direct the chief appraiser to correct or change the appraisal record
3Theterms "appraisal records" and "appraisal rolls" have distinct meanings under the Tax Code. The chief
appraiser prepares "appraisal records listing all property that is taxable in the district and stating the appraised value of
each" and submits the appraisal records to the review board for review and approval pursuant to chapter 41. TEX.TAX
CODEANN.5; 25.01(a) (Vernon 2001); see id. $4 25.22(a), 41.01,41.12. Once the review board reviews the appraisal
records and determines all protests and challenges, it approves the appraisal records. See id 5 41.12(a). The approved
appraisal records constitute the appraisal roll, which cannot be changed "[elxcept as provided by Chapters 41 and 42
. . . and . . . section [25.25]." Id. 5 25.25(a) (Vernon Supp. 2006) (footnote omitted); see id. 25.24 (Vernon 2001)
(appraisal roll).
The Honorable Fred Hill - Page 3 (GA-0556)
or roll to conform to the review board's determination. See id. $ 4 1.02 (Vernon 200 1); see also id.
$5 25.25 (Vernon Supp. 2006) (correction of appraisal roll), 41.07 (Vernon 2001) (determination
of taxing unit challenge), 41.47 (determination of taxpayer protest).
C. Tax Code Sections 41.66 and 6.411
Tax Code section 41.66 sets forth the procedures applicable to hearings conducted by the
review board. See id. 5 41.66 (Vernon Supp. 2006). Such hearings are open to the public, and the
review board "may not consider any appraisal district information on a protest that was not presented
to the appraisal review board during the protest hearing." Id. $ 41.66(d)-(e). Subsection (0, which
is particularly relevant to your request, prohibits review board members from communicating with
"another person" outside a public hearing about "the evidence, argument, facts, merits, or any other
matters related to an owner's protest" or "a property that is the subject of the protest." Id. $ 41166(f).
Further, Tax Code section 6.411, referring to section 41.66(f), criminalizes ex parte
communications between review board members and district employees:
(a) A member of an appraisal review board commits an offense if
the member communicates with the chief appraiser or another
employee of the appraisal district for which the appraisal review
board is established in violation of Section 41.66(f).
(b) A chief appraiser or another [district] employee . . . commits an
offense if the . . . employee communicates with a [review board]
member . . . in a circumstance in which the . . . review board member
is prohibited by Section 4 1.66(f) from communicating with the chief
appraiser or other employee.
(c) This section does not apply to communications that do not
discuss the specific evidence, argument, facts, merits, or property
involved in a hearing currently pending before the appraisal review
board or to communications between the board and its legal counsel.
Id. $ 6.41 1(a)-(c) (emphasis added); see also id. $ 6.4 11(d) ("An offense under this section is a Class
C misdemeanor.").
11. Analysis
In considering your questions, we note that a review board has only those powers that are
"clearly and expressly given" to it by statute and those powers necessarily implied. In re
ExxonMobil Corp., 153 S.W.3d 605, 615 (Tex. App.-Amarillo 2004, orig. proceeding [mand.
denied]). Additionally, in construing the relevant sections of the Tax Code, we keep in mind that
this office, like a court, must consider a "statute as a whole rather than its isolated provisions" and
"should not give one provision a meaning out of harmony or inconsistent with other provisions
The Honorable Fred Hill - Page 4 (GA-0556)
although it might be susceptible to such a construction standing alone." See Helena Chem. Co. v.
Wilkins, 47 S.W.3d 486,493 (Tex. 2001).
A. Authority of Review Board to Use the District's In-House Counsel
You suggest that section 6.41 1(c) of the Tax Code permits discussions that would otherwise
be prohibited by section 41 .66(f),4if the district's in-house counsel also serves as the review board's
counsel. See Request Letter, supra note 1, at 2. We disagree. This situation is precisely one of the
problems that Tax Code sections 41.66(f) and 6.43 seek to prevent, namely, the same individual-a
district employee-representing and advising a district and advising a review board responsible
for hearing and determining taxpayer challenges against the district. See TEX.TAXCODEANN.
$5 41.66(f) (Vernon Supp. 2006), 6.43 (Vernon 2001).
Tax Code section 41.66(f) expressly and unambiguously prohibits a review board member
from communicating with any person-including a district employee-regarding property tax protest
matters outside the tax protest hearing. See id. $ 41.66(f) (Vernon Supp. 2006). And because
section 41.66(f) on its face includes a district employee, it cannot reasonably be construed to exclude
from its prohibition communications with a district employee by virtue of the fact that the employee
also serves as the review board's counsel. This statute, by its terms, codifies and applies to the
review board the general principles of ex parte communications regardingjudicial proceeding^.^ See
TEX.TAXCODEANN.5 41.66(f) (Vernon Supp. 2006).6 In conducting the administrative hearings
required by the Tax Code to determine the accuracy of the property tax appraisal performed by the
district, the review board exercises quasi-judicial authority. See id. $8 41.45(a), .47 (a)-(b) (Vernon
2001); Matagorda County Appraisal Dist. v. Conquest Exploration Co., 788 S.W.2d 687,692,694
(Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1990, no writ). On the other hand, the district is, by definition, an
interested party in the administrative hearings. See TEX.TAXCODEANN.5 41.47(a)-(b) (Vernon
2001).7 If the individual representing or advising the review board is also the district's in-house
4Becausediscussions unrelated to the specific "evidence, argument, facts, merits," or property involved in a tax
protest are not prohibited by section 41.66(f), those discussions would not constitute an offense under section 6.41 1 and
thus presumably are not at issue here. See TEX.TAXCODEANN.$ 9 6.41 1(c), 41.66(f)(l) (Vernon Supp. 2006).
'"EX parte communications" are communications "that involve fewer than all of the parties . . . legally entitled
to be present during the discussion of any matter7' and "are barred in order to ensure that 'every person who is legally
interested in a proceeding [is given the] full right to be heard according to law."' In re Thoma, 873 S.W.2d 477,496
(Tex. Rev. Trib. 1994, no appeal) (quoting JEFFREY M. SHAMANET. AL., JUDICIAL CONDUCT AND ETHICS8 6.0 1 (1990)).
The underlying principle of the prohibition against ex parte communications is that the disposition of judicial matters
is the public's business and should be conducted in public and in open court. See Erskine v. Baker, 22 S.W.3d 537,539
(Tex. App.--El Paso 2000, pet. denied) (citing In re Thoma, 873 S.W.2d at 496).
6Seealso TEX.TAXCODEANN. 5 41.66(d) (providing for public hearings), (e) (prohibiting the review board
from considering information received outside the protest hearing) (Vernon Supp. 2006).
'See also id. $5 41.45(c) (Vernon 2001) (providing that "[tlhe chief appraiser shall appear at each protest
hearing before the appraisal review board to represent the appraisal office"), 4 1.6 1(a) (authorizing a review board to
subpoena witnesses or documents of a property owner or district related to a protest).
The Honorable Fred Hill - Page 5 (GA-0556)
counsel, the review board's communications with that individual outside the public hearing would
be prohibited ex parte communications. CJ Erskine v. Baker, 22 S.W.3d 537,540 (Tex. App.-El
Paso 2000, pet. denied) (stating that a judge's conversation with the plaintiffs counsel when
defendant's counsel was absent was clearly ex parte communication).
Additionally, section 6.43 of the Tax Code, which governs a review board's employment of
personnel, does not authorize a review board to use the legal services of a district's in-house counsel
or employee. Section 6.43 provides as follows:
The appraisal review board may employ legal counsel as provided by
the district budget or use the services of the county attorney and may
use the staff of the appraisal office for clerical assistance.
TEX.TAXCODEANN.$6.43 (Vernon 2001). Section 6.43 permits the review board two choices in
employing legal counsel: to (1) "employ legal counsel as provided by the district budget" or (2) "use
the services of the county attorney." Id.; see also id. 5 6.06 (requiring chief appraiser to propose
district's operational budget for approval by the district's board of directors and taxing units in the
district); Cobra Oil & Gas Corp. v. Sadler, 447 S.W.2d 887, 892 (Tex. 1968) (citing "the sound
principle that 'where a power is granted, and the method of its exercise prescribed, the prescribed
method excludes all others, and must be followed"' (quoting Foster v. City of Waco, 255 S.W. 1104,
1105 (Tex. 1923))). Thus, section 6.43 does not authorize the review board's use of legal counsel
other than its own or the county attorney. See TEX.TAXCODEANN.$ 6.43 (Vernon 2001).
A brief submitted to this office appears to contend that section 6.43 authorizes
communications between a review board and the district's in-house counsel where the district's
budget does not permit the employment of a separate review board counsel but does provide for the
district's in-house counsel to assist the review board. See TCAD Brief, supra note 2, at 2-3.
However, section 6.43 states only that the review board may "use the staff of the appraisal office for
clerical assistance." TEX. TAXCODEANN. $ 6.43 (Vernon 2001). The fact that section 6.43
expressly limits the review board's use of the district's staff to clerical assistance forecloses any
argument that the review board may use as its own counsel the district's in-house counsel, an
employee of the district. See id.; see also Helena Chem. Co., 47 S.W.3d at 493 (stating that courts
consider a statute as a whole and should not give one provision a meaning inconsistent with other
provisions); Cameron v. Terrell& Garrett, Inc., 618 S.W.2d 535, 540 (Tex. 1981) ("It is a rule of
statutory construction that every word of a statute must be presumed to have been used for a
purp~se.").~ If the Legislature had intended to permit a review board to employ the district's in-
house counsel, it could have expressly included that option in section 6.43.
'We are not here faced with a situation in which the review board independently employs under the district
budget legal counsel that is also employed as the district's legal counsel. See TCAD Brief, supra note 2, at 2 ("However,
in this instance, TCAD's budget only allows for an in-house counsel but no specific budget for the ARB to hire or use
their own legal counsel.").
The Honorable Fred Hill - Page 6 (GA-0556)
B. Criminal Penalties under Section 6.411
You specifically question whether communications between the ARB and TCAD's in-house
counsel would violate Section 6.41 1 of the Tax Code, which criminalizes ex parte communications
in violation of section 4 1.66(f) between a review board and the chief appraiser or any other employee
of the district. See Request Letter, supra note 1, at 1; TEX.TAXCODEANN. $5 6.4 11, 41.66(f)
(Vernon Supp. 2006).9
Notwithstanding section 6.41 1's general prohibition against ex parte communications,
subsection (c) makes section 6.41 1 inapplicable to "communications between the [review] board and
its legal counsel." TEX.TAXCODEANN.5 6.41 1(c) (Vernon Supp. 2006). Subsection (c) does not
define or elaborate on the meaning of the term "its legal counsel." But read in context and as
commonly understood, the term describes an attorney or law firm that advises or represents the
review board or that has an attorney-client relationship with the review board. See TEX.GOV'T
CODEANN.5 3 11.01l (a) (Vernon 2005) ("Words and phrases shall be read in context and construed
according to the rules of grammar and common usage."); see also Monsanto Co. v. Cornerstones
Mun. Util. Dist., 865 S.W.2d 937,939 (Tex. 1993) ("When the legislature has failed to define a word
or term, courts will apply its ordinary meaning."); MERRIAM- WEBSTER' s COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY
666 (1 1th ed. 2005) (defining "its" as "of or relating to it or itself, esp. as possessor, agent, or object
of an action").
Because section 6.41 1's prohibition against review board communications applies only to
a district employee, the term "its legal counsel" must include a district employee or else the
subsection (c) exception would be superfluous. See Omnibus Intern., Inc. v. AT&T, Inc., 111 S.W.3d
818,823 (Tex. App.-Dallas 2003, no pet.) ("[Wle may not adopt a construction that will render any
part of the statute inoperative, superfluous, or without legal effect."). We conclude, then, that the
phrase "its legal counsel" is broad enough to encompass district in-house counsel used by the review
board, even though such use may violate section 6.43 of the Tax Code and the communications may
violate section 41.66(f). Section 6.41 1's criminal penalties do not apply to a review board
communicating with its legal counsel who is also the district's in-house c o ~ n s e l . 'See
~ TEX.TAX
CODEANN.5 6.41 1(c) (Vernon Supp. 2006).
111. Conclusion
In light of the express and unambiguous legislative mandate against ex parte communications
between a review board and a district employee articulated in section 4 1.66(f), a district may not use
its in-house counsel to also advise the review board on tax protest matters. However, if such
communications take place, section 6.41 1(c) exempts communications between the review board
and its legal counsel from section 6.41 1's criminal penalties for ex parte communications.
'See also Senate Comm. on Intergovernmental Relations, Bill Analysis, Tex. S.B. 1452,78th Leg., R.S. (2003)
(Committee Report (Substituted)) ("Ex parte communication between . . . the appraisal review board and . . . [district]
staff is prohibited by the . . . Tax Code, but there is no penalty for a violation of the Act. C.S.S.B. 1452 makes ex parte
communication between members of the appraisal review board and the . . . [district] staff a Class C misdemeanor.").
''You have not asked, and we do not consider, whether any other legal consequences might apply to the
district's in-house counsel's ex parte communications with the review board. See Request Letter, supra note 1, at 1.
The Honorable Fred Hill - Page 7
S U M M A R Y
Legal communications relating to tax protest matters between
a tax appraisal district's in-house counsel, who also serves as counsel
to the tax appraisal review board for that district, and the review
board outside a public hearing would violate Tax Code section
41.66(f), which generally prohibits a review board's ex parte
communications relating to property tax protest matters. Section
6.4 11, which makes ex parte communications between a review board
and a district employee a misdemeanor, does not, however, apply to
such communications.
Very truly yours,
Attorney ~ e n e r k d Texas
f
KENT C. SULLIVAN
First Assistant Attorney General
NANCY S. FULLER
Chair, Opinion Committee
Sheela Rai
Assistant Attorney General, Opinion Committee