FIFTH DIVISION
DILLARD, P. J.,
REESE and BETHEL, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
http://www.gaappeals.us/rules
February 13, 2017
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A16A1582. ODUOK v. FULTON DEKALB HOSPITAL
AUTHORITY et al.
REESE, Judge.
Proceeding pro se, Inyang Peter Oduok sued the Fulton DeKalb Hospital
Authority d/b/a Grady Memorial Hospital (“Grady Hospital”), Emory University
(“Emory”),1 and several healthcare providers for damages allegedly arising from a
medical procedure. The trial court dismissed Oduok’s complaint for want of
prosecution and failure to comply with the expert affidavit requirement in OCGA §
9-11-9.1 (a). Oduok appeals, and for reasons that follow, we affirm in part, vacate in
part, and reverse in part, and remand the case with direction.
1
According to the defendants, the proper name for this party is Emory
University Hospital, rather than Emory University. For ease of discussion, we will
refer to this defendant as “Emory.”
We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss de novo, construing the
complaint and its allegations in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.2 So viewed,
the complaint alleges that in July 2013, Oduok visited a pulmonary clinic operated
by Grady Hospital and Emory to follow up on medical tests that showed a mass on
his right lung. Oduok underwent a CT scan and, based on those results, a physician,
Dr. Ahmed Khan, recommended that Oduok have a CT-guided lung biopsy to
determine whether the mass was cancerous. Although Oduok was certain that he did
not have cancer, he submitted to the biopsy on August 14, 2013.
According to the complaint, Khan and another physician, Dr. Eric Honig,
ordered that Oduok be admitted to the hospital following the biopsy to guard against
risks associated with a pneumothorax or punctured lung. Oduok, however, was
discharged and sent home two hours after the procedure. Shortly after he returned
home, Oduok’s lung collapsed, and he was rushed to the hospital for emergency
surgery.
On July 30, 2015, Oduok filed his complaint against Grady Hospital, Emory,
Dr. Michael Osipow, Dr. Nicholas Levi Henson, Dr. Ahmed Khan, and Dr. Kencliff
2
Hobbs v. Great Expressions Dental Centers of Ga., 337 Ga. App. 248 (786
SE2d 897) (2016); Jensen v. Engler, 317 Ga. App. 879 (733 SE2d 52) (2012).
2
Palmer, alleging claims for: (1) intentional misrepresentation; (2) violation of the
Georgia and federal Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (“RICO”) Acts;3
(3) breach of contract; (4) breach of warranty; (5) promises made without intention
to perform; (6) intentional infliction of emotional distress; (7) negligent hiring,
retention, and supervision; and (8) negligence. Grady Hospital, Emory, and Osipow4
subsequently moved to dismiss the complaint. Asserting that each claim rested upon
a medical malpractice theory, they argued that Oduok was required – but failed – to
support his claims with an expert affidavit pursuant to OCGA § 9-11-9.1 (a). The
motion to dismiss also noted that the other defendants – Henson, Khan, and Palmer
– had not been served with the complaint.
On October 1, 2015, the trial court held a no-service/default calendar call to
address service issues relating to Henson, Khan, and Palmer, as well as Emory.5
Oduok failed to appear, and the trial court dismissed these defendants for want of
3
See 18 USC § 1961 et seq; OCGA § 16-14-1 et seq.
4
Osipow was the attending radiologist responsible for overseeing the lung
biopsy.
5
The service issues relating to Emory are unclear. Unlike Henson, Khan, and
Palmer, who apparently were never served, Emory admitted in the brief
accompanying its motion to dismiss for failure to comply with OCGA § 9-11-9.1 (a)
that Oduok served it with the complaint.
3
prosecution, leaving only Grady Hospital and Osipow in the suit. A few months later,
the trial court addressed the motion to dismiss filed pursuant to OCGA § 9-11-9.1 (a).
Concluding that Oduok’s failure to file an expert affidavit was “fatal to his claims,”
the trial court dismissed the complaint against Grady Hospital and Osipow. Oduok
moved the trial court to set aside or reconsider both dismissal orders and also
requested that the trial judge recuse himself. The trial court denied Oduok’s motions,
and this appeal followed.
1. We first consider the trial court’s order dismissing the complaint against
Grady Hospital and Osipow. Pursuant to OCGA § 9-11-9.1 (a), a claim alleging
medical malpractice must be accompanied by “an affidavit of an expert competent to
testify, which affidavit shall set forth specifically at least one negligent act or
omission claimed to exist and the factual basis for each such claim.”6 Failure to
comply with the affidavit requirement subjects a malpractice claim to dismissal.7
6
OCGA § 9-11-9.1 (a).
7
Crawford v. Johnson, 227 Ga. App. 548, 551 (2) (a) (489 SE2d 552) (1997).
We note that, on appeal, Oduok argues that, even if his allegations sound in
professional negligence, they do not require an expert affidavit because the
defendants’ actions were so “obviously negligent” that expert medical testimony
would not be needed. OCGA § 9-11-9.1, however, imposes a pleading requirement
that must be followed. See id. The cases Oduok cites to support his argument address
the evidence needed to overcome a summary judgment motion, not the OCGA § 9-11-
4
As we have noted, however, “not every suit which calls into question the
conduct of one who happens to be a medical professional is a medical malpractice
action.”8 We look to the substance of a claim in deciding whether OCGA § 9-11-9.1
(a) applies.9 The key factor “is the existence or absence of allegations that the
defendant-professional has rendered negligent professional services.”10 Ultimately,
when “the failure to do a thing, or the negligent doing of it, is proved by reliance
upon a general standard of care or by rules of procedure used by others competently
performing the same service, it is a ‘professional’ act or practice.”11 With these
standards in mind, we address each of Oduok’s claims.
9.1 (a) pleading requirement. See, e.g., Landers v. Ga. Baptist Med. Ctr., 175 Ga.
App. 500, 501-502 (1) (333 SE2d 884) (1985); Terrell v. West Paces Ferry Hosp.,
162 Ga. App. 783, 783-784 (1) (292 SE2d 433) (1982).
8
Atlanta Women’s Health Group v. Clemons, 287 Ga. App. 426, 427 (651
SE2d 762) (2007) (footnote omitted).
9
Id.
10
Crawford, supra (citation and punctuation omitted).
11
Id. (citation omitted).
5
(a) Counts 1, 2, and 6. Liberally construed,12 Counts 1, 2, and 6 of the
complaint appear to allege intentional torts, referring to conduct and statements made
by defendants other than Grady Hospital and Osipow. Each claim, however, generally
references “defendants,” and the complaint alleges that all defendants “schemed with
Grady [Hospital] . . . and intentionally caused its doctors to conduct [a] bogus biopsy
on plaintiff against his will to collect a huge sum of money from plaintiff’s
insurance.” Specifically, Count 1 asserts that one or more defendants intentionally
made false and misleading representations to Oduok regarding his health care
providers’ qualifications to perform the biopsy and the safety of that procedure.
Count 2 alleges RICO violations stemming from these purported falsehoods, as well
as other intentional and coercive conduct. And Count 6 asserts a claim for intentional
infliction of emotional distress relating to the defendants’ allegedly “outrageous
conduct[]” before and after the biopsy.
The affidavit requirement in OCGA § 9-11-9.1 applies to professional
negligence allegations.13 It does not reach claims “for intentional misconduct or acts
12
See Health Mgmt. Assoc. v. Bazemore, 286 Ga. App. 285, 288-289 (648
SE2d 749) (2007) (liberally construing allegations in the complaint).
13
Hobbs, supra at 248.
6
against a professional, including claims for fraud and misrepresentation.”14
Accordingly, to the extent Oduok asserts that Grady Hospital and Osipow engaged
in or are liable for the intentional conduct alleged in Counts 1, 2, and 6, these claims
did not require an expert affidavit.15 Accordingly, the trial court erred in dismissing
these claims against Grady Hospital and Osipow.
(b) Count 3. In Count 3, Oduok asserts a breach of contract claim. The basis
for this count is not clear, nor is it clear against which defendants Oduok intended to
assert this particular claim. Construed liberally, however, Count 3 appears to allege
that the defendants – arguably including Grady Hospital and Osipow – breached an
14
Id. at 249 (emphasis supplied).
15
See Labovitz v. Hopkinson, 271 Ga. 330, 337 (519 SE2d 672) (1999) (claim
that attorneys “committed intentional acts which caused [the claimant] harm [did] not
require [an OCGA] § 9-11-9.1 expert affidavit”); Hobbs, supra (trial court erred in
dismissing claim alleging intentional misrepresentation by health care provider for
failure to file expert affidavit); Crawford, supra at 552 (2) (b) (no expert affidavit
required for claims alleging fraud, conversion, and other conduct not involving
negligence). Compare Fortson v. Freeman, 313 Ga. App. 326, 327-328 (721 SE2d
607) (2011) (expert affidavit required to support claim that attorney engaged in
negligent misrepresentation regarding legal advice).
7
agreement (1) to properly perform the biopsy, and (2) to hospitalize Oduok after the
procedure to guard against complications.16
Again, OCGA § 9-11-9.1 (a) applies to allegations involving professional
malpractice, including breach of contract claims.17 “The determinative factor is
whether the task in question requires the exercise of professional judgment and
skill.”18 If the contract claim invokes a “failure to perform professional services in
accordance with the applicable standard of care,” an affidavit must be filed.19
Otherwise, no affidavit is needed.20
16
The complaint also alleges that defendant Henson breached his oral
agreement to “accept full responsibility” if Oduok’s lung collapsed and also failed to
reduce that agreement to writing, as promised. These allegations do not implicate
Grady Hospital or Osipow.
17
Hobbs, supra at 248.
18
Nash v. Studdard, 294 Ga. App. 845, 853 (5) (670 SE2d 508) (2008) (citation
and punctuation omitted).
19
Hobbs, supra at 248 (citation omitted).
20
Nash, supra; Hodge v. Jennings Mill, 215 Ga. App. 507, 508 (451 SE2d 66)
(1994) (“[T]he affidavit requirements of OCGA § 9-11-9.1 are limited to those claims
for professional malpractice by negligent act or omission, sounding in tort or by
breach of contract for failure to perform professional services [in] accordance with
the professional obligation of care.”) (citation, punctuation, and emphasis omitted).
8
Given these standards, the trial court properly dismissed Count 3 to the extent
it alleges that Grady Hospital and Osipow breached a contract by negligently
performing or “botching” the biopsy. Such allegations invoke professional judgment
and skill, bringing them within OCGA § 9-11-9.1 (a).21
Similarly, Oduok’s apparent claim that Grady Hospital and Osipow breached
an agreement to admit him to the hospital also depends on whether the failure to
hospitalize Oduok breached the applicable standard of medical care.22 The trial court,
therefore, properly dismissed this claim pursuant to OCGA § 9-11-9.1 (a).23
(c) Count 4. Count 4 alleges that the defendants breached a warranty to Oduok
“by providing [him] a botched biopsy and collapsed lungs that almost resulted in . .
. loss of his life.” The claim questions the adequacy of Oduok’s medical treatment,
21
See Nash, supra (trial court erred in refusing to dismiss a contract claim
involving exercise of professional judgment for failure to comply with OCGA § 9-11-
9.1 (a)).
22
See Epps v. Gwinnett County, 231 Ga. App. 664, 666 (1) (499 SE2d 657)
(1998) (expert affidavit must be filed “where the issue is the defendant’s compliance
with or deviation from the applicable standard of professional conduct, which calls
for highly specialized expert knowledge with respect to which a layman can have no
knowledge at all, and the court and jury must be dependent on expert evidence”)
(citation and punctuation omitted).
23
See id.
9
particularly the professional skill and judgment exercised by the defendants. It thus
falls within OCGA § 9-11-9.1 (a) and was properly dismissed by the trial court.24
(d) Count 5. In Count 5, Oduok alleges that defendant Henson agreed to reduce
certain promises to writing, but failed to do so and “had no intention to perform” such
promises. Although the title of Count 5 indicates that it was asserted against “Henson
and Entity Defendants,” the substantive allegations do not mention any defendant
other than Henson or set forth any basis for liability against another defendant. Even
construed liberally, Count 5 does not allege a claim against Grady Hospital or Osipow
and, thus, the trial court properly dismissed this claim as to them.
(e) Count 7. Count 7 focuses on negligent hiring, retention, and supervision.
To the extent this count alleges that Grady Hospital and/or Osipow are vicariously
liable for the professional negligence of Oduok’s treating healthcare providers, the
trial court properly dismissed the claims for failure to comply with OCGA § 9-11-9.1
(a).25 Any claims involving negligent supervision over the intentional conduct of
24
See Epps, supra at 665-666 (1); Sparks v. Kroger, 200 Ga. App. 135, 136 (2)
(407 SE2d 105) (1991) (trial court properly dismissed breach of warranty claim
against pharmacist for failure to comply with OCGA § 9-11-9.1 where claim alleged
that pharmacist improperly filled a prescription).
25
See Bonner v. Peterson, 301 Ga. App. 443, 445 (1) (687 SE2d 676) (2009)
(claim that medical doctor failed to properly supervise or train another physician
10
these professionals, however, would not require an expert affidavit.26 The trial court,
therefore, erred in dismissing claims against Grady Hospital and Osipow based on a
healthcare provider’s intentional conduct.27
(f) Count 8. Oduok’s final count sounds in negligence, references the “standard
of care,” and alleges that the defendants failed to exercise sufficient skill in
performing the biopsy and treating him following the procedure. These allegations
clearly allege professional negligence, requiring an expert affidavit under OCGA §
9-11-9.1 (a).28 Dismissal of Count 8, therefore, was proper.29
called into question the doctor’s professional judgment and was thus a professional
negligence allegation requiring compliance with OCGA § 9-11-9.1); Upson County
Hosp. v. Head, 246 Ga. App. 386, 390 (1) (540 SE2d 626) (2000) (“[T]o the extent
that [plaintiff’s] allegation asserts a claim against the hospital based upon the
negligent act of a professional using his professional judgment and skill, then
[plaintiff’s] failure to file a 9.1 expert affidavit is fatal to her claim.”); Minster v.
Pohl, 206 Ga. App. 617, 621, n. 1 (4) (426 SE2d 204) (1992) (“OCGA § 9-11-9.1
applies to a hospital when it is sued under a theory of respondeat superior for the
professional negligence of its employee nurse.”) (emphasis supplied).
26
See Labovitz, supra (expert affidavit requirement does not apply to
allegations based on intentional torts).
27
See id.
28
See Epps, supra.
29
Id.
11
In summary, as to the defendants Grady Hospital and Osipow, we affirm the
dismissal of Counts 3, 4, and 8, due to Oduok’s failure to comply with the affidavit
requirements of OCGA § 9-11-9.1 (a), and we reverse the dismissal of Counts 1, 2,
and 6, based upon our conclusion that the claims did not require compliance with the
affidavit requirements of OCGA § 9-11-9.1 (a). Regarding Count 5, we affirm the
trial court’s dismissal as the count does not assert a claim against either Grady
Hospital or Osipow. As to Count 7 of the complaint, we affirm the dismissal of the
claims to the extent that they alleged that Grady Hospital and/or Osipow were
vicariously liable for the professional negligence of the healthcare providers under
their supervision, but we reverse the dismissal of the claims to the extent that they
seek to hold Grady Hospital and/or Osipow liable for their negligent supervision over
the intentional conduct of those healthcare providers.
2. We now turn to the trial court’s order dismissing defendants Emory, Henson,
Kahn, and Palmer from the suit based upon want of prosecution after Oduok failed
to appear at the no-service/default calendar call. In a motion to set aside or to
reconsider the dismissal, Oduok asserted that he had not received notice of the
calendar call. The trial court denied the motion, concluding that proper notice had
been mailed to Oduok and published in the county’s official legal organ.
12
(a) A trial court “may dismiss without prejudice any civil action, or where
appropriate, any pleading filed on behalf of any party upon the failure to properly
respond to the call of the action for trial or other proceeding.”30 Dismissal for failure
to attend a calendar call, however, is proper only if the court provided the absent
party with notice of the proceeding.31
As an initial matter, publication of the default calendar did not provide
sufficient notice to Oduok, who is a pro se party. Although publication may constitute
notice in certain cases,32 Georgia Uniform Superior Court Rule (USCR) 8.3 explicitly
requires that “[p]ro se parties must be notified [of a trial calendar] by regular mail.”
We find that this requirement applies to the no-service/default calendar at issue
30
Uniform Superior Court Rule (USCR) 14. See also Maupin v. Vincent, 245
Ga. App. 635, 635-636 (1) (538 SE2d 539) (2000) (trial court has authority to dismiss
claim without prejudice for failure to appear at pre-trial hearing).
31
Edens v. O’Connor, 238 Ga. App. 252 (1) (519 SE2d 691) (1999); see also
Randall v. Randall, 274 Ga. 107, 109 (2) (549 SE2d 384) (2001) (“Compliance with
the notice requirement is mandatory, not discretionary.”) (citation omitted).
32
See Hammonds v. Sherman, 277 Ga. App. 498, 498-499 (627 SE2d 110)
(2006). But see Edens, supra (“Publication of notice of a motion hearing date is not,
by itself, sufficient.”) (punctuation omitted).
13
here.33 The question becomes, therefore, whether the trial court gave Oduok proper
written notice by mail.
The trial court asserted that it had mailed notice of the calendar to Oduok on
September 11, 2015, at the post office box listed in the complaint. We typically “take
the trial court at its word” in this regard.34 But the record contains evidence that the
trial court did not send the notice to the proper post office box. Specifically, the
record contains a photocopy of an envelope with the return address of the Fulton
County Superior Court; the face of the envelope is marked “Returned to
Sender/Attempted-Not Known.” There is a line drawn through the intended
recipient’s address, which is a different address than that provided by Oduok in his
complaint. There is also a hand-written note on the envelope which says “Note:
Placed in wrong P. O. Box.”
33
See OCGA §§ 9-11-6 (d) (generally, written notice of a motion hearing must
“be served not later than five days before the time specified for the hearing”); 9-11-5
(b) (“Service upon the attorney or upon a party shall be made by delivering a copy to
the person to be served or by mailing it to the person to be served at the person’s last
known address or, if no address is known, by leaving it with the clerk of the court.”).
34
Atlanta Bus. Video v. Fantrace, LLC, 324 Ga. App. 559, 560 (751 SE2d 169)
(2013) (footnote omitted).
14
Generally, “[t]here is a presumption that the clerk gave proper notice of the
calendar call.”35 In this case, however, the record contains evidence that rebuts that
presumption, and it is unclear whether the trial court considered this evidence.
Accordingly, we vacate the trial court’s order dismissing the defendants for want of
prosecution and remand for further consideration of whether Oduok received the
required written notice of the calendar call.36
(b) Although the order dismissing Emory for want of prosecution must be
vacated, the record shows that Emory also joined in the motion to dismiss the
complaint based upon Oduok’s failure to comply with the affidavit requirements of
OCGA § 9-11-9.1 (a). As shown in Division 1, supra, we concluded that the trial
35
Hammonds, supra at 498.
36
See USCR 8.3; Edens, supra (trial court erred in refusing to set aside order
entered following hearing held without notice to complaining party); King v. Bd. of
Regents, 215 Ga. App. 570, 571 (451 SE2d 482) (1994) (trial court erred in refusing
to set aside order dismissing complaint entered after plaintiff failed to attend hearing
about which he had insufficient notice). Compare Atlanta Bus. Video, supra at 560-
561 (trial court did not err in dismissing complaint after plaintiff failed to appear at
calendar call; although plaintiff’s attorney asserted that he did not receive notice of
the proceeding, the trial court found that notice had been properly mailed, the record
did not show otherwise, and other factors indicated that counsel knew about the
calendar call); Hammonds, supra at 498-499 (dismissal based on plaintiff’s absence
from calendar call proper where plaintiff failed to show that she did not receive
notice).
15
court properly dismissed various professional negligence claims against Grady
Hospital and Osipow on that basis.
“[W]e will affirm the trial court’s dismissal of the action if it is right for any
reason.”37 Accordingly, having concluded that Oduok’s failure to file an expert
affidavit was fatal to Counts 3, 4, and 8 of his complaint, as well as to the
professional negligence claims asserted in Count 7, we likewise affirm the dismissal
of those claims against Emory.38
3. Finally, Oduok argues that the trial judge erred in refusing to recuse himself
from the case. Recusal motions are governed by USCR 25, which requires that the
motion be accompanied by an affidavit that “fully assert[s] the facts upon which the
motion is founded.”39 Oduok did not submit an affidavit with his motion. Although
he filed an unsworn “declaration” purporting to set forth facts supporting recusal, the
37
Worley v. Winter Constr. Co., 304 Ga. App. 206, 207 (1) (695 SE2d 651)
(2010) (footnote omitted).
38
See id.
39
USCR 25.1.
16
declaration was legally insufficient to satisfy Rule 25.40 Accordingly, the trial court
properly denied the motion to recuse.41
Judgment affirmed in part, vacated in part, and reversed in part, and case
remanded with direction. Dillard, P. J., and Bethel, J., concur.
40
See Post v. State, 298 Ga. 241, 243 (1) (779 SE2d 624) (2015) (“To be
legally sufficient, an affidavit accompanying a recusal motion must contain the three
elements essential to a complete affidavit: (a) a written oath embodying the facts as
sworn by the affiant; (b) the signature of the affiant; and (c) the attestation by an
officer authorized to administer the oath that the affidavit was actually sworn by the
affiant before the officer.”) (citation and punctuation omitted); Savage v. State, 263
Ga. App. 180, 184 (5) (587 SE2d 294) (2003) (absence of affidavit is fatal to motion
to recuse); Dodson v. Dean, 256 Ga. App. 4, 6-7 (567 SE2d 348) (2002) (affidavit
that was not notarized was legally insufficient to support motion to recuse).
41
See Savage, supra; Dodson, supra.
17