RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
File Name: 17a0055p.06
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
CARLIN ROBBINS; REBECCA LUTZ, ┐
Plaintiffs-Appellants, │
│
> No. 16-5524
v. │
│
│
NEW CINGULAR WIRELESS PCS, LLC, dba AT&T │
Mobility, │
Defendant-Appellee. │
┘
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Kentucky at Lexington.
No. 5:15-cv-00071—Karen K. Caldwell, Chief District Judge.
Decided and Filed: January 30, 2017*
Before: DAUGHTREY, ROGERS, and COOK, Circuit Judges.
_________________
COUNSEL
ON BRIEF: W. Henry Graddy, IV, W.H. GRADDY & ASSOCIATES, Versailles, Kentucky,
Randal A. Strobo, DOWNEY STROBO, PLLC, Louisville, Kentucky, for Appellants. David A.
Pike, F. Keith Brown, PIKE LEGAL GROUP, PLLC, Shepherdsville, Kentucky, for Appellee
AT&T Mobility.
_________________
OPINION
_________________
COOK, Circuit Judge. Several Kentucky residents sued to stop a company from building
a cell-phone tower near their homes. They allege tort claims based on their concern that the
*
This decision was originally filed as an unpublished opinion on January 30, 2017. The court has now
designated the opinion for full-text publication.
No. 16-5524 Robbins, et al. v. New Cingular Wireless Page 2
tower will harm their health, devalue their properties, and emit excessive light and noise.
The district court dismissed their claims and denied their request to amend their complaint.
The residents appeal both decisions. We AFFIRM.
I. Background
Defendant New Cingular Wireless, doing business as AT&T Mobility (“AT&T”), applied
for a permit from the Lexington-Fayette Urban County Planning Commission (“Commission”) to
build a 125-foot cell-phone tower. Plaintiffs are residents (“Residents”) representing a class of
individuals who live near the proposed tower location. At the public hearing to discuss the
tower’s siting and design, the Residents petitioned the Commission to reject AT&T’s
application. They complained that the tower would spoil the view from their properties, disturb
the character of the neighborhood, endanger public health and safety, and depress residential
property values.
To show that the tower’s design would create an eyesore, the Residents pointed to the
Commission’s staff report that determined the tower would “undoubtedly affect the view from
many residential properties.” The report encouraged AT&T to ameliorate the problem by
camouflaging the structure as a clock tower attached to an existing building. Even after
receiving this recommendation, AT&T still retained its original “monopine” (i.e., fake pine tree)
design.
To buttress their claims of harm to public health and property values, the Residents
presented an expert report surveying the scientific literature on radio frequency (“RF”) emissions
from cell-phone towers. The research linked living near cell-phone towers to higher rates of
cancer, brain tumors, and a multitude of other health problems. The report also drew on
valuation studies to predict a 5% to 54% reduction in property prices upon AT&T’s building the
tower.
Despite the Residents’ opposition, the Commission granted AT&T’s application for the
site permit. The Residents then challenged the decision by filing an administrative appeal in
Fayette County Circuit Court. See Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 100.347 (West 2016). The Fayette
court dismissed the appeal with prejudice and denied the Residents leave to amend because they
No. 16-5524 Robbins, et al. v. New Cingular Wireless Page 3
failed to fulfill a jurisdictional requirement—namely, listing the property owner of the cell-tower
site as a defendant. Id. § 100.347(4) (West 2016). The Residents have appealed this decision to
the Kentucky Court of Appeals and are awaiting judgment.
Before the Fayette court issued its dismissal order, the Residents brought a second suit
that forms the basis of this appeal. They filed the suit in state court and, using the expert report
as proof of current and future harms, sought damages and an injunction for the following torts:
(1) negligence, (2) negligence per se, (3) gross negligence, and (4) nuisance. AT&T removed
the suit to federal court based on diversity, then moved to dismiss for failure to state a claim
under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). In their response brief to AT&T’s motion to
dismiss, the Residents requested leave to amend the pleading, but at no point did they amend
their complaint as a matter of course or file a separate motion to amend. The district court
granted AT&T’s motion to dismiss and denied the Residents’ request to amend. The Residents
timely appealed.
II. Motion to Dismiss
“We review de novo a district court’s dismissal of a plaintiff’s complaint for failure to
state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6).” Kottmyer v. Maas, 436 F.3d 684, 688 (6th Cir. 2006) (citing
Marks v. Newcourt Credit Grp., 342 F.3d 444, 451 (6th Cir. 2003)). In doing so, “[w]e ‘construe
the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, accept its allegations as true, and draw
all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff.’” Watson Carpet & Floor Covering, Inc. v.
Mohawk Indus., 648 F.3d 452, 456 (6th Cir. 2011) (quoting In re Travel Agent Comm’n Antitrust
Litig., 583 F.3d 896, 902 (6th Cir. 2009)). For a plaintiff’s claim to survive a motion to dismiss,
the complaint must present sufficient facts to “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.”
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 554, 555 (2007).
The district court dismissed the Residents’ claims for three reasons: (1) the
Telecommunications Act of 1996 (“TCA” or “the Act”) impliedly preempts claims based on RF
emissions that comply with Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) standards; (2) the
claims allege harms that stem solely from the Commission’s decision, which became
unreviewable under Kentucky law due to the Residents’ failure to name the owner of the cell-
No. 16-5524 Robbins, et al. v. New Cingular Wireless Page 4
tower site as a defendant; and (3) even if not preempted by federal law or barred by state law, the
Residents have not alleged facts sufficient to sustain their tort claims. The Residents argue that
the district court erred on all three grounds, but we find the district court’s reasoning persuasive.
(1) Preemption
The Residents argue that the TCA neither expressly nor impliedly preempts their tort
claims. The district court held that the TCA impliedly preempts the Residents’ claims based on
the tower’s expected radiofrequency emissions. We agree with the district court’s holding and
rationale.
Congress can preempt state law either expressly or impliedly. Yates v. Ortho-McNeil-
Janssen Pharm., Inc., 808 F.3d 281, 293 (6th Cir. 2015) (citing Crosby v. Nat’l Foreign Trade
Council, 530 U.S. 363, 372 (2000)). “Express preemption applies where Congress, through a
statute’s express language, declares its intent to displace state law.” Farina v. Nokia Inc.,
625 F.3d 97, 115 (3d Cir. 2010) (citing Hillsborough Cty. v. Automated Med. Labs., Inc.,
471 U.S. 707, 713 (1985)). Where a court deems express preemption inapplicable, it may still
find implied preemption when federal and state laws conflict. Yates, 808 F.3d at 293–94 (citing
Crosby, 530 U.S. at 372–73). So-called “conflict preemption” takes two forms: (i) impossibility
preemption, “where []‘it is impossible for a private party to comply with both state and federal
law,’” and (ii) obstacle preemption, where “the state law is ‘an obstacle to the accomplishment
and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress.’” Id. at 294 (quoting Crosby,
530 U.S. at 372–73).
Although the district court did not specify which form of implied preemption applied—
impossibility or obstacle—it generally couched its opinion in terms of obstacle preemption.
We agree that obstacle preemption fits the bill.
Congress passed the TCA to foster industry competition in local markets, encourage the
development of telecommunications technology, and provide consumers with affordable access
to telecommunications services. Telecommunications Act of 1996, Preamble, Pub. L. No. 104–
404, 110 Stat. 56 (1996). The TCA furthers those goals by preventing local governments from
impeding the siting and construction of cell towers that conform to the FCC’s RF-emissions
No. 16-5524 Robbins, et al. v. New Cingular Wireless Page 5
standards. See 47 U.S.C. § 332(c)(7)(B)(iv). By delegating the task of setting RF-emissions
levels to the FCC, Congress authorized the federal government—and not local governments—to
strike the proper balance between protecting the public from RF-emissions exposure and
promoting a robust telecommunications infrastructure. See id.; In the Matter of Procedures for
Reviewing Requests for Relief from State & Local Regulations Pursuant to Section
332(c)(7)(b)(v) of the Commc’ns Act of 1934 in the Matter of Guidelines for Evaluating the
Envtl. Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation, 12 F.C.C. Rcd. 13494, 13505 (1997).
Allowing RF-emissions-based tort suits would upset that balance and impair the federal
government’s ability to promote the TCA’s goals. A proliferation of suits similar to the one the
Residents brought would tie up companies whenever they tried to build cell towers, leading to
construction delays, increased costs, and ultimately, less public access to affordable cell-phone
services. Widespread litigation would also shift the power to regulate RF emissions away from
the FCC and into the hands of courts and state governments. Stanley v. Amalithone Realty, Inc.,
940 N.Y.S.2d 65, 70 (N.Y. App. Div. 2012).
The Residents respond by invoking an exception to § 332(c)(7)(B)(iv): if the tower’s RF
emissions exceed the maximum level set by the FCC, the Residents can sue. The Residents
request discovery to find proof of whether AT&T’s proposed tower would in fact exceed the
FCC’s standards. But they fail to allege facts in their complaint to support such a claim, and our
precedent prohibits plaintiffs from turning discovery into a fishing expedition. Michaels Bldg.
Co. v. Ameritrust Co., 848 F.2d 674, 680 (6th Cir. 1988). Furthermore, without an existing
tower, it is unclear how the Residents would uncover evidence of excessive RF emissions.
The Residents also insist that Kentucky’s tort law skirts preemption because regardless of
the whether RF emissions from the tower exceed the FCC maximum, a plaintiff can bring a tort
claim in Kentucky as long as she shows any “contact” with RF emissions. This argument misses
the mark; as long as state tort law conflicts with federal law, federal law displaces that
application of state law.
No. 16-5524 Robbins, et al. v. New Cingular Wireless Page 6
(2) Collateral Attack
AT&T argues that the Residents’ claims constitute an improper collateral attack on the
Commission’s decision to approve the tower. The Residents attempt to distinguish their tort
claims by arguing that they seek redress for harms unrelated to the Commission’s decision, and
therefore do not attack the Commission’s decision or authority. Their arguments prove
unpersuasive.
Under the relevant statute of repose, Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 100.347(2) (West 2016), an
aggrieved party who does not properly appeal a planning board’s final decision within 30 days
loses her right to challenge that decision. Id. Although the Residents filed their administrative
action on the last allowable day, they failed to name the property owner of the land as a
defendant, which the statute requires for perfecting such an appeal. Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann.
§ 100.347(4) (West 2016); Alcorp, Inc. v. Barton, No. 2002-CA-001806-MR, 2003 WL
22064248, at *2 (Ky. Ct. App. Sept. 5, 2003); see also Triad Dev./Alta Glyne, Inc. v. Gellhaus,
150 S.W.3d 43, 47 (Ky. 2004) (requiring strict adherence to § 100.347’s procedures). As a
result, the state court lacked jurisdiction to review the Commission’s decision. By the time the
Residents realized their error and sought leave to amend, more than 30 days had passed. The
Fayette court therefore dismissed their case with prejudice.
AT&T contends that the Residents’ instant lawsuit merely reprises the state-court permit
appeal and cloaks it in the form of tort claims meant to evade the state court’s dismissal of their
suit. See Greater Cincinnati Marine Serv., Inc. v. City of Ludlow, 602 S.W.2d 427, 428
(Ky. 1980). We agree. The Residents allege no actual harms from an existing tower; after all,
AT&T has not even started construction. Instead, the Residents ground their claims almost
entirely on the “design and siting of the proposed cell tower.” Because Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann.
§ 100.347 (West 2016) offers plaintiffs an adequate and exclusive remedy (i.e., appeal to a
Kentucky court) for grievances related to a planning board’s decision, a court must dismiss any
collateral attack that seeks solely to rehash the same complaints. Warren Cty. Citizens for
Managed Growth, Inc. v. Bd. of Comm’rs of City of Bowling Green, 207 S.W.3d 7, 17 (Ky. Ct.
App. 2006); see also Greater Cincinnati Marine, 602 S.W.2d at 428.
No. 16-5524 Robbins, et al. v. New Cingular Wireless Page 7
The Residents offer four counterarguments. First, they reply that their torts amount to
more than a second shot at appealing the Commission’s decision because they allege harms
independent of the Commission’s authority over design and siting. That is, the Residents allege
that the harm of decreasing property values stems from the anticipated building of the tower
rather than the Commission’s decision. Their proof consists of a general assertion that property
owners need to “disclose the nature and proximity of the cellular tower to any potential
purchasers.” They also call attention to the expert report, which observed that property values
dropped near “similar infrastructure projects from around Kentucky.”
But the Residents have not shown that their harms arise from anything
other than the Commission’s decision. Indeed, the local zoning ordinances require
the Commission to “provide for cellular telecommunications towers in appropriate
locations . . . while . . . preserving the character and value of surrounding property.” Lexington-
Fayette Urban County Zoning Ordinance, Art. 25, https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B0aBvWAKy
fxaZ1BQMWRIbmZ5U3c/view (emphasis added). Without an existing tower, the alleged
decline in prices results merely from the Commission’s decision encompassing considerations of
property value.
Second, the Residents contend that because Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 100.987 (West 2016)—
Kentucky’s statute governing cell-tower siting—provides a separate avenue to challenge the
Commission’s decision, their claims do not collaterally attack the Commission’s decision, which
falls under § 100.347. See § 100.987(10) (allowing an aggrieved party to bring suit “for review
[of a planning commission’s final action] in any court of competent appeal”). But regardless of
whether the Residents could bring an action under § 100.987, Kentucky’s decisional law would
still require dismissal if the Residents simply used § 100.987(10) to recycle and resubmit their
already-adjudicated § 100.347 permit appeal. Warren Cty. Citizens for Managed Growth,
207 S.W.3d at 17; see also § 100.347(2); Greater Cincinnati Marine, 602 S.W.2d at 428.
Moreover, the statute of repose in § 100.347(2) applies to “any final action of the planning
commission.” Id. (emphasis added). Because the decision to approve a tower’s site and design
is a “final action of the planning commission,” and § 100.987 contains no independent statute of
repose, § 100.347(2) still applies to any § 100.987(10) appeal. With more than 30 days having
No. 16-5524 Robbins, et al. v. New Cingular Wireless Page 8
passed since the Commission’s final decision, the statute of repose would bar a potential
§ 100.987(10) action.1
Third, the Residents insist that because § 100.347 authorizes a court to review planning
decisions, but not “property damages and common law tort damages due to an incompatible land
use,” their tort claims do not attack the Commission’s decision. Not so; this argument ignores
that their tort claims rely entirely on alleged harms resulting from the Commission’s approval of
the tower design and siting, and thus attack the Commission’s decision through different means.
Finally, the Residents cite a string of Kentucky cases to support the argument that even
after a planning commission approves a certain usage for a site, a plaintiff may bring a nuisance
suit against the private party that causes actual damage to neighboring properties. The
Residents, however, have suffered no actual damage; they merely allege harms from the
planning board’s decision (for which Kentucky law disallows collateral attack).2
III. Leave to Amend
The Residents argue that the district court erred by refusing them leave to amend their
complaint. When a district court denies a motion for leave to amend on futility grounds, we
review that denial de novo. Inge v. Rock Fin. Corp., 281 F.3d 613, 625 (6th Cir. 2002). But
where, as here, plaintiffs have made a request in a responsive pleading without either formally
moving for leave to amend or giving grounds for amendment, we review for abuse of discretion.
See Evans v. Pearson Enters., 434 F.3d 839, 853 (6th Cir. 2006).
When evaluating the record, we note that the Residents had ample opportunity to amend.
Once AT&T removed the case to federal court, the Residents could have amended the complaint
as a matter of course during the 21 days after AT&T filed its motion to dismiss, moved for leave
to amend after that period, or sought the written consent of AT&T. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a).
Over the span of twelve months—from removal to the district court’s issuance of its dismissal
1
Residents admit that § 100.347(2) governs a § 100.987(10) action.
2
Because Kentucky law bars collateral attack on the Commission’s decision, and the TCA preempts the
Residents’ tort claims based on RF emissions, we need not address whether the Residents have stated a plausible
claim for relief.
No. 16-5524 Robbins, et al. v. New Cingular Wireless Page 9
order—the Residents took none of those actions. Instead, they asked in their opposition to the
motion to dismiss that the “[district court] identify what, if anything, may need to be cured and
afford [the Residents] an opportunity to file an amended [c]omplaint to address such concerns.”
This court has consistently affirmed a district court’s denial of such a request in similar
situations where plaintiffs have barely attempted to follow the proper amendment procedures.
See, e.g., Pulte Homes, Inc. v. Laborers’ Int’l Union of N. Am., 648 F.3d 295, 304–05 (6th Cir.
2011); Louisiana Sch. Emps.’ Ret. Sys. v. Ernst & Young, LLP, 622 F.3d 471, 486 (6th Cir.
2010); Begala v. PNC Bank, Ohio, Nat’l Ass’n, 214 F.3d 776, 784 (6th Cir. 2000). On appeal,
the Residents offer no explanation for their failure to adhere to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
15(a) or reason to diverge from our precedent. Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its
discretion.
IV. Conclusion
For these reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s rulings.