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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 CITY OF FARMINGTON,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. No. 35,431
5 BILL SCOTT,
6 Defendant-Appellant,
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SAN JUAN COUNTY
8 Daylene A. Marsh, District Judge
9 Office of the City Attorney
10 Russell A. Frost
11 Farmington, NM
12 for Appellant
13 Bennett J. Baur, Chief Public Defender
14 Tania Shahani, Assistant Appellate Defender
15 Santa Fe, NM
16 for Appellant
17 MEMORANDUM OPINION
18 VIGIL, Judge.
19 {1} Defendant challenges the denial of a motion to suppress. We previously issued
1 a memorandum opinion upholding the district court’s determination, and Defendant
2 has filed a motion for rehearing. It is ordered that the memorandum opinion filed
3 herein on January 23, 2017 is withdrawn, the following opinion substituted in its
4 place, and Defendant’s motion for rehearing is denied.
5 {2} The relevant background information was previously set forth at length, and we
6 will avoid undue reiteration here. To briefly summarize, police officers initiated a
7 traffic stop and detained Defendant based upon an eyewitness report that the
8 perpetrators of an armed robbery had just left the scene in a vehicle with matching
9 license plates. [DS 3; MIO1-2] Defendant does not challenge the validity of the stop.
10 [MIO 13-14] However, he contends that the initial investigatory detention evolved
11 into an impermissible de facto arrest. [MIO 12-15] He further argues that the officers
12 lacked any valid basis for expanding the scope of the inquiry, from the robbery into
13 the ensuing DWI investigation which led to his arrest and conviction. [MIO 7-12] We
14 remain unpersuaded.
15 {3} As described in the notice of proposed summary disposition, [CN 2-5] the first
16 35 minutes of the detention, from the initiation of the stop through the detention in the
17 patrol vehicle while officers brought the eyewitness to the scene to facilitate a viewing
18 for purposes of identification, [MIO 12-13] was permissible. Given the government’s
19 strong interest in combating violent crime, and given that the officers conducted the
2
1 investigation with due diligence, that portion of the encounter cannot be characterized
2 as an impermissible de facto arrest. See State v. Werner, 1994-NMSC-025, ¶¶ 14, 17,
3 20, 117 N.M. 315, 871 P.2d 971 (observing that detention in a patrol car does not
4 constitute an arrest per se, that diligence is key, and noting “the diligence with which
5 the police pursued the investigation” where “the police promptly brought witnesses
6 to identify [the d]efendant”). Id. ¶ 17; State v. Robbs, 2006-NMCA-061, ¶¶ 29-30, 139
7 N.M. 569, 136 P.3d 570 (holding that a thirty-five to forty minute detention while
8 awaiting the arrival of a canine unit was reasonable); and see generally State v.
9 Skippings, 2014-NMCA-117, ¶ 14, 338 P.3d 128 (setting forth relevant factors in this
10 context).
11 {4} Defendant contends that Werner is contraindicative. [Mot. Reh’g at 2-4] He
12 observes that the New Mexico Supreme Court held in that case that the defendant had
13 been subjected to a de facto arrest, where he was held in a patrol vehicle for 45-
14 minutes while officers investigated the theft of a camcorder. Werner, 1994-NMSC-
15 025, ¶¶ 19-21. However, the Werner Court’s ultimate holding turned upon
16 circumstances that are not present in this case. The Supreme Court focused on the fact
17 that the officers “probably had probable cause to arrest” the defendant within fifteen
18 minutes after he was placed in the patrol vehicle, at which point he had already been
19 identified by name and description as well as by two eyewitnesses. Id. ¶¶ 18-19.
3
1 Instead of formally arresting the defendant at that juncture, the officers “waited at
2 least another half-hour” until yet another eyewitness “showed up and made a further
3 identification[.]” Id. ¶ 19. The Supreme Court held that this additional 30-minute
4 detention, “after the police had ample evidence to confirm their suspicions,” was not
5 “reasonably necessary to diligently investigate . . . and decide either to arrest or
6 release” the defendant; and accordingly, the detention was deemed a de facto arrest.
7 Id.1 In this case, by contrast, we find no indication that similarly unnecessary delays
8 occurred.
9 {5} We understand Defendant to contend that the detention should be said to have
10 evolved into a de facto arrest as a consequence of the officers’ failure to release him
11 the moment the eyewitness failed to identify him as one of the perpetrators of the
12 armed robbery. [MIO 14] We disagree. After the portion of the investigation
13 associated with the eyewitness concluded, the officers took statements from Defendant
1
14 Because the State stipulated that it lacked probable cause, the Supreme Court
15 concluded that the detention was impermissible. Id. ¶ 19. It is questionable whether
16 the State’s stipulation would be given similar effect today. See State v. Haidle,
17 2012-NMSC-033, ¶ 37, 285 P.3d 668 (observing that the appellate courts are not
18 bound by the State’s concessions). However, the fact that the district court had granted
19 the Werner defendant’s motion to suppress, may explain the Supreme Court’s seeming
20 rigidity. See State v. Muniz, 2003-NMSC-021, ¶ 5, 134 N.M. 152, 74 P.3d 86
21 (explaining that the Court had “a duty” to consider an issue, notwithstanding the
22 State’s concession, “because we must affirm the district court if its decision was
23 correct”), superseded by statute on other grounds as recognized by State v. Jones,
24 2010-NMSC-012, ¶ 19, 148 N.M. 1, 229 P.3d.474.
4
1 and his passenger. [MIO 13] That process appears to have taken roughly ten minutes.
2 [MIO 13] In light of the fact that Defendant’s vehicle had been placed at the scene at
3 the time of the robbery, and given that Defendant witnessed the incident, [MIO 2] the
4 officers’ decision to take his statement and the statement of his passenger was not
5 unreasonable. See generally State v. Funderburg, 2008-NMSC-026, ¶ 16, 144 N.M.
6 37, 183 P.3d 922 (“An officer’s continued detention of a suspect may be reasonable
7 if the detention represents a graduated response to the evolving circumstances of the
8 situation.”).
9 {6} Thereafter, the officers briefly discussed the course of the investigation amongst
10 themselves and ultimately decided that Defendant should be released. [MIO 13] We
11 conclude that those few minutes spent in discussion cannot be regarded as
12 unreasonable or impermissible. Cf. State v. Leyva, 2011-NMSC-009, ¶ 20, 149 N.M.
13 435, 250 P.3d 861 (observing, relative to the permissible duration of an investigation,
14 that “a de minimis detention caused by questioning after the completion of the traffic
15 stop is not unreasonable[.]”).
16 {7} Once the officers concluded that there was no basis for further inquiry relative
17 to the armed robbery, they spent a minute or two discussing whether to conduct a
18 DWI investigation, and ultimately electing to proceed. [MIO 13] Defendant
19 characterizes this as a “fishing expedition” and as such, he argues that the ensuing
5
1 detention should be regarded as an unreasonable de facto arrest, [MIO 14-15] as well
2 as an impermissible expansion of the scope of the investigation. [MIO 7-12] Once
3 again, we disagree.
4 {8} “An officer may expand the scope of a traffic stop beyond the initial reason for
5 the stop and prolong the detention if the driver’s responses and the circumstances give
6 rise to a reasonable suspicion that criminal activity unrelated to the stop is afoot.”
7 Leyva, 2011-NMSC-009. ¶ 23 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). When
8 the presence of alcohol or its effects becomes apparent, giving rise to a reasonable
9 suspicion of alcohol related criminal activity, the officer may expand the scope of the
10 investigation accordingly. See State v. Taylor, 1999-NMCA-022, ¶ 22, 126 N.M. 569,
11 973 P.2d 246 (observing that the subjects of drugs and alcohol could come within the
12 scope of an investigation if evidence of drugs and alcohol becomes apparent to the
13 investigating officer); and see generally State v. Williamson, 2000-NMCA-068, ¶ 8,
14 129 N.M. 387, 9 P.3d 70 (“[W]hen an officer investigating a traffic violation has a
15 reasonable and articulable suspicion that the driver is impaired, the officer may detain
16 the driver to investigate the officer’s suspicions.”).
17 {9} In this case, the officers developed reasonable suspicion of DWI after observing
18 Defendant in the course of the preceding investigation into the armed robbery. One
19 of the officers testified that he smelled the odor of alcohol about Defendant, and that
6
1 Defendant’s eyes gave the appearance of intoxication. [MIO 9] Another officer later
2 observed that Defendant’s eyes were bloodshot and watery when he removed
3 Defendant’s handcuffs. [MIO 10] Although Defendant takes issue with the first
4 officer’s lack of specificity relative to the look of Defendant’s eyes, [MIO 9] it is
5 doubtful that further specificity should be required. See generally Leyva, 2011-
6 NMSC-009, ¶ 23 (“Courts defer to the training and experience of the officer when
7 determining whether particularized and objective indicia of criminal activity existed.”
8 (internal quotation marks omitted)). In any event, that officer unequivocally testified
9 that he detected the odor of alcohol about Defendant. [MIO 123] And although
10 Defendant contends that the other officer’s observation should be disregarded because
11 the decision had already been made to conduct the DWI investigation, [MIO 10]
12 Defendant’s handcuffs would have been removed regardless, and accordingly, the
13 observation about Defendant’s bloodshot and watery eyes, made as it was prior to the
14 initiation of the DWI investigation, contributes to the presence of reasonable
15 suspicion. See generally State v. Muñoz, 1998-NMCA-140, ¶ 9, 125 N.M. 765, 965
16 P.2d 349 (“The test [of reasonable suspicion] is an objective one. The subjective belief
17 of the officer does not in itself affect the validity of the stop; it is the evidence known
18 to the officer that counts[.]”).
19 {10} We understand Defendant to challenge the sufficiency of the officers’
7
1 observations to support a reasonable suspicion of DWI. [MIO 8-12] However, we
2 have previously held that officers may expand unrelated traffic stops into DWI
3 investigations when presented with similar indicia of intoxication. See, e.g.,
4 Williamson, 2000-NMCA-068, ¶¶ 2, 9 (holding that a traffic stop was validly
5 expanded to incorporate a DWI investigation where the officer detected an odor of
6 alcohol and noticed that the driver had bloodshot, watery eyes); State v. Walters,
7 1997-NMCA-013, ¶ 26, 123 N.M. 88, 934 P.2d 282 (holding that an officer developed
8 reasonable suspicion to purse a DWI investigation after detecting the odor of alcohol
9 on the driver’s breath). We therefore conclude that the officers had a sufficient basis
10 to embark upon the DWI investigation.
11 {11} Accordingly, for the reasons stated in the notice of proposed summary
12 disposition and above, we affirm.
13 {12} IT IS SO ORDERED.
14 ________________________________________
15 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge
16 WE CONCUR:
17 ___________________________
18 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge
8
1 ___________________________
2 M. MONICA ZAMORA, Judge
9