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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellant,
4 v. NO. 35,880
5 JULIE FREY,
6 Defendant-Appellee.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY
8 Alisa A. Hadfield District Judge
9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General
10 Santa Fe, NM
11 John Kloss, Assistant Attorney General
12 Albuquerque, NM
13 for Appellant
14 Bennett J. Baur, Chief Public Defender
15 Santa Fe, NM
16 for Appellee
17 MEMORANDUM OPINION
18 GARCIA, Judge.
19 {1} This is an appeal from the State, challenging the district court’s order
1 dismissing the case against Defendant without prejudice for discovery violations,
2 pursuant to the recently enacted criminal case management rule for the Second
3 Judicial District, LR2-400 NMRA, which has since been recompiled as LR2-308
4 NMRA.1 Perceiving no error, we issued a notice of proposed summary disposition,
5 proposing summary affirmance. The State filed a memorandum in opposition to our
6 notice. Our review of the State’s response does not reveal error. We therefore affirm.
7 {2} Our notice observed that LR2-400 applies to the current case, and that the State
8 does not deny that it committed two violations of discovery rules under that version
9 of the local rule. We noted that the local rule requires the district court to impose a
10 sanction where “a party fails to comply with any provision of this rule or the time
11 limits imposed by a scheduling order entered under this rule[.]” LR2-400(I)(1).
12 Expressly listed among appropriate remedies is a dismissal without prejudice. See
13 LR2-400(I)(3)(e). We further noted that no restrictions on the district court’s
14 discretion to impose this remedy apply in the current case. See LR2-400(I)(4)(a), (b).
15 We proposed to reject the State’s argument that the high standard required for the
16 extreme sanction of witness exclusion that was articulated in State v. Harper, 2011-
17 NMSC-044, ¶¶ 16-20, 150 N.M. 745, 266 P.3d 25, applies to the sanction of dismissal
1
18 Pursuant to Supreme Court Order No. 16-8300-015, former LR2-400 was
19 recompiled and amended as LR2-308 effective December 31, 2016. Any references
20 to the local rule in this opinion are to former LR2-400.
2
1 without prejudice.
2 {3} In response to our proposed analysis, the State raises several challenges. First,
3 it argues that the Supreme Court in Harper did not distinguish between a dismissal
4 with or without prejudice in characterizing dismissals against the State as extreme
5 sanctions. [MIO 3-6] Second, it argues that the analysis Harper requires for dismissals
6 applies here; thus, the district court was required to consider lesser sanctions,
7 prejudice to Defendant, and whether the State engaged in especially culpable conduct.
8 [MIO 6-11] Third, the State contends that this Court’s calendar notice improperly
9 shifted the inquiry from the lack of a finding of bad faith or intransigence on the part
10 of the State to the absence of an explanation from the State for the discovery
11 violations. [MIO 11-12] The State then proceeds to argue that the district court did not
12 reasonably evaluate prejudice to Defendant [MIO 12-14] and did not choose a remedy
13 that least affected the merits of the case. [MIO 14-15]
14 {4} We are not persuaded that the heightened standard for sanctions applies equally
15 to dismissals with and without prejudice. Harper referred to the “outright dismissal
16 of a case” as a “severe sanction” that “should not be imposed except in extreme
17 cases,” and stated that the exclusion of material state witnesses is the functional
18 equivalent of such a dismissal because they both preclude the State from making its
19 prima facie case. 2011-NMSC-044, ¶ 21. In contrast, a dismissal without prejudice by
3
1 its nature does not permanently affect the merits or foreclose the State’s ability to
2 present its case. Thus, by “outright dismissal,” Harper refers to a dismissal with
3 prejudice, not without. Indeed, this Court recently held that Harper applies to
4 dismissals with prejudice, exclusions of witnesses, and “only to those sanctions . . .
5 that bar further prosecution by the [s]tate.” State v. Seigling, 2017-NMCA__, ¶ 23, __
6 P.3d __ (No. 34,620, Jan. 24, 2017) (holding that the Harper analysis applies only to
7 those severe sanctions imposed under the local rule that bar further prosecution of the
8 case). We specifically stated that Harper does not apply to dismissals without
9 prejudice, a sanction the local rule “clearly contemplates . . . to enforce compliance.”
10 Seigling. 2017-NMCA-___, ¶ 23. The State makes no argument that the dismissal
11 without prejudice in the current case precludes further prosecution. As a result, we are
12 not persuaded that the district court should have applied the standard in Harper before
13 dismissing the case without prejudice under the local rule. The State’s arguments
14 regarding the lack of prejudice to the defendant and its lack of culpability are relevant
15 considerations under Harper, not for the dismissal without prejudice imposed in this
16 case under the local rule, and are therefore rejected.
17 {5} Next we turn to whether the district court abused its discretion by its choice of
18 sanction. We point out that it is the State’s burden in this appeal to demonstrate that
19 the district court abused its discretion by imposing the dismissal without prejudice,
4
1 rather than a different sanction. See State v. Aragon, 1999-NMCA-060, ¶ 10, 127
2 N.M. 393, 981 P.2d 1211 (stating that we presume correctness in the district court’s
3 rulings and the burden is on the appellant to demonstrate district court error). The
4 State still does not dispute that a sanction was required for its violations of the
5 discovery provisions. The local rule does not contain a provision requiring the district
6 court to enter findings to support its choice of one of the lesser sanctions, and Harper
7 does not apply to restrict the imposition of a dismissal without prejudice. The State
8 does not explain why another sanction would have been more appropriate under the
9 circumstances, and does not suggest that anything would bar the State from reindicting
10 Defendant. The State also does not refer us to any case law suggesting that the district
11 court abuses its discretion by imposing a sanction the law permits. We note that the
12 State even refuses to discuss the reasons for the discovery violations—despite its
13 obligation to provide this Court with all facts material to the issues it raises on
14 appeal—asserting that such an inquiry contradicts the culpability showing required
15 under Harper, which we hold does not apply to the sanction imposed. See State v.
16 Chamberlain, 1989-NMCA-082, ¶ 11, 109 N.M. 173, 783 P.2d 483 (stating that
17 where an appellant fails “to provide us with a summary of all the facts material to
18 consideration of [his or her] issue, as required by [our Rules of Appellate Procedure],
19 we cannot grant relief on [that] ground”). It seems to us that the State’s reasons for
5
1 violating the local rule would be relevant to its assertion that the district court abused
2 its discretion in its choice of sanction. For instance, the local rule explains that “the
3 court shall not accept negligence or the usual press of business as sufficient excuse for
4 failure to comply.” LR2-400(I)(2). We presume this could explain the violations.
5 {6} Recent opinions from this Court emphasize the use of a dismissal without
6 prejudice as an appropriate remedy for a discovery violation because it does not affect
7 the merits and avoids potential due process problems that may result from forcing a
8 defendant to proceed to the scheduled trial without an adequate opportunity to
9 discover and examine the state’s evidence. See Seigling, 2017-NMCA-___ ¶¶ 16, 23;
10 State v. Navarro-Calzadillas, 2017-NMCA__, ¶¶ 17-18, __ P.3d __ (No. 34,667, Jan.
11 24, 2017). Under the circumstances presented—where the rule requires a sanction, the
12 sanction imposed is expressly permitted by law and does not prejudice the State, the
13 law does not require findings about the circumstances the district court considered,
14 simple negligence and work pressure provide no excuse, and the State does not
15 explain the reasons for its violations—the State presents us with little to review
16 regarding the district court’s choice of sanction. We see no abuse of discretion in the
17 district court’s imposition of the dismissal without prejudice for the State’s two
18 discovery violations.
19 {7} For the reasons stated in this opinion and in our notice, we affirm the district
6
1 court’s order dismissing the case without prejudice.
2 {8} IT IS SO ORDERED.
3 ________________________________
4 TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge
5 WE CONCUR:
6 _______________________________
7 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge
8 _______________________________
9 M. MONICA ZAMORA, Judge
7