American Power Products, Inc. v. CSK Auto, Inc.

IN THE

SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ARIZONA

AMERICAN POWER PRODUCTS, INC., A CALIFORNIA CORPORATION;
LFMG/APP, LLC, AN ARIZONA CORPORATION,
Plaintiffs/Counter-Defendants/Appellants/Cross-Appellees,

v.

CSK AUTO, INC., AN ARIZONA CORPORATION,
Defendant/Counter-Claimant/Appellee/Cross-Appellant.

No. CV-16-0133-PR
Filed March 23, 2017

Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County
The Honorable George H. Foster, Jr., Judge
No. CV2005-019594
REVERSED AND REMANDED

Memorandum Decision of the Court of Appeals, Division One
1 CA-CV 12-0855
Filed May 19, 2016
VACATED IN PART

COUNSEL:

David B. Goldstein (argued), John L. Lohr, Jr., Evan B. Schechter, Hymson Goldstein &
Pantiliat, PLLC, Scottsdale, and Herbert Dodell, Dodell Law Corporation, Woodland
Hills, CA, Attorneys for American Power Products, Inc. and LFMG/APP, LLC

Leon B. Silver (argued), Andrew S. Jacob, Gordon & Rees LLP, Phoenix, Attorneys for
CSK Auto Inc.
 AMERICAN POWER PRODUCTS v. CSK AUTO
Opinion of the Court

VICE CHIEF JUSTICE PELANDER authored the opinion of the Court, in which CHIEF
JUSTICE BALES and JUSTICES BRUTINEL and BOLICK joined. JUSTICE TIMMER
dissented.

VICE CHIEF JUSTICE PELANDER, opinion of the Court:

¶1 Under Arizona law, a court may award reasonable attorney fees to the
successful party in a contested contract action. A.R.S. § 12-341.01(A). If a party makes a
written settlement offer that is rejected and the final judgment is more favorable to the
offering party, that party “is deemed to be the successful party from the date of the
offer.” Id.

¶2 In this case, we address the interplay between this statutory provision and
a contractual fee award provision when one party rejected the other’s written settlement
offer and later obtained a less favorable judgment. Because the contract does not itself
define “prevailing party,” but does incorporate Arizona law to determine the parties’
rights and remedies, we hold that the statute applies for the purpose of determining the
successful party. That is, the party that made the rejected offer is the successful party
from the date of the offer.

I.

¶3 In 2003, American Power Products (“American”) and CSK Auto (“CSK”)
entered into a Master Vendor Agreement (“MVA”) under which American agreed to
sell electric scooters and other items to CSK on an open account. The MVA provided
that in the event of any action arising out of the agreement, “the prevailing party shall
be entitled to recover . . . reasonable attorneys’ fees.” The agreement did not define
“prevailing party.” But the MVA included a broad choice-of-law provision that
Arizona law would govern the parties’ “rights and remedies” under the agreement.

¶4 In 2005, American sued CSK for breach of contract and negligent
misrepresentation, seeking more than $5 million in damages. CSK asserted various
affirmative defenses and counterclaims and sought damages of approximately $950,000.
In 2011, several months before trial, CSK served American with an offer of judgment
under Rule 68, Ariz. R. Civ. P., in the amount of $1,000,001, “inclusive of all damages,
taxable court costs, interest and attorneys’ fees.” American did not accept the offer and,
after trial, obtained a jury verdict in the amount of $10,733. The trial court later
dismissed CSK’s counterclaims with prejudice.

¶5 On the parties’ post-trial claims for attorney fees, the trial court ruled that
American was the “prevailing party” at trial despite American having asked the jury to
award it over $10.8 million. Applying a totality-of-the-litigation test, the court reasoned
that American “must be the prevailing party” because “after litigating all of the claims”

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Opinion of the Court

and counterclaims, American “obtained relief in the form of monetary damages; [CSK]
was awarded nothing.” The trial court then awarded American $775,000 in attorney
fees (American had requested almost $2 million), plus costs and interest on the verdict,
for a total judgment of approximately $861,000. The court denied CSK’s request for
sanctions under Rule 68(g), Ariz. R. Civ. P., finding such sanctions inapplicable.

¶6 The court of appeals affirmed the fee award in favor of American. Am.
Power Products, Inc. v. CSK Auto, Inc., 1 CA-CV 12-0855, at *8 ¶ 14 (Ariz. App. May 19,
2016) (mem. decision).1 The court reasoned that the trial court did not abuse its
substantial discretion in identifying the “prevailing party” and “had a reasonable basis
for finding that American was the prevailing party under the totality of the litigation
test.” Id. at *4 ¶ 6, *6 ¶ 9. Based on American having obtained a judgment less
favorable than CSK’s pretrial settlement offer, CSK argued that A.R.S. § 12-341.01(A)
and Rule 68 precluded any award of fees American incurred after the date of the offer.
In rejecting that argument, the court of appeals stated that “[w]hen attorneys’ fees are
based on a contract — as here — the contract controls to the exclusion of A.R.S.
§ 12-341.01(A).” Id. at *6 ¶ 11. The court, however, “reverse[d] the superior court’s
denial of CSK’s Rule 68 sanction request and remand[ed] to the superior court for it to
make the comparison required by Rule 68.” Id. at *13 ¶ 30.

¶7 We granted review on the attorney fee question because the interplay
between § 12-341.01 and contractual fee provisions presents legal issues of statewide
importance that are likely to recur. We have jurisdiction under article 6, section 5(3) of
the Arizona Constitution and A.R.S. § 12-120.24.

II.

¶8 The parties’ MVA contained two provisions that are pertinent here:

(d) Applicable Law. The MVA is made with reference to
and under the laws of the State of Arizona which shall be
deemed to govern the validity and interpretation of the
MVA and the rights and remedies of the parties hereunder.
Any legal action instituted by the parties arising out of this
MVA shall be within, and the parties hereto stipulate to the
jurisdiction of, the Courts of Maricopa County, Arizona.

...

1 The court of appeals’ decision was rendered after we remanded the case to that
court “for consideration of . . . the parties’ claims for attorneys’ fees, court costs, and
other expenses.” American Power Products, Inc., v. CSK Auto, Inc., 239 Ariz. 151, 157 ¶ 21,
367 P.3d 55, 61 (2016).

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Opinion of the Court

(f) Attorneys’ Fees. In the event either party shall commence
or be required to defend any action or proceeding against
the other party arising out of this MVA, the prevailing party
shall be entitled to recover from the other party its
reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs through all levels of
proceedings as determined by the court.

As noted above, the MVA did not define “prevailing party.”

¶9 In pertinent part, A.R.S. § 12-341.01 provides:

A. In any contested action arising out of a contract,
express or implied, the court may award the successful party
reasonable attorney fees. If a written settlement offer is
rejected and the judgment finally obtained is equal to or
more favorable to the offeror than an offer made in writing
to settle any contested action arising out of a contract, the
offeror is deemed to be the successful party from the date of
the offer and the court may award the successful party
reasonable attorney fees. This section shall not be construed
as altering, prohibiting or restricting present or future
contracts or statutes that may provide for attorney fees.

As originally enacted in 1976, § 12-341.01 contained provisions now mirrored in the first
and third sentences of subsection (A). The second sentence of that subsection was
added in 1999.

¶10 CSK acknowledges that the trial court and court of appeals correctly
“equated ‘prevailing party’ in the MVA with ‘successful party’ in § 12-341.01(A).” Am.
Power Products, Inc., 1 CA-CV 12-0855, at *3 ¶¶ 5-6; see Murphy Farrell Dev., LLLP v.
Sourant, 229 Ariz. 124, 132 ¶ 30 & n.8, 134 ¶ 36, 272 P.3d 355, 364 & n.8, 365 (App. 2012)
(relying on cases decided under § 12-341.01 in determining which party was “the
‘prevailing party’ under the terms of the [parties’] Agreements” when those contracts
mandated an award of fees to the “prevailing party” but did not define that term).
Noting that “the parties expressly incorporated Arizona law into their contract” and
“clearly intended to apply Arizona law to the entire [MVA],” however, CSK argues that
both courts below erred in failing to apply “the definition in the second sentence of
§ 12-341.01(A).” Under that provision, CSK asserts, it is “the successful party after the
date of its rejected settlement offer.”

¶11 American counters, as the court of appeals determined, that the trial court
had a reasonable basis for deeming American the prevailing party under the MVA and

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Opinion of the Court

did not abuse its discretion in awarding fees to American, particularly considering that
CSK received nothing on its counterclaim for almost $1 million. Relying on the third
sentence of § 12-341.01(A) and Arizona case law, American argues that the statute does
not apply when, as here, a contract mandates an award of fees to the prevailing party.
American further asserts that CSK’s argument, by seeking a sanction not recognized by
Rule 68, effectively would amend the rule so as to conflict with § 12-341.01.

¶12 We review de novo issues of statutory application and contract
interpretation. See Bell v. Indus. Comm’n, 236 Ariz. 478, 480 ¶ 6, 341 P.3d 1149, 1151
(2015) (statutes); Andrews v. Blake, 205 Ariz. 236, 240 ¶ 12, 69 P.3d 7, 11 (2003) (contracts).
A trial court’s determination of which party is successful and thus entitled to a fee
award generally will be upheld absent an abuse of discretion. Murphy Farrell Dev., 229
Ariz. at 133 ¶ 31, 272 P.3d at 364; Sanborn v. Brooker & Wake Prop. Mgmt., Inc., 178 Ariz.
425, 430, 874 P.2d 982, 987 (App. 1994). An error of law in reaching a discretionary
ruling constitutes an abuse of discretion. Twin City Fire Ins. Co. v. Burke, 204 Ariz. 251,
254, 63 P.3d 282, 285 (2003).

III.

¶13 As noted above, § 12-341.01 does not “alter[], prohibit[] or restrict[]”
contracts that “provide for attorney fees,” nor may the statute “be construed” to do so.
§ 12-341.01(A). Based on that statutory language, our court of appeals has repeatedly
stated that “the statute is inapplicable . . . [when] the parties have provided in their
contract the conditions under which attorney’s fees may be recovered.” Sweis v.
Chatwin, 120 Ariz. 249, 252, 585 P.2d 269, 272 (App. 1978); see also Geller v. Lesk, 230 Ariz.
624, 627 ¶ 9, 285 P.3d 972, 975 (App. 2012) (stating that parties’ contractual attorney fee
provision, “not the statute,” governs an award of fees); Lisa v. Strom, 183 Ariz. 415, 418
n.2, 904 P.2d 1239, 1242 n.2 (App. 1995) (stating that “when a contract has an attorney’s
fee provision it controls to the exclusion of the statute”); Connor v. Cal-Az Properties, Inc.,
137 Ariz. 53, 55, 668 P.2d 896, 898 (App. 1983) (stating that Ҥ 12-341.01 is not to be
considered” when parties’ contract provides conditions under which attorney fees may
be recovered). In Sweis, the parties’ contract entitled the successful or prevailing party
to a non-discretionary attorney fee award for enforcing the contract. 120 Ariz. at 251
n.2, 585 P.2d at 271 n.2. To apply § 12-341.01 in those circumstances, the court reasoned,
would alter the agreement by “in effect cancel[ing] the unqualified contractual right to
recover attorney’s fees given to the successful party by their agreement, and substitute
in its place the purely discretionary or permissive right given by the statute.” Id. at 252,
585 P.2d at 272.

¶14 Relying on its prior case law and the third sentence of § 12-341.01(A), the
court of appeals here rejected CSK’s argument that, based on that subsection’s second
sentence, CSK was the prevailing party from the date of its offer, holding instead that
“the contract controls to the exclusion of A.R.S. § 12-341.01(A).” Am. Power Products,

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Opinion of the Court

Inc., 1 CA-CV 12-0855, at *6 ¶ 11. To the extent prior case law broadly precludes
application of § 12-341.01 whenever the parties’ contract contains an attorney fee
provision, regardless of its content, scope, and other provisions in the contract, we
disagree. Rather, § 12-341.01 “is inapplicable by its terms if it effectively conflicts with
an express contractual provision governing recovery of attorney’s fees.” Jordan v.
Burgbacher, 180 Ariz. 221, 229, 883 P.2d 458, 466 (App. 1994) (disagreeing with Connor’s
broad statement and observing that Sweis “did not hold that any express contractual
provision for attorney’s fees, however worded, ‘preempts’ A.R.S. section 12-341.01”); cf.
Tucson Estates Prop. Owners Ass’n, Inc. v. McGovern, 239 Ariz. 52, 54-56 ¶¶ 7-14, 366 P.3d
111, 113-15 (App. 2016); (stating that when parties’ contract has a unilateral provision
mandating attorney fee recovery for only one party, § 12-341.01 applies to the other,
successful party’s claim for attorney fees and affords trial court discretion to award or
deny fees under the statute); Pioneer Roofing Co. v. Mardian Constr. Co., 152 Ariz. 455,
470-72, 733 P.2d 652, 667-69 (App. 1986) (same). Thus, rather than being completely
supplanted by any attorney fee provision in the parties’ contract, the statute —
consistent with its plain language — applies to “any contested action arising out of
contract” to the extent it does not conflict with the contract. § 12-341.01(A).

¶15 Our conclusion comports with the general rule in Arizona that contracts
are read to incorporate applicable statutes. See Banner Health v. Med. Sav. Ins. Co., 216
Ariz. 146, 150 ¶ 15, 163 P.3d 1096, 1100 (App. 2007) (“It has long been the rule in
Arizona that a valid statute is automatically part of any contract affected by it, even if
the statute is not specifically mentioned in the contract.”) (internal citations and
quotation marks omitted); see also Yeazell v. Copins, 98 Ariz. 109, 113-14, 402 P.2d 541,
544 (1965). Because the MVA here did not define “prevailing party” and expressly
provided that Arizona law shall apply and govern “the rights and remedies of the
parties,” and because the second sentence of § 12-341.01(A) does not directly conflict
with the MVA’s attorney fee provision, that statutory provision is “incorporated by
operation of law” into the MVA for the limited purpose of defining “successful party”
under the circumstances presented here. Banner Health, 216 Ariz. at 150 ¶ 15, 163 P.3d at
1100.

¶16 Contrary to the dissent, infra ¶ 28, our opinion does not “change the
meaning of ‘the prevailing party’ in the MVA,” inasmuch as the MVA does not define
that phrase or provide any other interpretative guidance. The dissent also downplays
the MVA’s broad, unqualified choice-of-law provision, under which the parties agreed
that Arizona law would govern their rights and remedies under the MVA. As for there
being two prevailing parties – American before CSK’s offer, and CSK after its offer –
that paradigm is implicitly contemplated and permitted by § 12-341.01(A)’s second
sentence, which supplements, but does not alter, the MVA. Cf. Hall v. Read Dev., Inc.,
229 Ariz. 277, 283 ¶ 19, 274 P.3d 1211, 1217 (App. 2012) (recognizing that statute’s
second sentence could “potentially shift the ‘successful party’ designation for at least

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Opinion of the Court

part of the litigation”). And such a result is permissible even though § 12-341.01(A), like
the MVA, limits attorney fee awards to “the” successful party.

¶17 American unpersuasively argues that the MVA’s choice-of-law provision
does not apply to the attorney fee provision because they are separate and the former is
“general and all-embracing, and not specific to the fees provision.” The choice-of-law
provision is not limited, and the attorney fee provision does not exclude the former
from applying to it. See Bradley v. Bradley, 164 P.3d 537, 542 (Wyo. 2007) (holding that
broad, general language of choice-of-law provision in parties’ agreement applied to
other provisions when the agreement contained no specific provision indicating a
different intent and “[o]ther provisions of the agreement [did] not specifically speak to
choice of applicable law”).

¶18 The courts below thus erred in failing to apply the definition of
“successful party” under § 12-341.01(A)’s second sentence, which by its terms applies
here given American’s rejection of CSK’s pretrial settlement offer under Rule 68 and the
less favorable judgment American obtained after trial. As the court of appeals has
observed, that statutory provision, “added in 1999, seemingly narrows the trial court’s
discretion in handling fee determination issues in contract cases, obligating the court to
compare a written settlement offer against the ‘judgment finally obtained.’” Hall, 229
Ariz. at 279 ¶ 9, 274 P.3d at 1213. That comparison, in turn, “potentially alter[s] the
successful party designation from the date of the offer.” Id. at 280 ¶ 10, 274 P.3d at 1214.

¶19 “[A]n offeror is the successful party, even if an offeree obtains a favorable
judgment, if the offeror previously made a written offer for an amount equal to or
greater than the final judgment.” Id. at 279 ¶ 9, 274 P.3d at 1213. That is precisely the
situation here. CSK’s pretrial offer under Rule 68 in the amount of $1,000,001,
“inclusive of all damages, taxable court costs, interest and attorneys’ fees,” was greater
than the total judgment of approximately $861,000 (which included fees, costs, and
interest on the $10,733 verdict) that American obtained. Thus, CSK “is deemed to be the
successful party from the date of the offer.” § 12-341.01(A). And from that point
forward CSK is “entitled to recover from [American] its reasonable attorneys’ fees”
because the MVA expressly so provides. That is, the statute’s discretionary feature,
providing that “the court may award the successful party reasonable attorney fees,” id.,
is inapplicable here because, if applied, it would directly conflict with the MVA’s
mandatory fee provision and thereby impermissibly “alter[]” or “restrict[]” the parties’
agreement. Id.; see Murphy Farrell Dev., 229 Ariz. at 133 ¶ 32, 272 P.3d at 364 (“Unlike
discretionary fee awards made pursuant to A.R.S. § 12-341.01(A), the trial court lacks
discretion to deny a fee award required by the terms of the parties’ contract.”);
McDowell Mountain Ranch Cmty. Ass’n v. Simons, 216 Ariz. 266, 269 ¶ 14, 165 P.3d 667,
670 (App. 2007) (same, citing cases).

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Opinion of the Court

¶20 Deeming CSK to be the prevailing party from the date of its settlement
offer also furthers the policy of § 12-341.01 and Rule 68. As the court in Hall pointed
out, “[t]he purposes of § 12-341.01(A) include: (1) mitigating ‘the burden of the expense
of litigation to establish a just claim or a just defense’; (2) encouraging ‘more careful
analysis prior to filing suit’ by imposing the risk of paying the opposing party’s
attorneys’ fees where legitimate settlement offers are rejected; and (3) promoting
settlement and thus reducing caseloads involving contractual matters.” Hall, 229 Ariz.
at 282 ¶ 18, 274 P.3d at 1216. By rejecting CSK’s settlement offer and choosing to
instead pursue costly, protracted litigation, American cannot avoid the legal
consequences, including attorney fee exposure as determined by the parties’ agreement
and compatible Arizona law that is specifically made applicable under the agreement’s
choice-of-law provision.

¶21 American unpersuasively asserts that imposing attorney fees against it by
“incorporat[ing] only part of” § 12-341.01(A) fails to give “the type of fair warning the
law should provide.” On the contrary, the parties had adequate notice of their potential
liability for attorney fees, given the MVA’s broad incorporation of Arizona law, the
clear definition of “successful party” in § 12-341.01(A)’s second sentence, and the lack of
any inconsistency between that provision and the MVA’s attorney fee provision.

¶22 Nor is American correct in arguing that CSK’s position will “alter every
contract mandating an award of attorneys’ fees by forcing upon parties to contracts the
standard established in the second sentence of A.R.S. § 12-341.01.A.” Rather, we agree
with American’s assertion that parties should “have freedom to contract whether they
want that standard to apply or not.” As long as a contract is legal and enforceable,
parties of course may fashion all aspects of an attorney fee provision, including a
definition of “prevailing party” different from the statute, in whatever way they see fit.
(Unlike the MVA, for example, a contract could not only specifically define “prevailing
party” but also either include or exclude certain aspects of Arizona law from applying.)

¶23 Finally, we reject American’s argument that the result here “conflicts with
and supersedes Rule 68.” As American conceded at oral argument in this Court, the
sanctions prescribed in Rule 68(g) are separate and distinct from attorney fees. Cf. Ariz.
R. Civ. P. 68, State Bar Committee Note (1992 Amendments) (“The term ‘costs’ in Rule
68 does not include attorneys’ fees, even if they are recoverable in the action.”) (citing
Boltz & Odegaard v. Hohn, 148 Ariz. 361, 714 P.2d 854 (App. 1985)). Contrary to
American’s contention, an award of fees to CSK under the MVA, based on the statutory
definition of “successful party” in § 12-341.01(A)’s second sentence, does not result in
“de facto amendment of the rule . . . by imposing an additional sanction” not authorized
by the rule. Nor does such an award run afoul of Rule 68(d)’s provision that
“[e]vidence of an unaccepted offer is not admissible except in a proceeding to determine
sanctions under this rule.” Harmonizing the rule with the statute, we conclude that any
such evidence is inadmissible at trial or other merits-related proceedings, but is not

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Opinion of the Court

barred for purposes of identifying the “successful party” under § 12-341.01(A) in
separate post-trial proceedings regarding attorney fees. See Hall, 229 Ariz. at 283 ¶¶ 19-
20, 274 P.3d at 1217 (harmonizing § 12-341.01(A) with Rule 68 to “conclude that
comparing the ‘judgment finally obtained’ under § 12-341.01(A) to a settlement offer
should involve only those reasonable fees and costs incurred as of the date the offer was
made”); see also State v. Hansen, 215 Ariz. 287, 289 ¶ 7, 160 P.3d 166, 168 (2007) (stating
that, whenever possible, we harmonize rules and statutes and read them in conjunction
with each other).

IV.

¶24 For the reasons stated above, we reverse the trial court’s award of attorney
fees to American and its ruling that American was the prevailing party in the
proceedings below even after CSK’s settlement offer under Rule 68. We vacate
paragraphs 6-16 of the court of appeals’ decision and remand the case to the trial court
for further proceedings to apportion fees and costs between CSK and American
consistent with this opinion. On remand, CSK must establish, and the trial court should
determine, what amount or percentage of CSK’s fees (incurred after its settlement offer)
was clearly attributable to defending against American’s claims as opposed to the
unsuccessful prosecution of CSK’s counterclaim, on which CSK was not the prevailing
party. Based on that determination, the trial court may then decide if, or by how much,
CSK’s fee award should be reduced. In the end, as CSK acknowledged at oral
argument, the trial court in its discretion may consider all pertinent factors in
determining the amount of reasonable fees CSK should be awarded. Cf. Associated
Indem. Corp. v. Warner, 143 Ariz. 567, 570-71, 694 P.2d 1181, 1184-85 (1985) (listing non-
exclusive factors bearing on attorney fee awards under § 12-341.01); A.R.S. § 12-
341.01(B) (providing that an award of reasonable fees under the statute “should be
made to mitigate the burden of the expense of litigation to establish a just claim or a just
defense”).

¶25 Regarding American’s attorney fees incurred before CSK’s offer of
judgment, this opinion does not alter the trial court’s determination that American was
the prevailing party up to that point. But American is not entitled to recover any fees
incurred after CSK’s offer. (CSK conceded at oral argument that American is entitled to
recover its reasonable attorney fees incurred before the offer.) Therefore, on remand
American must establish, and the trial court should determine, what amount or
percentage of the court’s $775,000 fee award to American was attributable to fees
incurred after the offer, and the court should reduce American’s fee award by that
amount. American’s request for attorney fees incurred in this Court is denied as it is
not the prevailing party.

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JUSTICE TIMMER, Dissenting

TIMMER, J., dissenting.

¶26 By its terms, § 12-341.01(A) cannot “alter[], prohibit[] or restrict[] . . .
contracts . . . that may provide for attorney fees.” By applying § 12-341.01(A) here, the
majority has done just that. I respectfully dissent.

¶27 I begin with the plain language of the MVA. Cf. Smith v. Melson, Inc., 135
Ariz. 119, 121, 659 P.2d 1264, 1266 (1983) (“A contract should be read in light of the
parties’ intentions as reflected by their language and in view of all the circumstances.”).
American and CSK agreed that “the prevailing party” in any lawsuit “shall be entitled
to recover” its reasonable attorney fees. The parties did not define “the prevailing
party,” so the majority, noting the parties’ agreement that Arizona law governs
interpretation of the contract, skips to § 12-341.01(A) to supply a definition. See supra
¶ 15. In doing so, the majority ignores Arizona’s “controlling rule of interpretation”
that “requires that the ordinary meaning of language be given to words where
circumstances do not show a different meaning applicable.” Brady v. Black Mountain
Inv. Co., 105 Ariz. 87, 89, 459 P.2d 712, 714 (1969) (citing Restatement (First), Contracts
§ 235(A) (Am. Law Ins. 1932)). There is nothing ambiguous about the fee provision
here. “The” indicates a particular party, and “prevailing” identifies that party as the
one that wins the lawsuit. See Smith, 135 Ariz. at 121, 659 P.2d at 1266 (noting that
“the” is “a definite article used in reference to a particular thing”); Webster’s Third New
International Dictionary 1797 (3d ed. 2002) (defining “prevail” in part as to “win,”
“triumph,” or to be “successful”); Black’s Law Dictionary 1298 (10th ed. 2009) (defining
“prevailing party” as the one “in whose favor a judgment is rendered”).

¶28 The majority uses § 12-341.01(A) to impermissibly alter the meaning of
“the prevailing party” in the MVA. The second sentence in § 12-341.01(A) does not
define the “successful party” in a lawsuit and thus does not shed light on the parties’
use of “the prevailing party” in the MVA. Instead, the second sentence “deem[s]” the
unsuccessful party in the lawsuit the “successful party,” and thus eligible for a
discretionary fee award, if the final judgment is “equal to or more favorable” than a
previously rejected settlement offer. And that party is only considered “successful”
from the offer date, meaning the other party can be “successful” and eligible for a fee
award before the offer date. In essence, the second sentence serves as a fee-shifting
device to encourage settlement; it does not apply to the party that prevails on the merits
of the lawsuit. Cf. Hall, 229 Ariz. at 282 ¶ 18, 274 P.3d at 1216 (“The purposes of § 12-
341.01(A) include . . . promoting settlements and thus reducing caseloads involving
contractual matters.”). Although it is appropriate to use tests developed under § 12-
341.01(A) to identify the “prevailing party” overall in light of “multiple claims and
varied success,” see Murphy Ferrell Dev., 229 Ariz. at 134 ¶ 36, 272 P.3d at 365, it is not
appropriate to use § 12-341.01(A) to change the meaning of “the prevailing party” in the
MVA.

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JUSTICE TIMMER, Dissenting

¶29 Rather than respect the parties’ intent to mandate a fee award for the
single, prevailing party in the lawsuit, the majority uses the second sentence from § 12-
341.01(A) to redefine “the prevailing party” and require awards for each party. There
are now two prevailing parties—American before the settlement offer and CSK
thereafter—and each must be awarded attorney fees. This interpretation alters the
MVA’s fee provision in violation of the third sentence in § 12-341.01(A). I would affirm
the trial court’s attorney fee award.

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