Powell v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review

[J-114-2016]
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
MIDDLE DISTRICT

SAYLOR, C.J., BAER, TODD, DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, MUNDY, JJ.

GARY H. POWELL : No. 38 MAP 2016
:
: Appeal from the Order of the
v. : Commonwealth Court at No. 1704 CD
: 2014 dated November 6, 2015 Vacating
: & Remanding the Order of the UCBR at
UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION : No. B-13-09-D-B064 dated August 13,
BOARD OF REVIEW : 2014.
:
JOE KRENTZMAN & SONS, INC., : SUBMITTED: September 14, 2016
:
Intervenor :
:
:
:
APPEAL OF: UNEMPLOYMENT :
COMPENSATION BOARD OF REVIEW :

OPINION

JUSTICE DOUGHERTY DECIDED: March 28, 2017
We granted discretionary review to consider whether an attorney who has been

suspended from the practice of law by this Court may represent a claimant in

unemployment compensation proceedings. A divided three-judge panel of the

Commonwealth Court determined the claimant is entitled to his choice of representative,

even if that representative is a suspended attorney, and remanded for a new hearing.

We affirm the decision to remand, but reverse the Commonwealth Court’s holding that a

suspended attorney may represent claimants in unemployment compensation

proceedings.
 This case arises from the unemployment compensation claim filed by appellee

Gary H. Powell.1 The Unemployment Compensation Service Center determined

appellee was ineligible to receive benefits pursuant to Section 402(b) of the

Unemployment Compensation Law (the UC Law) because he voluntarily quit his job

with Joe Krentzman & Sons (employer), without “cause of a necessitous and compelling

nature.” See 43 P.S. §802(b) (employee ineligible for compensation when

unemployment is due to voluntarily leaving work without cause of necessitous and

compelling nature). Appellee challenged the finding and referee Brian L. Parr

scheduled a hearing to review appellee’s claim. Appellee arrived at the hearing on

December 5, 2013, with Donald A. Bailey, who stated he was present as appellee’s pro

bono advocate. Bailey admitted he was suspended from practicing law, by order of this

Court dated October 2, 2013, for a period of five years. 2 Original Record (O.R.) at Item

12, Notes of Testimony (N.T.) 12/5/13 at 1. Referee Parr allowed Bailey to participate in

1
Appellee Powell is pro se in this appeal.
2
The Court’s order stated, in relevant part:

AND NOW, this 2nd day of October, 2013, upon consideration of the
Report and Recommendations of the Disciplinary Board dated May 1,
2013…it is hereby ORDERED that Donald A. Bailey is suspended from
the Bar of this Commonwealth for a period of five years and he shall
comply with all the provisions of Rule 217, Pa.R.D.E.

Office of Disciplinary Counsel v. Bailey, No. 1760 DD3, 2013 Pa. LEXIS 2269 (Pa. Oct.
2, 2013) (per curiam). Bailey’s suspension was based on violations of Pennsylvania
Rule of Professional Conduct (Pa.R.P.C.) 4.1(a) (lawyer shall not knowingly make a
false statement of material fact or law), Pa.R.P.C. 8.2(a) (lawyer shall not make a
statement that he knows to be false or with reckless disregard for its truth or falsity), and
Pa.R.P.C. 8.4(c) (lawyer shall not engage in conduct involving fraud, dishonesty, deceit
or misrepresentation). Report and Recommendations of the Disciplinary Board of the
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania at 16, http://www.padisciplinaryboard.org/look-up/pa-
attorney-search.php (last visited on December 7, 2016).

[J-114-2016] - 2
the hearing, which proceeded until Parr continued the matter to allow service of

subpoenas on necessary fact witnesses.

Prior to further proceedings on appellee’s claim, however, employer, which had

been previously acting pro se, obtained counsel. Employer’s counsel promptly objected

to Bailey’s participation, asserting Pennsylvania Rule of Disciplinary Enforcement

217(j)(4)(vii), Pa.R.D.E. 217(j)(4)(vii), prohibits a suspended attorney from appearing in

any hearing or proceeding before a referee.3 Bailey was given the opportunity to rebut

employer’s argument that Disciplinary Enforcement Rule 217 prohibited his participation

and he did so by letter, directing employer’s attorney to review the language of the

notice of hearing sent to each party, which expressly advised appellee he could

“represent [him]self or [he] may be represented by an attorney or any other advocate of

[his] choice.” O.R. at Items 7, 14. See also Section 214 of the UC Law, 43 P.S. §774

(“Any party in any proceeding under this act before the department, a referee or the

board may be represented by an attorney or other representative.”).

After consulting with Unemployment Compensation Board of Review (UCBR)

counsel, newly assigned referee Susan G. Hess, by letter dated February 6, 2014,

informed Bailey he would not be allowed to represent appellee and directed Bailey to

notify appellee he could engage other representation. O.R. at Item 22. Referee Hess

then conducted further proceedings on March 26, 2014, which appellee attended with

Andrew J. Ostrowski. Referee Hess determined through questioning that Ostrowski’s

3
Disciplinary Enforcement Rule 217 provides, in relevant part, “a formerly admitted
attorney is specifically prohibited from engaging in any of the following
activities:…appearing on behalf of a client in any hearing or proceeding or before any
judicial officer, arbitrator, mediator, court, public agency, referee, magistrate, hearing
officer or any other adjudicative person or body.” Pa.R.D.E. 217(j)(4)(vii). The term
“formerly admitted attorney” expressly includes suspended or administratively
suspended attorneys. Pa.R.D.E. 102(a).

[J-114-2016] - 3
attorney license had also been suspended.4 O.R. at Item 30, N.T. 3/26/14 at 1.

Referee Hess then gave Ostrowski the opportunity to argue why Disciplinary

Enforcement Rule 217 did not preclude his participation in the hearing, id., N.T. at 1-2,

and ultimately concluded Ostrowski would be permitted only to observe the

proceedings. Appellee thereafter represented himself, and following the hearing,

Referee Hess determined appellee was ineligible to receive benefits.

On appeal, the UCBR affirmed the denial of benefits and also concluded the

referee properly excluded Bailey and Ostrowski from representing appellee. The UCBR

opined Referee Hess had correctly addressed the representation issue by notifying

Bailey and the parties that appellee was not permitted to have a suspended attorney as

a representative at the continued hearing. UCBR Decision at 3. The UCBR concluded

Disciplinary Enforcement Rule 217(j)(4)(vii) barred Ostrowski from participating in the

4
This Court’s order stated, in relevant part:

AND NOW, this 9th day of February, 2010, upon consideration of
the Report and Recommendations of the Disciplinary Board dated October
30, 2009…it is hereby ORDERED that Andrew J. Ostrowski is suspended
from the Bar of this Commonwealth for a period of one year and one day
and he shall comply with all the provisions of Rule 217, Pa.R.D.E.

Office of Disciplinary Counsel v. Ostrowski, No. 1556 DD3, 2010 Pa. LEXIS 114 (Pa.
Feb. 9, 2010) (per curiam). Ostrowski’s suspension was based on violations of
Pa.R.P.C. 1.1 (lawyer shall provide competent representation to a client), Pa.R.P.C. 1.3
(lawyer shall act with reasonable diligence and promptness in representing a client),
Pa.R.P.C. 1.15(a) and (b) (safekeeping of property), and Disciplinary Enforcement Rule
217(e) (formerly admitted attorney shall file verified statement with this Court showing
compliance with Rule 217). Report and Recommendations of the Disciplinary Board of
the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania at 11-12, http://www.padisciplinaryboard.org/look-
up/pa-attorney-search.php (last visited on December 7, 2016). At the time of the
hearing, Ostrowski was eligible to seek reinstatement to the practice of law by this
Court. However, at that time, Ostrowski had not been reinstated by this Court, and thus
remained suspended from the Bar. See Pa.R.D.E. 218(a)(1) (attorney, who was
suspended for more than one year, may not resume practice until reinstatement by
order of the Supreme Court).

[J-114-2016] - 4
hearing, appellee had a sufficient opportunity to find proper legal or non-legal

representation, and appellee received a full and fair hearing, with the opportunity to

testify and submit evidence and cross-examine the employer’s witnesses. Id.

Appellee filed a pro se petition for review in the Commonwealth Court and

employer intervened. A divided panel of the Commonwealth Court vacated the UCBR’s

ruling and remanded the matter for a new hearing. Powell v. UCBR, 128 A.3d 315 (Pa.

Cmwlth. 2015).5 The majority analyzed the interplay between Section 214 of the UC

Law, the reasoning of the Opinion Announcing the Judgment of the Court (OAJC) in

Harkness v. UCBR, 920 A.2d 162 (Pa. 2007),6 and Disciplinary Enforcement Rule 217.

The Commonwealth Court acknowledged Disciplinary Enforcement Rule 217

specifically prohibits formerly admitted or suspended attorneys — such as Bailey and

Ostrowski — from “appearing on behalf of a client in any hearing or proceeding or

before any judicial officer, arbitrator, mediator, court, public agency, referee, magistrate,

hearing officer or any other adjudicative person or body.” Powell, 128 A.3d at 320,

quoting Pa.R.D.E. 217(j)(4)(vii) (emphasis omitted). The court also recognized Section

214 of the UC Law allows a party in unemployment compensation proceedings to be

represented by “an attorney or other representative,” including non-attorneys. The court

then noted that, in Harkness, the OAJC concluded representation of a party before a

5
Judge Brobson authored the majority opinion and was joined by Judge McCullough.
Judge McGinley dissented without opinion. Prior to issuing its final decision, the
Commonwealth Court issued an earlier order and opinion, Powell v. UCBR, 1704 C.D.
2014, 2015 Pa. Commw. LEXIS 398 (Pa. Cmwlth. Sept. 17, 2015), but withdrew it upon
motion for reconsideration, Powell v. UCBR, No. 1704 C.D. 2014, 2015 Pa. Commw.
LEXIS 484 (Pa. Cmwlth. Nov. 6, 2015), and on the same day substituted the opinion
found at 128 A.3d 315.
6
The Harkness OAJC was authored by Chief Justice Cappy, and joined by Justice
Baer. Justice Saylor concurred in the result only, without opinion. Justice Eakin wrote a
dissenting opinion, which was joined by Justice Castille. Former Justices Nigro and
Newman did not participate.

[J-114-2016] - 5
unemployment compensation referee does not constitute the practice of law because

such proceedings are “largely routine and primarily focused on creating a factual basis,

or record, by which the referee can render a decision” and the nature of the proceedings

is remedial and designed to be brief and informal. Powell, 128 A.3d at 320, quoting

Harkness, 920 A.2d at 166, 168-69 (OAJC).

The Commonwealth Court concluded the UCBR improperly precluded

suspended attorneys Bailey and Ostrowski from representing appellee because Section

214 of the UC Law gives a party the statutory right to choose his representative before

an unemployment compensation referee, and under Harkness such representation does

not constitute the practice of law. Powell, 128 A.3d at 320. The court rejected the

UCBR’s reliance upon the Disciplinary Enforcement Rules for its contrary decision

because, in its view, enforcement of the Disciplinary Enforcement Rules falls within the

exclusive authority of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court and the Disciplinary Board. Id.

at 321, citing Pa.R.D.E. 201(a) (exclusive disciplinary jurisdiction of Supreme Court and

Disciplinary Board under these rules extends to attorney admitted to practice law in

Commonwealth and formerly admitted attorney). The court acknowledged this Court

previously held a suspended attorney in contempt for violation of Disciplinary

Enforcement Rule 217(j) for representing claimants in unemployment proceedings.

Powell, 128 A.3d at 321, citing In the Matter of David Louis Bargeron, No. 1073 DD3,

2011 Pa. LEXIS 1695, at *1 (Pa. July 27, 2011) (per curiam) (holding suspended

attorney in contempt of Rule 217(j) and ordering attorney to immediately cease and

desist from all activities in connection with representation of claimants and employers in

unemployment compensation proceedings and comply with all provisions of Rule 217).

The Commonwealth Court nevertheless concluded it was more consistent with Section

214 of the UC Law and Disciplinary Enforcement Rule 217(j) for the referee to allow a

[J-114-2016] - 6
suspended attorney to participate, advise him that his continued representation could

subject him to sanctions for violation of Disciplinary Enforcement Rule 217, and report

the attorney to the Disciplinary Board for further action as in Bargeron. Powell, 128

A.3d at 321.

The UCBR filed a petition for allowance of appeal, and we granted review of the

following question: “Should a Commonwealth agency be required to allow a suspended

attorney to represent a party in its hearings and proceedings?” Powell v. UCBR (Joe

Krentzman & Sons, Inc.), 134 A.3d 448 (Pa. 2016).

The UCBR asserts the Commonwealth Court’s decision undermines the attorney

disciplinary system created to protect legal consumers from persons found unqualified

to serve as attorneys. The UCBR argues the Commonwealth Court ignored the plain

language of Section 214 of the UC Law which authorizes representation by either an

“attorney” or “other representative” and Bailey and Ostrowski fall in neither category as

they are “formerly admitted attorneys.” UCBR Brief at 12-13. In the UCBR’s view, the

court’s reliance on Harkness is misplaced because the two-Justice OAJC addressed

representation by non-attorneys, but did not account for “formerly admitted attorneys”

who have been suspended and therefore are prohibited by the Disciplinary Enforcement

Rules from appearing before a referee. According to the UCBR, the Disciplinary

Enforcement Rules do not simply govern the practice of law, but also the conduct of

attorneys and formerly admitted attorneys. Id. at 13-14, citing Pa.R.D.E. 201(a)

(exclusive jurisdiction of Supreme Court and Disciplinary Board extends to any formerly

admitted attorney whose actions constitute violation of Disciplinary Enforcement Rules).

The UCBR argues this Court — through disciplinary proceedings — determined Bailey

and Ostrowski were unqualified to represent clients when they purported to represent

appellee, and the ruling below subverts this determination.

[J-114-2016] - 7
 In addition, the UCBR rejects the Commonwealth Court’s conclusion that

Referee Hess, by precluding Bailey and Ostrowski from representing appellee, was

improperly prosecuting and enforcing the Disciplinary Enforcement Rules. The UCBR

argues instead the referee was simply honoring this Court’s suspension orders. The

UCBR contends this Court’s disciplinary authority will be undermined if an agency

allows a suspended attorney to violate the Disciplinary Enforcement Rules by appearing

before the agency as a party’s representative. The UCBR further argues the

Commonwealth Court’s decision frustrates the public protection aspects of those Rules.

The UCBR asserts the process outlined by the Commonwealth Court involving an after-

the-fact complaint to the Disciplinary Board about a suspended attorney’s participation

in agency proceedings does not undo or mitigate harm that may have occurred to the

parties or to the timeliness and accuracy of the unemployment compensation

adjudicative process. The UCBR posits allowing representation of a party by a

suspended attorney creates potential error in agency proceedings and undermines the

finality of agency decisions.

The Office of Disciplinary Counsel (ODC) filed an amicus curiae brief in support

of the UCBR’s position. The ODC argues the UCBR is authorized to prohibit

suspended attorneys from representing clients in unemployment compensation

proceedings and the UCBR did not invade this Court’s jurisdiction in affirming the

referee’s decision to do so here. The ODC notes suspended attorneys are qualitatively

different from non-lawyer representatives who may otherwise appear before agencies

on behalf of claimants — suspended attorneys are not only prohibited from the practice

of law, but also from conducting other law-related activities. Amicus Brief at 19-20,

citing Pa.R.D.E. 217(j)(4)(vii) (formerly admitted attorney prohibited from appearing

before administrative referees or boards). According to the ODC, the distinction

[J-114-2016] - 8
between suspended attorneys and non-lawyer representatives is based not on legal

ability, a characteristic rendered immaterial by the Harkness plurality’s conclusion that

proceedings before the UCBR do not constitute the practice of law, but on the basis of

the lack of ethical fitness to act as an advocate. The ODC argues the UCBR properly

exercised its authority pursuant to Section 503 of the Administrative Agency Law, which

provides an “agency may, upon hearing and good cause shown, preclude any person

from practice before it.” See 2 Pa.C.S. §503. The ODC posits the Commonwealth

Court’s decision actually contravenes this Court’s authority by permitting a suspended

attorney to ignore the Court’s suspension orders. Further, the Commonwealth Court’s

decision places referees in an ethical quandary because allowing a suspended attorney

to violate Disciplinary Enforcement Rule 217 may be seen as assisting in a violation of

the Rules of Professional Conduct, which itself may be professional misconduct.

Amicus Brief at 22-23, citing Pa.R.P.C. 8.4 (professional misconduct includes engaging

in conduct prejudicial to administration of justice). The ODC also contends the

Commonwealth Court’s analysis is faulty based upon an overly broad interpretation of

the term “enforce,” as used in the court’s theory the referee and UCBR overstepped

their bounds by “enforcing” the Court’s order. The ODC asserts a referee’s refusal to

participate in or to allow a violation of the law does not amount to unauthorized

“enforcement” of this Court’s order.

Appellee argues the UCBR was without jurisdiction to deny him his right to the

representative of his choice and by doing so violated his rights under Pennsylvania law,

the Pennsylvania Constitution and the First, Seventh and Fourteenth Amendments to

the United States Constitution. Appellee argues pursuant to Harkness and Bargeron he

was entitled to be represented by Bailey and Ostrowski and that the referee had no right

to determine who “any other representative was.” Appellee’s Brief at 7, 9. Appellee

[J-114-2016] - 9
asserts the referee’s decision left him unable to “defend” himself or “present his case”

and “denied [him] a lawful hearing.” Id. at 4, 7. Appellee summarily alleges the UCBR

violated his rights to equal protection and substantive due process by denying him the

representation of his choice. He further “objects to the unconstitutional nature of the

vaguely and in-artfully composed” Disciplinary Enforcement Rules and the

unconstitutional way those rules were applied to him by the UCBR, which did not have

the authority to deny him “the representation of ‘other representatives’ such as Mr.

Bailey and Mr. Ostrowski.” Id. at 10.

As the issue before us involves a pure question of law, our standard of review is

de novo and our scope of review is plenary. Harkness, 920 A.2d at 166 n.2, citing

Buffalo Twp. v. Jones, 813 A.2d 659, 664 n.4 (Pa. 2002). Our careful review reveals

the Commonwealth Court erred in reversing the UCBR and directing it to allow

individuals who have been suspended from the practice of law to participate in

unemployment compensation proceedings on behalf of a claimant. We consider

suspended attorneys to be different from non-lawyer representatives who are

authorized to participate in unemployment compensation matters pursuant to Section

214 of the UC Law. Instead, suspended attorneys are individuals who have actually

been sanctioned by this Court for violations of the Rules of Professional Conduct and

now are “formerly admitted attorneys” who are expressly prohibited from appearing on

behalf of a client “in any hearing or proceeding” pursuant to Disciplinary Enforcement

Rule 217(j)(4)(vii). Suspended attorneys may therefore not act as the non-lawyer

representatives referred to in Section 214. We reject appellee’s claim he has a

constitutional right to be represented by suspended attorneys who have been

specifically precluded by this Court’s rules from acting as his representative.

[J-114-2016] - 10
 The Pennsylvania Constitution vests this Court with the authority to regulate the

practice of law. PA. CONST. art. V, §10(c) (“The Supreme Court shall have the power to

prescribe general rules governing practice, procedure and the conduct of all

courts,…including the power to provide for...admission to the bar and to practice

law….”). Pursuant to its authority, “this Court has adopted Rules of Professional

Conduct and Rules of Disciplinary Enforcement, which govern the conduct and

discipline of attorneys.” Commonwealth v. Stern, 701 A.2d 568, 571 (Pa. 1997); see

also Pa.R.D.E. 103 (“The Supreme Court declares that it has inherent and exclusive

power to supervise the conduct of attorneys who are its officers (which power is

reasserted in Section 10(c) of Article V of the Constitution of Pennsylvania) and in

furtherance thereof promulgates these rules.”).

We first review this Court’s OAJC in Harkness, on which the Commonwealth

Court relied but which we conclude is inapposite. In Harkness, the employer was

represented in unemployment compensation proceedings by a tax consultant who was

not — and never was — an attorney. The referee allowed the representation over the

claimant’s objection, and the UCBR affirmed on appeal. The en banc Commonwealth

Court reversed, determining it was error to allow a non-attorney tax consultant to

represent the employer. Harkness v. UCBR, 867 A.2d 728 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2005) (en

banc), rev’d by Harkness v. UCBR, 920 A.2d 162 (Pa. 2007). The court ruled the

employer’s tax consultant was improperly engaging in the practice of law because he

conducted cross-examination of witnesses, made decisions regarding evidentiary

matters and offered closing legal arguments; the court found such practice by a non-

lawyer was prohibited by Shortz v. Farrell, 193 A. 20 (Pa. 1933),7 and the UC Law, as

7
In Shortz, this Court held an insurance adjuster who prepared and filed pleadings,
appeared at hearings before referees, examined and cross-examined witnesses and in
(continued…)

[J-114-2016] - 11
well as regulations promulgated pursuant to the UC Law. Harkness, 867 A.2d at 731,

citing 43 P.S. §862 (limiting fees charged by counsel or other duly authorized agent

representing individuals); 34 Pa. Code §101.41 (approval of counsel fees for individuals

represented by counsel or authorized agent). Notably, the court examined Section 702

of the UC Law, 43 P.S. §862, which addresses limitations on fees sought by a

claimant’s counsel or duly authorized agents, and concluded because Section 702

addressed only fees for a claimant’s counsel or agent, the UC Law did not authorize

non-lawyer representation for employers. Id. at 732 n.6. Thus, the Commonwealth

Court held only a claimant — and not an employer — could be represented by a non-

lawyer in unemployment compensation proceedings. Id. at 731-32.

This Court granted allocatur to consider “whether a non-employee, non-lawyer

may represent an employer in unemployment compensation proceedings.” Harkness,

920 A.2d at 166 (OAJC). A plurality reversed the Commonwealth Court, with two

justices reasoning that a non-attorney representing an employer in unemployment

compensation proceedings does not constitute the unauthorized practice of law, and

otherwise does not violate the relevant UC Law provisions. Id. at 169 (OAJC). First,

the Harkness OAJC states the character of the activities performed in unemployment

compensation proceedings, together with the informal nature of those proceedings, the

minimal monetary amounts at issue and the long history of non-lawyer representative

participation suggested the public did not need the protection that serves as the basis

for classifying certain activities as the practice of law. Id. at 168. Second, the OAJC

notes the wording of other provisions of the UC Law demonstrates both employers and

claimants may be represented by non-lawyers. Id. at 170-71, citing 43 P.S. §822

(…continued)
general conducted litigation in workmen's compensation cases was engaged in the
unauthorized practice of law. Shortz, 193 A. at 21.

[J-114-2016] - 12
(parties and their attorneys or other representatives of record shall be notified of time

and place of hearing and referee’s decision).8

The legal conclusions expressed in the Harkness OAJC in no way alter our

analysis of the issue before us because that case is distinguishable on its facts.

Harkness involved a non-lawyer tax consultant and the case revolved, in substantial

part, around the distinction between who may represent claimants and who may

represent employers. Moreover, the critical question regarding which party may engage

a non-lawyer representative in unemployment compensation proceedings was

definitively resolved by the General Assembly after the hearing in that case, and while

the matter was on appeal. See 43 P.S. §774 (“Any party in any proceeding under this

act before the department, a referee or the board may be represented by an attorney or

other representative.”); see also Harkness, 920 A.2d at 171 (Eakin, J., dissenting, joined

by Castille, J.).

In any event, notwithstanding the statements in the Harkness OAJC regarding

non-lawyer representatives and the nature of unemployment compensation

proceedings, as well as Justice Todd’s similar statements in dissent regarding “non-

attorneys,” it is clear suspended attorneys like Bailey and Ostrowski are in a different

class from “non-lawyer representatives” who may appear on behalf of any party in

unemployment compensation proceedings. Suspended attorneys are “formerly

8
The dissent opined the tax representative was engaged in the unlawful practice of law
under Shortz. Harkness, 920 A.2d at 171 (Eakin, J., dissenting, joined by Castille, J.).
The dissent also observed that, following the underlying unemployment compensation
hearing, the General Assembly enacted Section 214 of the UC Law, expressly allowing
any party to be represented by “an attorney or other representative.” In the dissent’s
view, the “other representative” language encompasses a corporate officer or member
of the employer’s own staff, but does not include a non-employee representative
because allowing such representation would infringe on this Court’s authority to regulate
the practice of law, including defining the practice of law. Id. at 172.

[J-114-2016] - 13
admitted attorneys” who remain subject to the Disciplinary Enforcement Rules and the

terms of this Court’s orders relating to their suspensions. Specifically, the suspension

orders in this case provided Bailey and Ostrowski “shall comply with all the provisions of

Rule 217, Pa.R.D.E.” Bailey, 2013 Pa. LEXIS 2269, at *1; Ostrowski, 2010 Pa. LEXIS

114, at *1. Rule 217 expressly prohibits these attorneys from “appearing on behalf of a

client in any hearing or proceeding or before any judicial officer, arbitrator, mediator,

court, public agency, referee, magistrate, hearing officer or any other adjudicative

person or body.” Pa.R.D.E. 217(j)(4)(vi). The Commonwealth Court’s conclusion that

the unemployment compensation referee and the UCBR could not apply the terms of

Rule 217 and this Court’s suspension orders in its tribunals was error.

Our decision is informed by an understanding that the purpose of the attorney

disciplinary process, including proceedings which may result in this Court’s issuance of

suspension or disbarment orders, is to determine whether an attorney is fit to act as an

advocate in legal and law-related activities and proceedings. See Office of Disciplinary

Counsel v. Campbell, 345 A.2d 616, 620 (Pa. 1975) (purpose of disciplinary

proceedings is not punishment, but rather to determine fitness of officer of the court to

continue in that capacity). Moreover, orders of suspension or disbarment are designed

to protect the public from attorneys who have been deemed unfit and to maintain the

public’s regard for a profession imbued with its trust. Id. The reports and

recommendations returned to this Court by the Disciplinary Board in both Bailey’s and

Ostrowski’s disciplinary proceedings recommended suspension in order to accomplish

these salutary objectives. Moreover, the Court’s orders specifically directed Bailey and

Ostrowski to comply with the provisions of Disciplinary Enforcement Rule 217 while they

remained suspended. Bailey, 2013 Pa. LEXIS 2269, at *1; Ostrowski, 2010 Pa. LEXIS

[J-114-2016] - 14
114, at *1.9 Consequently, this Court determined Bailey and Ostrowski were unfit at all

relevant times to appear on behalf of an individual “in any hearing or proceeding or

before any judicial officer, arbitrator, mediator, court, public agency, referee, magistrate,

hearing officer or any other adjudicative person or body.” Pa.R.D.E. 217(j)(4)(vi).

We also conclude the referee and UCBR did not infringe upon this Court’s

jurisdiction over attorney discipline as argued by appellee. Indeed, in precluding

participation by suspended attorneys, the lower tribunals were actually recognizing and

upholding the force and effect of this Court’s orders with regard to the two attorneys’

suspended status.10 Cf. Slater v. Rimar, Inc., 338 A.2d 584, 589 (Pa. 1975) (although

breaches of Rules of Professional Conduct may be subject of disciplinary action, trial

courts need not await such proceedings, but may restrain improper conduct pursuant to

court’s inherent power to control pending proceedings and a duty to supervise conduct

9
Because the suspension orders are enforceable specifically against them as
individuals, it was incumbent upon Bailey and Ostrowski as formerly admitted attorneys
to decline the opportunity to represent appellee. See, e.g., Pa.R.D.E. 217(a) (formerly
admitted attorney must notify clients of suspension status and advise clients to seek
legal advice elsewhere); Pa.R.D.E. 217(b) (formerly admitted attorney must notify
clients involved in pending administrative proceedings of suspension); Pa.R.D.E.
217(c)(3) (formerly admitted attorney must give notice of suspension to “any other
tribunal, court, agency or jurisdiction in which attorney is admitted to practice”);
Pa.R.D.E. 217(e)(1) (formerly admitted attorney must file with Secretary of the
Disciplinary Board verified statement of compliance with Pa.R.D.E. 217). This duty is
distinct and separate from appellee’s statutory right to select a representative. 43 P.S.
§774.
10
The dissent notes the UCBR as an executive agency is not bound by this Court’s
suspension orders. Dissenting Slip Op. (Todd, J. dissenting) at 6-7. There is no
dispute, however, that formerly admitted attorneys appearing before the Board are
surely bound by this Court’s suspension orders. See, e.g., Pa.R.D.E. 217(j) (formerly
admitted attorney may not engage in any form of law-related activities in the
Commonwealth except in limited circumstances). Accordingly, the UCBR correctly gave
due deference to this Court’s conclusion the suspended attorneys were unfit to
represent clients in any hearing or proceeding or before a referee or any other
adjudicative person or body.

[J-114-2016] - 15
of lawyers appearing before court).11 Moreover, the referee’s decision to preclude

participation by the suspended attorneys is supported by separate statutory authority.

See, e.g., 2 Pa.C.S. §503 (“Any Commonwealth agency may, upon hearing and good

cause shown, preclude any person from practice before it.”). The Commonwealth

Court’s suggested alternative method of confronting the problem of suspended

attorneys appearing in agency proceedings — allowing participation but referring the

attorney to the Disciplinary Board — does not mitigate the harm to the party, and

actually undermines the timeliness and finality of the UC adjudicative process, where a

party might later have reason to object to the award based on participation of an

ethically or otherwise compromised attorney. See, e.g., 34 Pa. Code §101.104(c)(2)

(pursuant to Section 504 of UC Law, 43 P.S. §824, UCBR, in its discretion, may remand

to referee to take additional evidence if “[i]t appears that there may have been a denial

of a fair hearing under the rules”). Cf. Johnson v. WCAB, 321 A.2d 728, 730 (Pa.

Cmwlth. 1974) (proof that claimant’s counsel was incompetent might constitute good

cause to allow rehearing).

With regard to appellee’s constitutional argument the referee and the UCBR

violated his rights to equal protection and substantive due process by denying him the

representative of his choice, we note neither the United States Constitution nor the

Pennsylvania Constitution guarantees the right to representation in civil proceedings,

11
We recognize unemployment compensation referees are not imbued with the same
powers as a trial court, but they are nevertheless authorized to regulate the course of
hearings and to take other action necessary or appropriate to the discharge of the
duties vested in them. See 1 Pa. Code §35.187(1), (10) (“Presiding officers…shall have
the authority, within the powers and subject to the regulations of the agency,” to
regulate the course of hearings and to “…take other action necessary or appropriate to
the discharge of the duties vested in them, consistent with the statutory or other
authorities under which the agency functions and with the regulations and policies of the
agency.”).

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although such right is guaranteed in criminal proceedings. See, e.g., U.S. CONST.

Amend. 6 (“In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right…to have the

Assistance of Counsel for his defence.”); PA. CONST. Art. I, §9 (“In all criminal

prosecutions the accused hath a right to be heard by himself and his counsel…”). To

the extent the United States Supreme Court suggested in Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S.

45 (1932), albeit in dicta, that a court’s refusal to hear a party’s representative in a civil

case could constitute a denial of due process, the High Court conditioned its statement

on the court’s refusal being “arbitrary,” which is clearly not the case here. Id. at 69 (“If in

any case, civil or criminal, a state or federal court were arbitrarily to refuse to hear a

party by counsel, employed by and appearing for him, it reasonably may not be doubted

that such a refusal would be a denial of a hearing, and, therefore, of due process in the

constitutional sense.”). Even in the context of criminal proceedings, this Court has

opined “the right to be represented by counsel of one’s own choice is not absolute,

however. The right to counsel may be impaired or eliminated by state regulation which

is designed to provide for overriding state interest….” Commonwealth v. Hess, 617

A.2d 307, 314 (Pa. 1992). Thus, a party’s right to a representative or counsel of choice

may be circumscribed where necessary, particularly in a case like this one, which is

expressly encompassed by the restrictions of this Court’s suspension order and

Disciplinary Enforcement Rule 217. Appellee has provided no applicable support for his

claim of constitutional entitlement, and in light of this Court’s clear authority to establish

standards for the conduct of attorneys in order to protect the public from unfit advocates

and thereby maintain the public’s confidence in the legal system, we conclude appellee

is not entitled to be represented by a suspended or disbarred attorney in unemployment

compensation proceedings.

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 Accordingly, we affirm the Commonwealth Court’s decision to remand for further

proceedings, but reverse its holding a suspended attorney may represent claimants in

unemployment compensation proceedings. The matter is remanded for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion, including a hearing before an unemployment

compensation referee during which appellee may choose to proceed pro se or with

qualified representation.12

Affirmed in part and reversed in part. Jurisdiction relinquished.

Chief Justice Saylor and Justices Donohue, Wecht and Mundy join the opinion.

Justice Baer files a concurring and dissenting opinion.

Justice Todd files a dissenting opinion.

12
We recognize Justice Baer would not allow appellee another opportunity to obtain
eligible representation at a new hearing. The position has facial appeal. However, we
note the legal landscape before today’s decision included Harkness, supra, where this
Court held — in a different context — that representation of individuals in
unemployment compensation hearings did not constitute the practice of law, and may
have been read to support appellee’s decision to hire suspended attorneys. As the
question regarding suspended attorneys has now been squarely presented and
addressed for the first time in this case, we consider a remand the proper course.

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