[J-119A&B-2016] [MO: Wecht, J.]
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
MIDDLE DISTRICT
IN RE: ADOPTION OF: L.B.M., A MINOR : No. 84 MAP 2016
:
: Appeal from the Order of the Superior
APPEAL OF: J.P., MOTHER : Court at 1834 MDA 2015 dated May 31,
: 2016 Affirming the Order of the Court of
: Common Pleas of Franklin County,
: Orphan's Court Division, at 42-ADOPT-
: 2014 dated September 25, 2015.
:
: ARGUED: December 6, 2016
IN RE: ADOPTION OF: A.D.M., A MINOR : No. 85 MAP 2016
:
: Appeal from the Order of the Superior
APPEAL OF: J.P., MOTHER : Court at 1835 MDA 2015 dated May 31,
: 2016 Affirming the order of the Court of
: Common Pleas of Franklin County,
: Orphans Division, at 41-ADOPT-2014
: dated September 25, 2015.
:
: ARGUED: December 6, 2016
DISSENTING OPINION
JUSTICE BAER DECIDED: March 28, 2017
I join Justice Mundy’s dissenting opinion. I write separately to explain my
reasoning and to set forth a recommended course of action for trial courts.
As has been noted, this case requires our interpretation of Section 2313(a) of the
Adoption Act:
§ 2313. Representation
(a) Child. - The court shall appoint counsel to represent the
child in an involuntary termination proceeding when the
proceeding is being contested by one or both of the parents.
The court may appoint counsel or a guardian ad litem to
represent any child who has not reached the age of 18 years
and is subject to any other proceeding under this part
whenever it is in the best interests of the child. No attorney
or law firm shall represent both the child and the adopting
parent or parents.
23 Pa.C.S. § 2313(a). I agree with my colleagues that the first sentence of Section
2313(a) requires a trial court to appoint counsel to represent the child in a contested
termination proceeding. The question raised by this case, however, is whether a trial
court must appoint a separate attorney as counsel for the termination proceeding or
whether an attorney then serving as the child’s guardian ad litem (GAL) in the related
dependency proceedings (hereinafter, for clarity, “GAL Attorney”) may continue to serve
in a dual capacity representing both the best interests and the legal interests of the
child, assuming the interests do not conflict.1
Notably, the first sentence of Section 2313(a) is silent as to whether the
appointed counsel may be the same individual who serves as the GAL Attorney in the
dependency proceedings. I agree with Justice Mundy that the second sentence of
Section 2313 does not answer this question as it instead addresses the child’s
representation in “any other proceedings” under the Adoption Act other than a contested
termination proceeding, which is addressed by the first sentence of the section.
Section 2313(a)’s differentiation of the representation requirements is
understandable given the significance to the child and finality of the termination of
parental rights. While the General Assembly mandates in the first sentence of Section
2313(a) that a child be represented by counsel in a contested termination proceeding,
the second sentence of the provision allows, but does not require, representation by
either counsel or a GAL (who does not have to be an attorney under the Adoption Act)
1
The representation provisions allowing for a GAL Attorney to serve in a dual capacity
in dependency actions are set forth infra at 3-4.
[J-119A&B-2016] [MO: Wecht, J.] - 2
in other proceedings such as uncontested adoption proceedings. The fact that a GAL
may be appointed in other proceedings, however, does not address whether a GAL
Attorney may satisfy the requirement that counsel be appointed for purposes of the first
sentence addressing a contested termination of parental rights proceeding.
While the Adoption Act does not speak to whether a GAL Attorney can serve as
the appointed counsel under Section 2313(a) in contested termination proceedings,
Section 6311 of the Juvenile Act specifically provides for a GAL Attorney to serve in a
dual capacity in dependency proceedings. 42 Pa.C.S. § 6311. For specified categories
of dependent children, Section 6311(a) requires that the court “appoint a guardian ad
litem to represent the legal interests and the best interests of the child,” and mandates
that “[t]he guardian ad litem must be an attorney at law.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 6311(a).2
Subsection 6311(b) requires that the GAL Attorney represent “the legal interests and
the best interests of the child at every stage of the proceedings” and sets forth the
duties of the GAL Attorney, which include traditional responsibilities of legal counsel.3
2
In full, Section 6311(a) provides:
(a) Appointment.--When a proceeding, including a master's
hearing, has been initiated alleging that the child is a
dependent child under paragraph (1), (2), (3), (4) or (10) of
the definition of “dependent child” in section 6302 (relating to
definitions), the court shall appoint a guardian ad litem to
represent the legal interests and the best interests of the
child. The guardian ad litem must be an attorney at law.
42 Pa.C.S. § 6311(a).
3
In relevant part, Section 6311(b) imposes the following duties upon the GAL Attorney
that invoke standard duties of legal counsel:
(b) Powers and duties.--The guardian ad litem shall be
charged with representation of the legal interests and the
(continued…)
[J-119A&B-2016] [MO: Wecht, J.] - 3
Significantly, Subparagraph 6311(b)(9), in its original form, imposes on the GAL
Attorney the following duty in regard to the child’s legal interest:
(…continued)
best interests of the child at every stage of the proceedings
and shall do all of the following:
(1) Meet with the child as soon as possible following
appointment pursuant to section 6337 (relating to right to
counsel) and on a regular basis thereafter in a manner
appropriate to the child's age and maturity.
****
(5) Interview potential witnesses, including the child's
parents, caretakers and foster parents, examine and cross-
examine witnesses and present witnesses and evidence
necessary to protect the best interests of the child.
****
(7) Make specific recommendations to the court relating to
the appropriateness and safety of the child's placement and
services necessary to address the child's needs and safety.
****
(9) Advise the court of the child's wishes to the extent that
they can be ascertained and present to the court whatever
evidence exists to support the child's wishes. When
appropriate because of the age or mental and emotional
condition of the child, determine to the fullest extent possible
the wishes of the child and communicate this information to
the court. A difference between the child's wishes under this
paragraph and the recommendations under paragraph (7)
shall not be considered a conflict of interest for the guardian
ad litem.
42 Pa.C.S. § 6311.
[J-119A&B-2016] [MO: Wecht, J.] - 4
(9) Advise the court of the child's wishes to the extent that
they can be ascertained and present to the court whatever
evidence exists to support the child's wishes. When
appropriate because of the age or mental and emotional
condition of the child, determine to the fullest extent possible
the wishes of the child and communicate this information to
the court. A difference between the child's wishes under this
paragraph and the recommendations under paragraph (7)
[addressing recommendations for the child’s placement and
necessary services] shall not be considered a conflict of
interest for the guardian ad litem.
42 Pa.C.S. § 6311 (emphasis added).
Notably, this Court suspended the italicized last sentence of Section 6311(b)(9)
countenancing a conflict of interest between the child’s wishes and the GAL Attorney’s
best interest recommendations pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Juvenile Court
Procedure 1800(3).4 Rule 1800(3) suspended Section 6311(b)(9) to the extent it
conflicted with Pa.R.J.C.P. 1151 and 1154. Rule 1151 instructs courts when to appoint
a GAL Attorney and when to appoint counsel. As relevant to this case, a GAL Attorney
should be assigned when a child “is without proper parental care or control,
subsistence, education as required by law, or other care or control necessary for the
4
Rule 1800(3) provides as follows:
(3) The Act of July 9, 1976, P.L. 586, No. 142, § 2, 42
Pa.C.S. § 6311(b)(9), which provide that there is not a
conflict of interest for the guardian ad litem in communicating
the child's wishes and the recommendation relating to the
appropriateness and safety of the child's placement and
services necessary to address the child's needs and safety,
is suspended only insofar as the Act is inconsistent with
Rules 1151 and 1154, which allows for appointment of
separate legal counsel and a guardian ad litem when the
guardian ad litem determines there is a conflict of interest
between the child's legal interest and best interest.
Pa.R.J.C.P. 1800(3).
[J-119A&B-2016] [MO: Wecht, J.] - 5
physical, mental or emotional health, or morals,” a classification which corresponds to
one of the definitions of a dependent child under the Juvenile Act. Pa.R.J.C.P.
1151(A)(1); 42 Pa.C.S. § 6302 (“Dependent Child”)(1). In turn, Rule 1154 provides the
duties of a GAL Attorney, which mirror the duties established by Section 6311 of the
Juvenile Act, absent the suspended last sentence of subparagraph 9, addressing
potential conflicts of interest for the GAL Attorney.
In place of the final sentence, the comment to Rule 1154 provides, “If there is a
conflict of interest between the duties of the guardian ad litem pursuant to paragraphs
(7) and (9), the guardian ad litem for the child may move the court for appointment as
legal counsel and assignment of a separate guardian ad litem . . . .” Pa.R.J.C.P. 1154,
cmt.5 It further explains that “If there is not a conflict of interest, the guardian ad litem
5
The comment to Rule 1154 provides in relevant part as follows:
Comment: If there is a conflict of interest between the duties
of the guardian ad litem pursuant to paragraphs (7) and (9),
the guardian ad litem for the child may move the court for
appointment as legal counsel and assignment of a separate
guardian ad litem when, for example, the information that the
guardian ad litem possesses gives rise to the conflict and
can be used to the detriment of the child. If there is not a
conflict of interest, the guardian ad litem represents the legal
interests and best interests of the child at every stage of the
proceedings. 42 Pa.C.S. § 6311(b). To the extent 42 Pa.C.S.
§ 6311(b)(9) is inconsistent with this rule, it is suspended.
See Rules 1151 and 1800. See also Pa.R.P.C. 1.7 and 1.8.
“Legal interests” denotes that an attorney is to express the
child's wishes to the court regardless of whether the attorney
agrees with the child's recommendation. “Best interests”
denotes that a guardian ad litem is to express what the
guardian ad litem believes is best for the child's care,
protection, safety, and wholesome physical and mental
development regardless of whether the child agrees.
(continued…)
[J-119A&B-2016] [MO: Wecht, J.] - 6
represents the legal interests and best interests of the child at every stage of the
proceedings. 42 Pa.C.S. § 6311(b).” Pa.R.J.C.P. 1154, cmt. Thus, in dependency
proceedings under the Juvenile Act, a GAL Attorney represents both the best interests
and legal interests of the child absent a conflict of interest. If there is a conflict of
interest, the child must have a GAL representing her best interests and separate legal
counsel representing legal interests. This provision is consistent with Pennsylvania’s
Rules of Professional Conduct which forbid an attorney from representing a client “if the
representation involves a concurrent conflict of interest.” Pa.R.P.C. 1.7(a) (entitled
“Conflicts of Interest: Current Clients”).
I see no obstacle to this system of representation being applied for purposes of a
child’s representation in contested termination proceedings under the first sentence of
Section 2313(a) of the Adoption Act. Indeed, as contested termination proceedings
generally arise from dependency proceedings, I conclude that the statutory
representation provisions for children subject to both proceedings should be read in pari
materia. 1 Pa.C.S. § 1932 (providing that statutes that “relate to the same persons or
things or to the same class of persons or things” “shall be construed together, if
possible, as one statute”).
Indeed, reading the representation provisions consistently allows the child to
have continuity of representation between the dependency and termination
proceedings.6 As in the dependency proceedings, if a conflict of interest exists between
(…continued)
Pa.R.J.C.P. 1154, cmt.
6
The Majority suggests that confusion could result if the GAL Attorney from the
dependency proceedings was appointed to advocate for the child’s legal interests in the
termination proceedings. Maj. Op. at 14. Respectfully, I fail to see how confusion
would result given that the GAL Attorney has been representing both the legal interests
and the best interests of the child throughout the dependency proceedings. Rather than
(continued…)
[J-119A&B-2016] [MO: Wecht, J.] - 7
the child’s best and legal interests, the GAL Attorney, who is subject to the Rules of
Professional Conduct, must move for the appointment of a separate individual to allow
separate representation of the best interests and legal interests. See Pa.R.P.C. 1.7. As
I conclude that no universal disqualifying impediment exists to prevent a dependency
proceeding GAL Attorney from continuing to represent the child’s legal and best
interests in a termination proceeding, I concur with Justice Mundy in holding that the
trial court did not err in refusing to appoint a new individual as counsel.
Nevertheless, I am troubled that an affirmance of the trial court’s denial of the
motion to appoint counsel could be misconstrued as not requiring the appointment of
counsel in contested termination proceedings. Indeed, I agree with the Majority that
lack of counsel for the child would result in a structural error in a termination proceeding.
Maj. Op. at 16-17. As such, it would be a better practice for courts in every contested
termination proceeding to place an order on the record formalizing the appointment of
counsel to highlight for all parties the responsibility for the representation of the child’s
legal interests, while simultaneously permitting that attorney to serve as the child’s GAL
so long as there is no conflict of interest between the child’s legal and best interests.
As applied to this case, it would have been preferable for the trial court to have
formally appointed the GAL as the child’s counsel for the termination proceedings and
cited the first (as opposed to second) sentence of Section 2313(a). I refuse, however,
to promote form over substance and deny permanency to A.D.M based upon the trial
court’s technically improper order denying the appointment of counsel. Instead, I
(…continued)
confusion, allowing the status quo representation to continue would provide continuity
for the child, especially because the dependency proceedings, as noted by the Majority,
may overlap with the termination proceedings. If a conflict of interest exists, the GAL
Attorney would be obligated to seek appointment of a separate individual as occurs
under the dependency procedures.
[J-119A&B-2016] [MO: Wecht, J.] - 8
conclude that the trial court was correct in denying Mother’s motion because Mother
sought not the appointment of counsel generally, but instead requested the appointment
of “independent counsel.” Motion to Appoint Counsel for the Child [A.D.M.]. As I have
stated above, Section 2313(a), in my view, does not mandate the appointment of
counsel distinct from the GAL Attorney serving in the same dual capacity in the
dependency proceedings, absent a conflict of interest between the child’s best interests
and legal interests.
Moreover, the record does not support Mother’s assertion that a conflict of
interest existed between A.D.M’s legal and best interests during the second termination
proceeding, which would have required the GAL to move for the appointment of
separate counsel. A conflict of interest may have existed during the first termination
proceeding in 2014 when the GAL recommended that termination was in A.D.M’s best
interest in contrast to A.D.M’s articulated desire to be reunited with Mother. However,
by the time of the second termination proceeding, A.D.M expressed a desire to live with
his foster parents. He first noted that it was “a really hard decision because they both
care about me. But my mom doesn’t act like it.” N.T., 9/15/2015, at 10. He then stated
that he would “probably go with” his foster parents because he felt “like [his] mom’s not
safe because she could probably do drugs again,” which he recognized would result in
yet another removal of him and his younger brother. Id. at 11. In contrast he noted that
living with his foster parents “would be pretty good because they’re a good family and
they take good care of me.” Id. at 17. He also clearly expressed his desire for
permanency, noting that he had been “in foster care for a really long time [and had]
been switching around with foster families a lot.” Id. Understandably, he hoped that if
he was placed with his foster parents that his mom’s “family could connect with the
[J-119A&B-2016] [MO: Wecht, J.] - 9
[foster family], the whole entire family.”7 Id. at 18. Thus, I agree with the trial court that
A.D.M’s legal interests were consistent with the GAL’s view of his best interests during
the relevant second termination proceeding.
Therefore, I respectfully dissent from the remand and would affirm the
termination of Mother’s parental rights.
Justice Mundy joins this dissenting opinion.
7
Likewise, he expressed a wish to maintain contact with his foster family if placed with
his mother.
[J-119A&B-2016] [MO: Wecht, J.] - 10
In Re: Adoption of: L.B.M., A Minor
Combined Opinion