MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this FILED
Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as Mar 29 2017, 9:32 am
precedent or cited before any court except for the
purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case. Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Matthew D. Anglemeyer Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Marion County Public Defender Agency Attorney General of Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana
Ellen H. Meilaender
Supervising Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Josiah Keyes, March 29, 2017
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
49A04-1604-CR-828
v. Appeal from the Marion Superior
Court.
The Honorable Lisa F. Borges,
State of Indiana, Judge.
Appellee-Plaintiff. Trial Court Cause No. 49G04-1509-
F3-32384
Barteau, Senior Judge
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Statement of the Case
1
[1] Josiah Keyes appeals his conviction of aggravated battery, a Level 3 felony.
We affirm.
Issues
[2] Keyes raises two issues, which we restate as:
I. Whether the trial court abused its discretion in denying
Keyes’s request to reopen the case after both parties rested.
II. Whether the trial court abused its discretion in prohibiting
Keyes from testifying about possible bias by one of the
State’s witnesses.
Facts and Procedural History
[3] Keyes and Davine Harding began dating in 2015, and he moved into her home
in Indianapolis. They lived a few blocks away from Davine’s mother, Kim
Mathes. Davine’s sister, Diamond, lived with their mother.
[4] Shortly before midnight on September 8, 2015, Davine was sitting on Mathes’s
front porch with Diamond when Keyes approached. He was angry and
grabbed Davine by her shirt. Keyes and Davine walked away while Diamond
asked what was wrong. She followed Davine and Keyes and saw Keyes hit
Davine, knocking her to the ground.
1
Ind. Code § 35-42-2-1.5 (2014).
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[5] Diamond ran to them and attempted to push Keyes away from Davine with her
hands. Keyes pulled out a handgun and hit Diamond in the jaw with the butt
of the gun. She fell to the ground, feeling intense pain in her mouth. Diamond
got up and ran home, where she found her mother. They went to a neighbor,
who called the police.
[6] Officer Jeffery Newlin of the Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department was
dispatched to the scene. He encountered Mathes and Diamond, who was very
upset and had “extensive injuries” to her jaw and teeth in the upper left portion
of her mouth. Tr. Vol. I, p. 49. Her mouth was bleeding profusely and she had
difficulty talking. Diamond identified Keyes as her assailant, claiming he hit
2
her in the face with the butt of a handgun. Officers were dispatched to
Davine’s residence. Davine refused to let the officers enter and told them
Keyes was not there.
[7] Meanwhile, Diamond was taken to a hospital. Her jaw was broken and doctors
inserted wires to hold her damaged teeth in place. Diamond had recently had
braces implanted, and they were damaged. Dr. Carrie Klene examined
Diamond and reviewed her file. Dr. Klene estimated that Diamond would
have had to have been struck with a force of four or more tons to cause the
2
Keyes claims it is incorrect to say that he hit Diamond with a gun because the jury found him not guilty of
charges where the use or possession of a weapon was an element of the offense, and aggravated battery, the
charge of which he was found guilty, does not require the use of a weapon. We disagree. Diamond testified
that Keyes hit her with a handgun, and Officer Newlin testified that Diamond told him Keyes hit her with a
handgun. We do not know the reasons for the jury’s decisions, but the not guilty verdicts do not preclude a
conclusion that Keyes used a gun to commit aggravated battery against Diamond.
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damage to her jaw and teeth. Diamond had to keep the wires in her mouth for
a month, during which time she was limited to a liquid diet because she was
unable to chew.
[8] On September 10, 2015, Diamond and Mathes went to Davine’s home and
discovered Keyes was there. They called the police. The police surrounded the
residence and demanded that Keyes come out. He came out an hour later,
smiling as he surrendered. He told Mathes to “go to hell.” Id. at 87. A
detective examined Keyes and determined he did not have any injuries or
marks on his hands. During post-arrest questioning by police, Keyes denied
hitting anyone. He also asked a detective what would happen if a witness did
not show up to testify at trial.
[9] The State charged Keyes with aggravated battery, a Level 3 felony; battery by
means of a deadly weapon, a Level 5 felony; pointing a firearm, a Level 6
felony; and carrying a handgun without a license, a Class A misdemeanor.
Prior to trial, Davine gave a recorded statement during which she was
interviewed under oath by the State and Keyes. Davine claimed that Keyes
pushed her to the ground, but only after she hit him first. In addition, she
claimed Keyes hit Diamond in the face with his fist, but only after Diamond
attacked him first. Davine also stated that she and Keyes were arguing that day
because her mother had told her that Keyes was cheating on her.
[10] Davine did not appear at trial, as we discuss in more detail below. Diamond
testified as described above. Keyes testified that Davine hit him and then
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Diamond jumped on his back, causing him to hit Diamond with his fist in self-
defense. The jury determined Keyes was guilty of aggravated battery and not
guilty of the remaining charges. The court entered a sentence, and this appeal
followed.
Discussion and Decision
I. Denial of Request to Reopen Record
[11] Keyes argues that the trial court should have reopened the record to allow him
to present the transcript of Davine’s pretrial statement because she failed to
appear at trial. The State responds that the court acted well within its discretion
in denying Keyes’s request because he could have offered the transcript during
his case in chief.
[12] The decision to reopen a case is within the discretion of the trial court, and the
decision will be reviewed only to determine whether there has been an abuse of
discretion. Moss v. State, 13 N.E.3d 440, 446 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), trans. denied.
We will not set aside the trial court’s ruling unless we find that it was
unreasonable considering all of the attendant circumstances. Walker v. State,
587 N.E.2d 675, 677 (Ind. 1992).
[13] Among the factors to weigh in the exercise of discretion are whether there is
any prejudice to the opposing party, whether the party seeking to reopen
appears to have rested inadvertently or purposely, the stage of the proceedings
at which the request is made, and whether any real confusion or inconvenience
would result from granting the request. Flynn v. State, 497 N.E.2d 912, 914
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(Ind. 1986). A prime consideration, as part of the concept of prejudice to the
opposing party, is whether the opposing party has had adequate opportunity to
prepare to rebut the evidence offered. Lee v. State, 439 N.E.2d 603, 604 (Ind.
1982).
[14] The State, but not Keyes, subpoenaed Davine to appear at trial. On the first
day of trial, before the jury was selected, Keyes asked for a continuance,
claiming he had reason to believe Davine would not appear in court that day.
Keyes further stated that he had requested a subpoena for Davine that morning.
The State objected to Keyes’s request for a continuance, noting that he could
have subpoenaed Davine well before trial. The court denied the motion for
continuance.
[15] On the second day of trial, Davine did not appear. After the State rested, Keyes
asked the court to issue a body attachment for Davine. The court denied
Keyes’s request, determining that although counsel for Keyes had attempted to
serve Davine with the subpoena multiple times, there was no proof she was
aware of the subpoena. Keyes then asked for a continuance or recess, which
the court denied.
[16] Next, Keyes testified in his own defense. While he reviewed an exhibit, the
court called the attorneys to the bench. Out of the jury’s hearing, the court told
the parties a paralegal had called to say he had found Davine, but she refused to
come to court even though court staff told her she had to testify.
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[17] After the parties rested but before closing arguments or final instructions were
given to the jury, Keyes asked that the transcript of Davine’s recorded statement
be admitted as evidence. The trial court declined to reopen the case, stating:
Okay. I appreciate your argument. And here’s - here’s what I’m
thinking. I called counsel to the bench during the Defendant's
testimony while he was reading this - the transcript of his
conversation with the detective. So he was reviewing that and I
called you all up to the bench and show you this note, which
says: D, meaning Davine, is not coming and will not get in
Dan’s, paralegal’s car. He did say she’s smoking week [sic], all
right. So I shared that with you all. And then from then [sic],
you finished cross and redirect and questions from the jury. And
at no time did you - and I saw Mr. Bailey come into the court
before that was - before you rested. At no time did you ask me
then for a bench warrant for her explaining to me that she had
been at this point subpoenaed. I might have been concerned
about her ability to testify knowing that she was smoking week
[sic] apparently. But at that point I think might have been when I
could have allowed a bench warrant, and then if you could get
her here fine. But you’ve rested. We went on with rebuttal and
we’re done, okay.
Tr. Vol. II, p. 312.
[18] Applying the law to these facts, we cannot conclude the trial court abused its
discretion in denying Keyes’s request to reopen the case. The court correctly
noted Keyes was notified before ending his case-in-chief that Davine would not
come to trial, but waited until after he had rested, the State had presented its
rebuttal evidence and rested, and the jury was sent to lunch, to ask to reopen
the case and submit the transcript to the jury. It thus appears Keyes rested his
case purposefully rather than inadvertently. In addition, Keyes had not
subpoenaed Davine prior to trial, which might have provided earlier notice that
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she did not intend to come to court and would have allowed the court to
address her defiance in a more efficient manner.
[19] Further, the State would have been unduly prejudiced by reopening the case to
admit the transcript of the statement as evidence because Davine was not
present to be questioned about her assertions in the statement. The State
questioned Davine during her statement, but there are obvious differences in the
questions a party might ask during discovery and the questions to be asked at
trial. In addition, it was unclear whether Diamond, the State’s key witness, was
present on the second day of trial to challenge Davine’s statement. It would
have been inconvenient to ask her to return to rebut the statement.
[20] Keyes correctly states that, in general, a party should be afforded the
opportunity to reopen its case to submit evidence which could have been part of
its case-in-chief. Gorman v. State, 463 N.E.2d 254, 257 (Ind. 1984). In this case,
Davine’s statement could not have been part of Keyes’s case-in-chief because
the statement contains hearsay. Hearsay is an out-of-court statement offered in
evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted. Ind. Evid. R. 801(c). In
general, hearsay is not admissible as evidence. Ind. Evid. R. 802.
[21] In the statement, Davine explained her mother told her that Keyes was cheating
on her and that her mother did not like Keyes because Keyes told her mother’s
boyfriend that her mother was cheating on him, both of which are hearsay. At
trial, Keyes argued these statements could be admitted, not for the truth of the
matter asserted, but instead to show Davine’s motive to fight with Keyes.
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Davine and Mathes did not testify at trial, so those statements are irrelevant to
prove motive as to them. Diamond testified at trial, but there is no indication in
Davine’s statement that Diamond was aware of any allegations of cheating and
thus it would not have been probative of Diamond’s motives. We cannot
conclude the statement could have been admitted into evidence as part of
Keyes’s case-in-chief. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying
Keyes’s request to reopen its case. See Flynn, 497 N.E.2d at 915 (no abuse of
discretion in denying defendant’s motion to reopen case; defendant
purposefully rather than inadvertently rested its case and reopening the case
could have inconvenienced State’s witnesses); Owen v. State, 269 Ind. 513, 523,
381 N.E.2d 1235, 1241 (1978) (no abuse of discretion in denying defendant’s
motion to reopen case where evidence defendant sought to present was
inadmissible hearsay).
II. Limitation of Keyes’s Testimony
[22] Keyes argues the court should have allowed him to testify that Mathes told
Diamond and Davine that he was cheating on Davine. The State responds that
such testimony was inadmissible and properly excluded.
[23] A trial court has broad discretion to admit or exclude evidence. Wilson v. State,
39 N.E.3d 705, 712 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015), trans. denied. We will disturb the trial
court’s ruling only if the ruling amounts to an abuse of discretion, meaning the
court’s decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and
circumstances or if it is a misinterpretation of the law. Id.
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[24] Prior to trial, the State filed a motion in limine asking the court to forbid Keyes
or his witnesses from mentioning, among other topics: “That prior to [the]
incident in question the victim Diamond Harding and defense witness Davine
Hardin’s [sic] mother Kim Mathes told Diamond and/or Davine Harding that
the Defendant was cheating on Davine Harding.” Appellant’s App. p. 45.
[25] The court granted the State’s motion without a hearing, but on the first day of
trial, Keyes and the State presented argument on the motion. The court
reaffirmed its decision to grant the State’s motion. On the second day of trial,
Keyes filed a motion to reconsider the granting of the State’s motion in limine,
and the court denied the motion to reconsider.
[26] During Keyes’s testimony, he was asked why he and Davine were arguing on
September 8, 2015. The State objected, and the trial court sustained the
objection, determining that the basis of the dispute was “not relevant.” Tr. Vol
II, p. 279. Keyes did not make an offer of proof to present his view of why he
and Davine were fighting, but based on Keyes’s prior arguments to the trial
court related to the motion in limine, he apparently would have testified they
were fighting because Mathes had told Davine and Diamond that Keyes was
cheating on Davine.
[27] Keyes argues the evidence that Mathes told Davine and Diamond that he had
cheated on Davine was relevant to show Diamond’s motive or bias. “Evidence
that a witness has a bias, prejudice, or interest for or against any party may be
used to attack the credibility of the witness.” Ind. Evid. R. 616. The State
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responds that the evidence was irrelevant and was also hearsay. Keyes rejects
the State’s hearsay claim, arguing that he would not have testified to what
Mathes said to prove the truth of the statement. Instead, Keyes says his
testimony about her statement would have been offered to show the effect it had
on Davine and Diamond, that is, that they became angry and attacked him
without provocation. An out-of-court statement that is offered to show its effect
on the hearer’s state of mind is not hearsay. Whited v. State, 645 N.E.2d 1138,
1140 (Ind. Ct. App. 1995).
[28] We conclude the exclusion of Keyes’s testimony was at best harmless error.
Even if the trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence was an abuse of
discretion, we will not reverse if the admission constituted harmless error.
Wilson, 39 N.E.3d at 712. An error will be found harmless if its probable
impact on the jury, considering all the evidence in the case, is sufficiently minor
so as not to affect the substantial rights of the parties. Id.
[29] Here, the evidence supported the State’s case. Diamond described Keyes’s
attack in detail. In addition, the medical evidence and the photographs of her
injuries support Diamond’s version of events rather than Keyes’s claim that he
reached around and hit her with his fist while she was on his back. The amount
of force needed to inflict Diamond’s injuries was substantial – equivalent to four
or more tons. Also, Keyes defied police orders to leave Davine’s home for over
an hour and laughed as he was arrested. At the time of his arrest, he had no
marks on his hands. Later, Keyes told a detective that he had not hit anyone,
contradicting his subsequent claim of self-defense. Furthermore, Keyes
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described his version of the altercation to the jury. He claims he should have
been allowed to fully discuss the circumstances of the incident, but Diamond
did not attempt to explain why Keyes was angry on the night in question.
Instead, she merely described the attack. The exclusion of Keyes’s testimony
was harmless error. See Whited, 645 N.E.2d at 1140 (exclusion of witness
statements was harmless error; the victim’s testimony, with additional medical
evidence, supported her version of the attack and defendant presented his
theory of the case).
Conclusion
[30] For the reasons stated above, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
[31] Affirmed.
Brown, J., and Altice, J., concur.
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