Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
Division Two
April 4, 2017
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 48331-9-II
Respondent,
v.
LUIS GERARDO GOMEZ-ESTEBAN, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant.
SUTTON, J. — A jury found Luis G. Gomez-Esteban guilty of two counts of second degree
child molestation and one count of communicating with a minor for immoral purposes. Gomez-
Esteban appeals, arguing that he was denied his right to a unanimous jury verdict. He also argues
that the lack of specificity in the jury verdicts denied him his right to appeal. In his Statement of
Additional Grounds (SAG)1, Gomez-Esteban argues (1) insufficiency of the evidence, (2)
ineffective assistance of counsel, and (3) improper influencing of the jury by the judge. The jury
was properly instructed as to jury unanimity; therefore Gomez-Esteban’s claim fails. The
remainder of Gomez-Esteban’s claims lack merit. Accordingly, we affirm.
FACTS
The State charged Gomez-Esteban with three counts of second degree child molestation
and one count of communication with a minor for immoral purposes. Before trial, Gomez-Esteban
1
RAP 10.10.
No. 48331-9-II
made a motion for new counsel. Gomez-Esteban alleged that he had informed his current counsel
that he wanted to go to trial but counsel was not listening to him. Gomez-Esteban’s counsel
informed the court that the case was currently set to go to trial. The trial court denied Gomez-
Esteban’s motion for new counsel.
At the jury trial, A.B.2 testified that she met Gomez-Esteban when he was working in her
parents’ restaurant. A.B. would usually go to work at the restaurant with her mother on Saturdays
and Sundays. While she was at the restaurant, Gomez-Esteban would make “heart signs” to her
with his hands. 1 Report of Proceedings (RP) at 31. They also began exchanging text messages.
On one occasion, A.B.’s mother observed a hickey on A.B.’s neck. At the time, A.B. was 12 years
old and Gomez-Esteban was 24.
A.B. testified that, on August 25, 2013, she met Gomez-Esteban in the men’s bathroom at
the restaurant. Gomez-Esteban pulled down her pants and moved his penis up and down between
her butt cheeks. A.B. testified that this had also happened on two other occasions, although she
could not remember the precise dates. Later that day, A.B.’s mother found A.B. and Gomez-
Esteban talking in the storage room in the back of the restaurant. A.B.’s father contacted the police.
The next day A.B. was taken to the child advocacy center to have a sexual assault
examination done. At trial, the sexual assault nurse testified that A.B.’s genital exam was normal.
The trial court gave the jury the following instruction regarding unanimity:
The State alleges that the defendant committed acts of Child Molestation in
the Second Degree on multiple occasions. To convict the defendant on any count
of Child Molestation in the Second Degree, one particular act of Child Molestation
2
We use initials to protect witness’s identity. General Order 2011-1 of Division II, In Re The Use
Of Initials or Pseudonyms For Child Witnesses in Sex Crime Cases, available at:
http://www.courts.wa.gov/appellate_trial_courts/.
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No. 48331-9-II
in the Second Degree must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt, and you must
unanimously agree as to which act has been proved. You need not unanimously
agree that the defendant committed all the acts of Child Molestation in the Second
Degree.
Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 328 (Inst. No. 7). And the “to convict” instructions for the three counts of
child molestation required the jury to find “a separate and distinct incident” than alleged in the
other counts. CP at 332-34 (Inst. Nos. 11, 12, 13).
During deliberations, the jury sent two questions to the trial court. First, the jury sent the
following question:
Are the three counts referring to the three bathroom incidents, or do the hickey,
kissing, and one bathroom incident count as three?
CP at 342. The trial court told the jury to re-read the jury instructions and to continue deliberating.
Second, the jury asked for clarification on the jury unanimity instruction:
Clarification on Instruction #7: If we do not unanimously agree on one count, then
we enter a judgment of not guilty for that count, correct?
CP at 341. The trial court responded:
The court has spoken with the attorneys. The court is directing the jury to re-read
all the court’s instructions and continue to deliberate.
CP at 341 (emphasis in original).
The jury found Gomez-Esteban not guilty on the first count of second degree child
molestation but guilty on all the remaining counts. Gomez-Esteban appeals.
ANALYSIS
Gomez-Esteban argues that his convictions must be reversed because his right to
unanimous jury verdicts was violated. He argues that the jury’s questions to the trial court
demonstrates that they were confused, and therefore, the jury verdicts were not unanimous. Here,
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No. 48331-9-II
the jury was properly instructed as to the requirements of unanimity. And the jury’s questions do
not undermine the ultimate jury verdict. Additionally, Gomez-Esteban’s argument that the lack of
specificity in the jury verdicts denied him his right to appeal and his SAG arguments lack merit.
We affirm.
I. JURY UNANIMITY
“In Washington, a defendant may be convicted only when a unanimous jury concludes that
the criminal act charged in the information has been committed.” State v. Petrich, 101 Wn.2d 566,
569, 683 P.2d 173 (1984), overruled on other grounds by State v. Kitchen, 110 Wn.2d 403, 756
P.2d 105 (1988). When the evidence indicates that several criminal acts have been committed, but
the defendant is charged with only one count, the jury must either be instructed that they must
unanimously agree on the underlying act or the State must elect the act upon which it will rely.
Petrich, 101 Wn.2d at 572. In addition, “where multiple identical counts are alleged to have
occurred within the same charging period, the trial court must instruct the jury ‘that they are to
find separate and distinct acts for each count.’” State v. Borsheim, 140 Wn. App. 357, 367, 165
P.3d 417 (2007) (internal quotations omitted) (quoting State v. Hayes, 81 Wn. App. 425, 431, 914
P.2d 788 (1996). Here, the jury instructions on unanimity clearly satisfied both of these
requirements.
Jury Instruction No. 7 was based on Washington Pattern Jury Instruction 4.253 which was
approved as complying with Petrich. State v. Moultrie, 143 Wn. App. 387, 393-94, 177 P.3d 776
(2008). And each “to convict” instruction properly designated the act in each count as “separate
3
11 WASHINGTON PRACTICE: WASHINGTON PATTERN JURY INSTRUCTIONS: CRIMINAL 4.25, at
117 (4th ed. 2016).
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No. 48331-9-II
and distinct” from the acts in the other counts. CP at 332-34. Here, the jury instructions were
legally correct. However, Gomez-Esteban appears to argue that the jury’s questions demonstrate
that they were confused by the instructions; therefore the jury did not return a unanimous verdict.4
Our Supreme Court has been clear that jury questions cannot impeach the jury’s ultimate
verdict:
The individual or collective thought processes leading to a verdict “inhere
in the verdict” and cannot be used to impeach a jury verdict. State v. Crowell, 92
Wn.2d 143, 594 P.2d 905 (1979); State v. McKenzie, 56 Wn.2d 897, 355 P.2d 834
(1960); Gardner v. Malone, 60 Wn.2d 836, 376 P.2d 651 (1962). Here, the jury's
question does not create an inference that the entire jury was confused, or that any
confusion was not clarified before a final verdict was reached. “[Q]uestions from
the jury are not final determinations, and the decision of the jury is contained
exclusively in the verdict.” State v. Miller, 40 Wn.App. 483, 489, 698 P.2d 1123
(citing State v. Bockman, 37 Wn.App. 474, 493, 682 P.2d 925, review denied, 102
Wash.2d 1002 (1984)), review denied, 104 Wash.2d 1010 (1985).
State v. Ng, 110 Wn.2d 32, 43, 750 P.2d 632 (1988). Here, the jury returned four clear verdicts
based on legally correct jury instructions. Gomez-Esteban was not denied his right to unanimous
jury verdicts and we affirm.
II. RIGHT TO APPEAL
Gomez-Esteban also argues that the lack of specificity in the jury verdicts has denied him
his right to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the jury verdicts on appeal. Br.
4
To the extent Gomez-Esteban is arguing that, because there were multiple acts alleged and the
record does not indicate which of the acts the jury ultimately relied on to reach their verdicts, there
was no jury unanimity, this argument lacks merit. Br. of Appellant at 20-23. This argument
undermines the reasoning supporting Petrich entirely. Petrich allows either the State to elect an
act or to instruct the jury as to the unanimity requirement for the act or acts that were proven
beyond a reasonable doubt for a particular count. 101 Wn.2d at 572. Based on Gomez-Esteban’s
argument, an instruction would be insufficient without special verdict forms requiring the jury to
specify the act they relied upon to reach their verdict. There is no authority for such a proposition.
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No. 48331-9-II
of Appellant at 23-25. He relies on State v. Heaven, 127 Wn. App. 156, 110 P.3d 835 (2005) to
support his argument, but Heaven is not applicable here. In Heaven, the defendant was charged
with three counts of child molestation based on numerous acts. 127 Wn. App. at 159-60. The
defendant was acquitted of two counts but the jury was unable to reach a verdict on the third count.
Heaven, 127 Wn. App. at 160. Division I of this court held that double jeopardy barred retrial on
the third count because, without election by the prosecutor or special verdict forms, it was possible
that, at the second trial, the defendant would be convicted of offenses he was already acquitted in
the first trial. Heaven, 127 Wn. App. at 162.
But here, the issue is not one of double jeopardy. Gomez-Esteban has cited no authority
for the proposition that a defendant is denied his right to appeal when the jury has been properly
instructed as to jury unanimity but does not return special verdicts designating which acts it relied
on in reaching its verdicts. DeHeer v. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 60 Wn.2d 122, 126, 372 P.2d
193 (1962) (“Where no authorities are cited in support of a proposition, the court is not required
to search out authorities, but may assume that counsel, after diligent search, has found none.”).
Accordingly, we reject Gomez-Esteban’s assertion that he has been denied his right to appeal.
III. STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL GROUNDS
Gomez-Esteban makes three additional arguments in his SAG. First, he argues that the
State failed to present sufficient evidence to support his convictions because the sexual assault
nurse testified that there was no evidence of sexual intercourse between A.B. and Gomez-Esteban.
Second, he argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel. And third, he argues that the
judge improperly influenced the jury’s verdict. All of Gomez-Esteban’s SAG claims lack merit.
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No. 48331-9-II
First, Gomez-Esteban argues that there was insufficient evidence to support the verdicts
because the sexual assault nurse testified that there was no evidence of sexual intercourse. But
child molestation in the second degree requires proof of “sexual contact” not sexual intercourse.
RCW 9A.44.086. “Sexual contact” means “any touching of the sexual or other intimate parts of a
person done for the purpose of gratifying sexual desire of either party or a third party.” RCW
9A.44.010(2). Accordingly, the sexual assault nurse’s testimony that there was no evidence of
sexual intercourse is irrelevant.
Second, Gomez-Esteban argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel because
(1) the trial court denied his motion for new counsel and (2) his counsel ignored him during trial.
“To justify appointment of new counsel, a defendant ‘must show good cause to warrant
substitution of counsel, such as a conflict of interest, an irreconcilable conflict, or a complete
breakdown in communication between the attorney and the defendant.’” State v. Varga, 151
Wn.2d 179, 200, 86 P.3d 139 (2004) (quoting State v. Stenson, 132 Wn.2d 668, 734, 940 P.2d
1239 (1997)). At best, Gomez-Esteban appeared dissatisfied with the amount of time it was taking
to get to trial, but counsel confirmed that a trial date had been set. Accordingly, Gomez-Esteban
did not present any grounds for granting substitution of counsel. His remaining allegations that
counsel ignored him during trial rely on facts outside the record which may not be considered on
direct appeal. State v. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d 322, 335, 899 P.2d 1251 (1995).
Third, Gomez-Esteban asserts that the trial court “unfairly pressured” the jury to find him
guilty. SAG at 2. Gomez-Esteban contends that the jury found him not guilty but was told to
reconsider by the judge three or four times until they ultimately returned guilty verdicts. This
contention is simply unsupported by the record. Based on the record, the jury had contact with the
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No. 48331-9-II
judge only twice—the two jury questions. And neither jury question indicated that the jury had
reached a not guilty verdict. Accordingly, Gomez-Esteban’s allegation of improper influence by
the trial court lacks merit.
The jury was properly instructed as to jury unanimity; therefore Gomez-Esteban’s claim
fails. The remainder of Gomez-Esteban’s claims lack merit. Accordingly, we affirm.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,
it is so ordered.
SUTTON, J.
We concur:
WORSWICK, P.J.
JOHANSON, J.
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State Of Washington, V Luis G. Gomez-esteban
Combined Opinion