Case: 16-10387 Document: 00513941688 Page: 1 Date Filed: 04/05/2017
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
No. 16-10387 FILED
April 5, 2017
Lyle W. Cayce
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Clerk
Plaintiff - Appellee
v.
JESUS GUZMAN-REYES,
Defendant - Appellant
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Texas
Before BARKSDALE, GRAVES, and HIGGINSON, Circuit Judges.
STEPHEN A. HIGGINSON, Circuit Judge:
Jesus Guzman-Reyes appeals his sentence for possession with intent to
distribute methamphetamine and illegal reentry into the United States.
Specifically, Guzman challenges the district court’s assessment of the U.S.S.G.
§ 2D1.1(b)(12) enhancement for maintaining a premises for the purpose of drug
distribution, as well as the § 3B1.1(c) enhancement for Guzman’s aggravating
role in the offense. We affirm.
I.
In August 2015, the Fort Worth Police Department received information
from a confidential source that Guzman planned to deliver a large quantity of
methamphetamine to a location in Arlington, Texas. Officers located Guzman’s
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No. 16-10387
car and began surveillance, following him to an auto shop. Police observed
Guzman exiting his car and making a phone call. Shortly thereafter, a second
person—later identified as John Campbell—arrived at the shop. Campbell
greeted Guzman and unlocked the front door of the shop. The two then entered
the building together. Guzman soon left the shop with a large bag, which he
placed in his car, and then drove away. After officers initiated a traffic stop, a
search of Guzman and his car revealed $3,600 in cash, several cellphones, a
pistol, and multiple bags containing approximately 2,035.7 grams of
methamphetamine. The officers learned that Guzman was from Mexico and
that he had entered the United States illegally after a 2012 deportation, which
itself followed convictions for illegal reentry and possession of a controlled
substance.
Officers later returned to the auto shop to question Campbell, who stated
that he was the owner of the shop and admitted that methamphetamine and
firearms were stored inside. Campbell directed officers to the bottom desk
drawer in his office, where they found a Tupperware container holding
approximately 547.15 grams of methamphetamine. Officers located an
additional 70.87 grams of methamphetamine in a second Tupperware
container on a shelf above the desk. Officers also discovered eleven firearms in
the shop, three of which had been reported stolen, and a large supply of
ammunition. Campbell admitted that he stored methamphetamine for
Guzman at the shop over the span of three months in exchange for about one
ounce of methamphetamine per month, a value of approximately $1,000.
According to Campbell, Guzman did not have keys to the shop, but contacted
Campbell whenever he needed access.
In November 2015, Guzman pleaded guilty, without a plea agreement,
to one count of possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine and one
count of illegal reentry into the United States. For his methamphetamine
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conviction, the Pre-sentence Report (PSR) applied a two-level enhancement
under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(12) for maintaining a premises for the purpose of
distributing methamphetamine and a two-level enhancement under § 3B1.1(c)
for Guzman’s aggravating role in the offense. Guzman objected to both
enhancements. The district court overruled both objections and sentenced
Guzman to a total of 360 months of imprisonment, based on consecutive
imprisonment terms of 240 months on the methamphetamine conviction and
120 months on the illegal-reentry conviction, the statutory maximums for each
offense. The district court also imposed three years of supervised release.
Guzman now appeals the district court’s application of the two sentencing
enhancements.
II.
Guzman first argues that the district court erred in applying the
§ 2D1.1(b)(12) enhancement for maintaining a premises for drug distribution.
“A district court’s application of § 2D1.1(b)(12) is a factual finding reviewed for
clear error.” United States v. Haines, 803 F.3d 713, 744 (5th Cir. 2015). Thus,
the question before us is whether the district court’s determination “is
plausible in light of the record read as a whole.” See United States v.
Villanueva, 408 F.3d 193, 203 (5th Cir. 2005).
Section 2D1.1(b)(12) provides a two-level enhancement of a defendant’s
offense level if the defendant “knowingly maintains a premises (i.e., a building,
room, or enclosure) for the purpose of manufacturing or distributing a
controlled substance, including storage of a controlled substance for the
purpose of distribution.” § 2D1.1 cmt. n.17 (emphasis added). “Manufacturing
or distributing a controlled substance need not be the sole purpose for which
the premises was maintained, but must be one of the defendant’s primary or
principal uses for the premises, rather than one of the defendant’s incidental
or collateral uses for the premises.” Id.
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Guzman used the auto shop for “storage of a controlled substance for the
purpose of distribution” and that purpose was his “primary or principal use[]
for the premises.” 1 Guzman insists, however, that he did not “maintain” the
premises within the meaning of § 2D1.1(b)(12). Although the term “maintains”
is not expressly defined in the Guideline, the application note for § 2D1.1(b)(12)
explains that “[a]mong the factors the court should consider in determining
whether the defendant ‘maintained’ the premises are (A) whether the
defendant held a possessory interest in (e.g., owned or rented) the premises
and (B) the extent to which the defendant controlled access to, or activities at,
the premises.” § 2D1.1 cmt. n.17.
For further interpretive guidance of the term “maintain,” many of our
sister circuits have drawn on parallel caselaw examining a similar statutory
provision, 21 U.S.C. § 856 (commonly known as the “stash house” statute),
which makes it unlawful to “knowingly . . . maintain any place, whether
permanently or temporarily, for the purpose of manufacturing, distributing, or
using any controlled substance[.]” See, e.g., United States v. Carter, 834 F.3d
259, 261–63 (3d Cir. 2016); United States v. Flores-Olague, 717 F.3d 526, 531–
32 (7th Cir. 2013); United States v. Johnson, 737 F.3d 444, 446–47 (6th Cir.
2013); United States v. Miller, 698 F.3d 699, 705–06 (8th Cir. 2012). This
approach makes good sense, because § 2D1.1(b)(12) was based in large part on
§ 856. 2
1 Although the primary use of the auto shop may not have been drug storage or
distribution, as the Seventh Circuit has explained, “the commentary to § 2D1.1 specifically
directs sentencing courts to consider the defendant’s ‘primary or principal uses for the
premises’ and how often the defendant used the premises for drug trafficking rather than
lawful purposes.” United States v. Evans, 826 F.3d 934, 938 (7th Cir. 2016) (quoting U.S.S.G.
§ 2D1.1 cmt. n.17). Here, even if the auto shop’s primary use was a lawful business, Guzman’s
primary use of the space was drug storage for distribution.
2 Congress directed the Sentencing Commission to add the two-level enhancement if
“the defendant maintained an establishment for the manufacture or distribution of a
controlled substance, as generally described in section 416 of the Controlled Substances Act
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In the § 856 context, we have explained that “whether a defendant has
‘maintained’ a place is necessarily a fact-intensive issue that must be resolved
on a case-by-case basis.” United States v. Morgan, 117 F.3d 849, 857 (5th Cir.
1997). Similar to interpreting § 2D1.1, we “typically consider whether a
defendant (1) has an ownership or leasehold interest in the premises, (2) was
in charge of the premises, or (3) exercised ‘supervisory control’ over the
premises.” United States v. Barnes, 803 F.3d 209, 216 (5th Cir. 2015) (citing
United States v. Soto-Silva, 129 F.3d 340, 346 (5th Cir. 1997)). These factors
are not necessarily determinative alone, but should be considered together. See
United States v. Chagoya, 510 F. App’x 327, 328 (5th Cir. 2013). We have also
suggested that “not just any showing of dominion and control will suffice to
support a maintenance finding” under § 856. Morgan, 117 F.3d at 856. Instead,
the evidence should support “that the defendant exercised ‘sufficient dominion
and control’ over” the premises, or else “dominion and control may fall short of
maintenance.” Id. (quoting United States v. Roberts, 913 F.2d 211, 221 (5th Cir.
1990)).
Applying these concepts to this case, we cannot say that the district court
clearly erred in its finding that Guzman “maintained” a premises within the
meaning of § 2D1.1(b)(12). Guzman paid Campbell, the owner of the shop,
$1,000-worth of methamphetamine per month in exchange for use of the
premises for the sole purpose of storing his drug supply there. Although
Guzman’s name may not have been on a formal lease agreement or ownership
documents, we agree with the First Circuit that “it would defy reason for a
drug dealer to be able to evade application of the enhancement by the simple
expedient of maintaining his stash house under someone else’s name.” United
(21 U.S.C. 856).” Miller, 698 F.3d at 705 (quoting Pub. L. No. 111-220, § 6(2), 124 Stat. 2372,
2373 (2010)).
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States v. Jones, 778 F.3d 375, 385 (1st Cir. 2015); see also Carter, 834 F.3d at
261–63 (rejecting the defendant’s argument that “he lacked the possessory
interest necessary to have ‘maintained’ the properties because he was not the
owner or renter” and noting that “the absence of his name on a deed or lease is
insufficient to preclude the enhancement’s application”); United States v.
Rodney, 532 F. App’x 465, 472–73 (5th Cir. 2013) (upholding the enhancement
when, although the defendant did not own or rent the shed where he stored his
drug supply, he nonetheless had unimpeded access to the shed, controlled the
drug activities there, and used it solely to store crack cocaine for the purpose
of distribution).
Further, the facts contained in the PSR support a finding that Guzman
had unrestricted access to the premises through Campbell, who not only
provided Guzman a physical storage space in exchange for a monthly payment,
but also on-call entry. See, e.g., Carter, 834 F.3d at 262 (“Neither the Guidelines
commentary [for § 2D1.1(b)(12)] nor the case law interpreting § 856 requires
that the defendant be physically present or involved on a daily basis to
maintain a premises for the purpose of the enhancement. Rather, the
enhancement is flexible and adaptable to a variety of factual scenarios.”
(internal citations and quotation marks omitted)). This level of access,
dominion, and control “suffice[s] to support a maintenance finding” under the
deferential clear error standard. See Morgan, 117 F.3d at 856.
Based on the evidence in the record, the district court’s finding that
Guzman maintained the premises for the purpose of storing
methamphetamine was not clearly erroneous considering the record as a
whole, and the court’s application of § 2D1.1(b)(12) was not otherwise in error.
See Haines, 803 F.3d at 744–45.
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III.
Next, Guzman claims that the district court erred in assessing the
aggravating-role enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(c). Specifically, he
argues that the evidence was insufficient to support the enhancement because
it was not clear what criminal undertaking Campbell performed under the
recruitment and direction of Guzman. “Whether a defendant exercised an
aggravating role as an organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor for purposes
of an adjustment under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(c) is a finding of fact reviewed for
clear error.” United States v. Ochoa-Gomez, 777 F.3d 278, 281 (5th Cir. 2015).
“A defendant’s role in the criminal activity for the purpose of applying [§] 3B1.1
may be deduced inferentially from available facts.” United States v. Ayala, 47
F.3d 688, 690 (5th Cir. 1995).
The PSR contained facts supporting a determination that Guzman
recruited Campbell to be an accomplice in his methamphetamine-trafficking
scheme and planned and organized the criminal operation. See U.S.S.G.
§ 3B1.1 cmt. n.4 (noting that the defendant’s “recruitment of accomplices” and
“degree of participation in planning or organizing the offense” are factors
courts should consider when determining application of the enhancement). At
Guzman’s direction, Campbell stored methamphetamine that Guzman
intended to distribute, and Guzman exercised control and authority over
Campbell by paying him for the storage and directing Campbell to provide him
access to the methamphetamine when he needed it. Thus, the district court did
not clearly err in finding § 3B1.1(c) applicable. See United States v. Turner, 319
F.3d 716, 725 (5th Cir. 2003).
Guzman also argues that the district court’s application of the § 3B1.1
enhancement was procedurally improper because the court relied exclusively
on the PSR to resolve the issue, failed to explain its reasons for overruling
Guzman’s objection to the enhancement, and determined Guzman’s Guidelines
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range by having an off-the-record discussion with probation officers. These
arguments are subject to plain error review, because Guzman did not object to
the § 3B1.1(c) enhancement on these grounds in the district court. See United
States v. Mondragon-Santiago, 564 F.3d 357, 361 (5th Cir. 2009) (recognizing
that a party has not preserved a claim of procedural error if the party did not
raise it in a manner sufficient to alert the district court to the specific error).
To show plain error, Guzman must show a forfeited error that is clear or
obvious and that affects his substantial rights. Puckett v. United States, 556
U.S. 129, 135 (2009). If he makes such a showing, this court has the discretion
to correct the error, but only if the error “seriously affect[s] the fairness,
integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id. (quoting United
States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 736 (1993)).
“A presentence report generally bears sufficient indicia of reliability to
be considered as evidence by the sentencing judge in making factual
determinations.” United States v. Nava, 624 F.3d 226, 231 (5th Cir. 2010)
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The defendant bears the
burden of presenting evidence to show that the facts contained in the PSR are
inaccurate or materially untrue. See United States v. Alaniz, 726 F.3d 586, 619
(5th Cir. 2013). In the absence of rebuttal evidence, a sentencing court may
properly rely on the PSR and adopt the PSR’s factual findings as its own. Id.
Guzman did not present any evidence to rebut the PSR’s findings. Thus, the
district court did not commit plain error by relying on the PSR’s factual
findings. See id.
Further, the district court implicitly provided reasons for overruling
Guzman’s objection when it adopted the PSR’s factual findings and application
of the § 3B1.1(c) enhancement. See United States v. Ahders, 622 F.3d 115, 119
(2d Cir. 2010) (“A district court need not specifically recite all the facts relevant
to its Guidelines calculation; rather, it is sufficient for the district court to
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adopt the findings in the presentence report-if those findings are adequate to
support the sentence imposed.”). And, although he complains of the district
court’s brief explanation in passing, Guzman has not described why the district
court’s actions constituted reversible plain error. Finally, Guzman’s contention
that the district court had an improper, off-the-record discussion with
probation officers is speculative at best, given that the contents of the
discussion are not in the record. This unsupported, speculative contention does
not demonstrate reversible plain error. See United States v. Castaneda-Lozoya,
812 F.3d 457, 460 (5th Cir. 2016) (“[A defendant’s] speculation does not support
a finding of reversible plain error.”).
IV.
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.
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